基于损伤力学的疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展规律研究

针对金属构件疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展寿命及其规律等问题,应用损伤力学理论与有限元相结合的方法,建立了计算疲劳裂纹全寿命的统一模型。引入附加载荷法,通过MATLAB编程计算,实现了对刚度矩阵的连续计算,并给出了编程的流程。通过对单个单元的损伤计算,得到了单元从无损到破坏过程中等效应力的变化;通过计算各个构件损伤单元寿命,进而给出了金属构件总体疲劳寿命。分析得到了微裂纹萌生及扩展寿命占总体疲劳寿命的80%以上,并应用有限元软件ANSYS模拟给出了缺口件裂纹萌生及扩展过程。理论计算的结果与试验数据对比基本一致,验证了本工作方法的准确性。     

The Prediction of Fatigue Crack Initiation Life in Spot Welds

Abstract: In this paper, strain‐based fatigue life prediction method has been used to estimate the fatigue crack initiation life of spot‐welded joints of Mild Steel JSC270D and Ultra‐High Strength Steel JSC980Y. To do so, the joints were simulated using three‐dimensional finite‐element (FE) models, and then nonlinear FE analysis was performed to obtain the local stress and strain ranges and finally, the Morrow equation was applied to estimate the crack initiation lives. The results have been compared with those obtained from experimental crack growth morphology. In addition, the difference between fatigue limits for smooth specimens and spot‐welded joints for mentioned materials has been briefly discussed. It has been shown that mean stress values in the Ultra‐High Strength Steel can significantly decrease the fatigue limit of spot‐welded joint because even at very low load level the stresses exceed the yield point at the root of nugget of spot‐welded joint, while the amount of mean stress in the Mild Steel for the same load level is much less than that of Ultra‐High Strength Steel. The comparison between numerical results of fatigue crack initiation lives and experimental data provided good agreement between numerical predictions and crack growth morphology observations. The results also shows that in some cases, depending on the joint type, the life spent in the nucleation phase can be an important part of the final failure lifetime.     

低碳马氏体／贝氏体复合组织的疲劳裂纹萌生行为EI

本文用四点弯曲加载法测定了２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢矩形缺口试样的条件疲劳裂纹萌生寿命，并用微观分析研究了疲劳裂纹的萌生行为。试验结果表明，通过短时等温处理，在低碳马氏体组织中引入２０～３０％贝氏体，可显著提高缺口试样的疲劳萌生寿命。复合组织中的贝氏体虽易于滑移变形引发裂纹，但在存在较大应力集中条件下（ｋｔ≥２），因可同时形成较多的非扩展裂纹，能有效缓和应力集中，从而有利于延长扩展裂纹的形成寿命。     

2024-T3和2524-T34铝合金疲劳裂纹的萌生机制

通过2024-T3和新型2524-T34铝合金的疲劳实验和对试样表面及疲劳断口的观测,研究了材料的微观结构和疲劳裂纹萌生机制.实验在室温下完成,应力比为0.1、加载频率为15 Hz.结果表明:实验材料呈现了再结晶的层状晶粒结构,晶粒沿着轧制方向被拉长,并较为平坦.2024铝合金中二相粒子的分布更为密集无序,且粗大、不规...     

A Continuum Mechanics Approach for Crack Initiation and Crack Growth Predictions

Very often, different approaches are used for crack initiation and crack growth predictions. The current article introduces a recently developed approach that can be used for the predictions of both crack initiation and crack propagation. A basic assumption is that both crack nucleation and crack growth are governed by the same fatigue damage mechanisms and a single fatigue damage criterion can model both stages. A rule is that any material point fails to form a fresh crack if the total accumulated fatigue damage reaches a limit. For crack initiation predictions, the stresses and strains are obtained either directly from experiments or though a numerical analysis. For the prediction of crack growth, the approach consists of two steps. Elastic‐plastic stress analysis is conducted to obtain the detailed stress‐strain responses. A general fatigue criterion is used to predict fatigue crack growth. Compact specimens made of 1070 steel were experimentally tested under constant amplitude loading with different R‐ratios and the overloading influence. The capability of the approach to predict both crack initiation and the crack growth under these loading conditions was demonstrated by comparing the predictions with the experimental observations.     

疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验中裂纹曲率修正方法研究

针对目前疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验标准中仅提出裂纹长度需进行曲率修正但未给出具体修正方法及步骤的问题,作者推荐了线性插值法和等比例法两种裂纹曲率修正方法,并通过分析两种方法的修正原理,结合试验结果,将两种曲率修正方法进行对比。结果表明,在双对数坐标系上,修正后的da/dN-ΔK曲线向低ΔK方向偏移,最大偏移量约15%,在利用da/dN-ΔK曲线进行选材对比或疲劳寿命评估时,修正后的曲线与未修正的曲线相比是偏安全的。基于两种方法修正后的da/dN-ΔK曲线之间差异较小,最大相差约2%,两种方法均可作为疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验中裂纹长度的曲率修正方法。     

金属材料和结构的疲劳寿命预测概率模型及应用研究进展

疲劳过程的不确定性以及影响疲劳寿命的不确定性因素较多,导致疲劳寿命的分散性难以预测,在疲劳寿命预测模型中采用统计学和概率论的概念和方法是描述疲劳过程不确定性和疲劳寿命分散性的一种重要手段。本文针对疲劳寿命预测概率模型进行综述,总结和介绍了疲劳寿命经验公式和参数的随机化模型、表征疲劳寿命离散性的统计模型、基于材料微结构和疲劳物理机制的疲劳寿命预测概率模型以及研究广布疲劳损伤的概率模型,并对金属材料与结构的疲劳寿命预测方法进行了展望。     

核电主管道不锈钢在高温高压水环境下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为

利用腐蚀疲劳测试系统研究了高温高压水环境下两种压水堆核电站一回路主管道用不锈钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生行为。结果表明,316LN奥氏体不锈钢的裂纹主要在材料表面的驻留滑移带处萌生,少量裂纹在两簇驻留滑移带交界的亚晶界面处。含有少量铁素体的Z3CN20.09M奥氏体不锈钢的疲劳裂纹依次在试样表面的驻留滑移带处、相界处和点蚀坑处萌生,但主要是在驻留滑移带处。通过研究高温高压水环境下氧化膜的组成和腐蚀疲劳试样横截面的形貌,分析了疲劳裂纹在滑移带处萌生的机理。最后对比分析两种不锈钢裂纹萌生机制的异同,并讨论了铁素体对材料腐蚀疲劳性能的影响。     

第一代单晶高温合金中温高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为

通过应力控制的疲劳实验探究第一代镍基单晶高温合金DD413在中温(760℃)高应力幅下的疲劳裂纹萌生行为,并使用扫描电子显微镜观察和表征了疲劳样品的断口形貌和纵截面的显微组织.结果 表明:在高应力幅条件下,疲劳裂纹主要萌生于表面开裂的块状碳化物和次表面开裂的骨架状碳化物.在疲劳过程中,氧化和循环加载的共同作用使样品表面...     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢疲劳裂纹形成寿命表征与预测

采用耐久性分析方法 ,由断口金相数据得到参考裂纹扩展时间 (TTCI)的概率分布函数 ,由 TTCI概率分布函数和约束条件得到了通用当量初始缺陷尺寸 (EIFS)的概率分布函数。     

加载方法对ADB610钢疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

在取样方向、几何尺寸、加工方式和加工精度相同的情况下,分别对板厚20 mm的ADB610钢进行了加载方式、加载载荷和应力比不同的成组多试样疲劳裂纹扩展试验,得到不同情况下的ADB610钢的疲劳裂纹扩展长度a与循环寿命N即a-N试验数据,且并将a-N试验数据与增K法和降K法结合进行试验分析。结果表明,当初始最大加载载荷相同时,两者lg(da/dN)-lg(ΔK)的起始位置相同,当初始最大加载载荷不同时,起始位置不相同。     

金属材料疲劳小裂纹扩展速率试验方法编制说明

概述了疲劳小裂纹试验方法航标的编制背景,论述了航标中几个主要技术问题,如,小裂纹试样和小裂纹监测方法的选择,三维应力强度因子K的确定,小裂纹数据有效性的判据及物理小裂纹门槛值,并且与ASTME647－9a方法中附录X3进行了比较。     

贝/马复相钢超高周疲劳行为及非夹杂起裂

贝/马复相钢具有较低的夹杂物敏感性,组织因素对其超高周疲劳性能具有显著影响。组织因素引起的"非夹杂起裂"成为贝/马复相钢重要的裂纹萌生方式,贝/马复相组织的类型、形态、均匀性、细化程度等都对钢的超高周疲劳性能具有显著影响。讨论了组织纯净化、组织细化和残余奥氏体对贝/马复相钢超高周疲劳性能及其裂纹萌生机制的影响,在合理控制夹杂物水平的基础上,调控复相组织,可以在1 600MPa级别的贝/马复相钢中,获得超高周(循环周次大于108)疲劳强度达到900MPa的优异性能。同时对非夹杂起裂机理进行了初步探讨。     

