不同热处理状态9%Ni钢焊接接头的组织与韧性

针对两种不同热处理工艺获得的9%Ni钢,采用手工立焊进行焊接并对其接头的组织和韧性进行了研究.经-196℃低温夏比V形缺口冲击试验、金相组织分析,结果表明,双相区热处理后的9%Ni钢.其接头的低温韧性均高于调质热处理9%Ni钢焊接接头的低温韧性.母材及焊接热影响区中的组织形态及逆转奥氏体的分布是决定接头低温韧性的主要因素;焊缝金属的低温韧性主要与焊条熔敷金属的成分有关.采用小热输入、多层焊、低的层间温度,都可使两种9%Ni钢焊接接头获得较高的低温冲击韧性.     

5％Ni船舶用钢及其焊接性

总结了潜艇用钢5%Ni钢的研究和发展,对5%Ni钢的显微组织和力学性能以及现场焊接性进行介绍。国内使用5%钢为10Ni5CrMoV,其组织形态为索氏体,5%Ni钢具有较高的自回火性,使得冷裂纹的发生倾向较低。采用合适的后焊热处理措施,可防止再热裂纹的发生,获得具有良好韧性的焊接接头。     

多次热循环对9Ni钢热影响粗晶区低温韧性的影响

采用焊接热模拟、电子显微分析、力学性能测试等技术手段,研究了国产9Ni钢在多种焊接热输入条件下焊接热影响粗晶区的低温韧性,讨论了多次焊接热循环对9Ni钢焊接热影响区组织性能的影响规律,以及不同焊接热过程中的组织特征和脆化倾向.研究结果表明,9Ni钢并不适合采用单道焊,在多道焊接过程中,后续焊道的热作用可以良好地改善其低温韧性,粗大晶粒组织的重结晶是提高低温韧性的主要因素.     

超低碳9Ni钢焊接接头低温韧性

针对新研制的通过淬火、中间淬火和回火处理工艺获得的超低碳9Ni钢,对其进行了实际焊接接头和模拟焊接热影响区低温韧性的研究.经-196℃低温夏比V形缺口冲击试验、金相显微观察、透射和扫描电镜分析.结果表明,单道焊粗晶区组织为粗大的板条状马氏体,低温冲击韧性较低.多道焊热影响区组织中,在马氏体板条间析出了逆转奥氏体,这种呈弥散分布的逆转奥氏体能细化晶粒、提高焊接热影响区的低温韧性.认为采用小热输入、多层焊、低的层间温度,可使焊接接头获得高的低温冲击韧性.     

基于工程应用的9%Ni钢焊接材料选用原则探讨

探讨了工程应用中9%Ni钢焊接材料的选用原则。结果表明,在工程条件下,9%Ni钢所使用的焊接材料为"异质焊缝"型,接头的韧强比远高于母材金属,达到了"等韧性"匹配水平。选用优质、合适的焊接材料和合理的焊接工艺,是控制和改善该钢焊接性的重要技术手段。所谓异质焊缝"等韧性匹配"原则,即科学、合理控制焊缝化学成分,以镍基奥氏体焊缝保证接头获得最佳的力学性能(含低温韧性)和焊接性。该钢焊接材料的种类多达5种,典型焊接材料的综合性能指标优势明显。     

焊接工艺参数对9%Ni钢热影响区低温韧性的影响

采用热模拟技术研究了热输入和层间温度对9％Ni钢焊接热影响区中四个亚区域低温韧性的影响,并利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪对各亚区域的组织形态和数量分布进行了观察分析。结果表明,临界热影响区低温韧性对热输入和层问温度的变化不敏感;层间温度是影响粗晶区低温韧性的主要工艺参数;热输入则是影响过临界粗晶区和临界粗晶区低温韧性的主要工艺参数。热输入越大,晶粒和组织越粗大,低温韧性恶化;层间温度提高,马氏体的自回火作用越显著,低温韧性改善。因此,焊接9％Ni钢时,应采用较小的焊接热输入,配合较高的层间温度。     

9%Ni钢焊接熔合区的氢致裂纹与马氏体带的关系

利用金相法、超高温显微镜及超高压透射电子显微镜技术,对9%Ni 钢焊接熔合区马氏体带的特性,拉应力对9%Ni 钢焊接熔合区组织,性能的影响进行了探讨。试验得出用Cr17Ni13Mn8W3奥氏体钢焊条焊接9%Ni 钢时,熔合区马氏体带中包含具有孪晶精细结构的马氏体,该马氏体带的相变滞后于热影响区的马氏体,其中的残余奥氏体稳定性不高,在拉应力作用或低温条件下易于转变成马氏体,从而增加了熔合区氢致裂纹倾向。提出了9%Ni 钢焊接熔合区氢致裂纹形成的模型。     

大线能量焊接DH36钢焊接热影响区组织与性能研究

利用双丝埋弧焊接试验,对比分析了传统DH36钢和大线能量焊接DH36船板钢焊接热影响区的组织与性能。结果表明,利用新型的Ti处理技术生产的大线能量DH36钢母材具有良好的强韧性和大线能量焊接性。经大线能量(100 kJ/cm)焊接后,传统DH36钢焊接热影响区低温韧性显著降低,不能满足指标要求(34 J)。大线能量DH36船板钢在50 kJ/cm和100 kJ/cm热输入焊接时均表现出良好的低温韧性,-20℃冲击功大于100 J。同传统的DH36钢相比,大线能量DH36钢焊接接头出现了软化区,但接头强度并未显著下降。总体上大线能量焊接DH36钢优越性在于:大线能量焊接时,焊接热影响区主要得到大量交错排列的晶内针状铁素体组织,热影响区硬度降低,低温韧性显著提高。     

焊接方法对9Ni钢焊接接头组织及低温韧性的影响

通过低温冲击试验、断口扫描和金相组织观察,研究了钨极氩弧焊和手工电弧焊两种焊接方法对9Ni钢焊接接头低温韧性的影响.结果表明,钨极氩弧焊焊缝和热影响区组织细小,断口韧窝尺寸大而深,使接头低温韧性高于手工焊接头.实验结果对9Ni钢的实际焊接提供了理论依据,对正确制定焊接工艺具有一定的指导意义.     

热输入对9Ni钢焊接接头组织及低温冲击性的影响

采用不同焊接工艺对9Ni低温钢进行埋弧焊接,通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜对其焊缝和热影响区微观组织及断口形貌进行了观察,研究了热输入对焊缝组织及低温韧性的影响.结果表明,随着热输入的增大,9Ni钢的焊缝中枝晶偏析减弱,析出相含量减少,断口韧窝尺寸变大变深,使焊接接头低温冲击性升高.不同热输入下焊接接头各个部位-196℃的冲击吸收功也高于标准值,硬度均小于标准规定的400HV,均满足使用要求.研究结果对9Ni钢的实际焊接提供了理论依据,对正确制订焊接工艺具有一定的指导意义.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。