残余应力场中疲劳裂纹闭合模型的扩充

在残余应力场中一般采用残余应力强度因子法预测疲劳裂纹的扩展,但它未考虑残余压应力对裂纹的闭合效应。本文以八十年代初J、C、Newman提出的疲劳裂纹闭合模型为基础,加以修正和扩充使之适用于单边裂纹体,并在原有模型的裂纹面接触应力上迭加残余应力参量。通过实验测定了40Cr钢高温回火态试样在有和无残余应力场时的裂纹闭合力和扩展速率,结果表明,计算值与实验值基本一致。扩充模型尚存在些问题有待改进。     

A Review of Fatigue Crack Growth for Pipeline Steels Exposed to Hydrogen

Hydrogen pipeline systems offer an economical means of storing and transporting energy in the form of hydrogen gas. Pipelines can be used to transport hydrogen that has been generated at solar and wind farms to and from salt cavern storage locations. In addition, pipeline transportation systems will be essential before widespread hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology becomes a reality. Since hydrogen pipeline use is expected to grow, the mechanical integrity of these pipelines will need to be validated under the presence of pressurized hydrogen. This paper focuses on a review of the fatigue crack growth response of pipeline steels when exposed to gaseous hydrogen environments. Because of defect-tolerant design principles in pipeline structures, it is essential that designers consider hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth behavior in these applications.     

直流电位法检测高温合金的疲劳裂纹扩展性能

介绍了在高温下使用直流电位法测定疲劳裂纹长度的基本原理、试验方法及所需配置的仪器,并对有关影响因素进行了分析;并利用Johnson的分析型关系式,研究了一种适用于自动测定材料高温疲劳裂纹长度的直流电位法,该方法已成功应用于高温合金疲劳裂纹扩展试验,其测得的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN-ΔK数据与长焦聚显微镜法测得的数据完全一致。     

Total Fatigue Life Estimation of Notched Structural Components Using Low‐Cycle Fatigue Properties

Abstract: In this investigation, an efficient fatigue life computation method under variable amplitude loading of structural components has been proposed. Attention in this study is focused on total fatigue life estimation of aircraft structural components. Flat specimens with central hole made of quenched and tempered steel 13H11N2V2MF were tested as representatives of different structural components. Total fatigue life of these specimens, defined as sum of fatigue crack initiation and crack growth life, was experimentally determined. Specimens were tested by blocks of positive variable amplitude loading. Crack initiation life was computed using theory of low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) properties. Cyclic stress–strain curve, Masing’s curve and approximate Sonsino’s curve were used for determining stress–strain response at critical point of considered specimens. Computation of crack initiation life was realised using Palmgren–Miner’s linear rule of damage accumulation, applied on Morrow’s curves of LCF properties. Crack growth life was predicted using strain energy density method. In this method, the same LCF properties were used for crack initiation life and for crack growth life computations also. Computation results are compared with own experimentally obtained results.     

A model to assess the fatigue behaviour of ageing aircraft fuselage

A computer efficient model for assessing the fatigue behaviour of ageing aircraft components in the presence of multiple site damage is introduced. The model involves the computation of crack initiation scenarios on the basis of a probabilistic approach and the estimation of the fatigue behaviour of complex, highly loaded aircraft structures using a deterministic concept. To reduce the computing effort because of the model size and mesh difficulties in crack propagation calculations, a sub-structuring procedure under the FE method is utilized. An incremental approach for calculating crack initiation and crack propagation has been involved; it leads to a further essential reduction of the computing effort. Computer simulation is compared with experimental results for characteristic multiple site damage problems of aluminium 2024 lap and butt joints.     

A cumulative damage theory for fatigue crack initiation and propagation

A method for evaluating the cumulative damage resulting from the application of cyclic stress (or strain) sequences of varying amplitude is presented. Both the crack initiation and propagation stages of the fatigue failure process are included. The development is based on the concept of plastic strain energy dissipation as a function of cyclic life. The damage accumulated at any stage is evaluated from a knowledge of the fatigue limit in the initiation phase and an ‘apparent’ limit obtained through fracture mechanics for the propagation phase. The proposed damage theory is compared with two-level strain cycle test data of thin-walled specimens, and is found to be in fairly good agreement.