稀土镁对轧辊用高铬铸铁变质效果的研究

研究了稀土镁变质处理对轧辊用高铬铸铁碳化物形态、分布以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:在高铬铸铁中添加适量的稀土镁,可以明显的细化组织和改善碳化物的形貌和分布,变质后碳化物由尖锐棱角的长条状转变为孤立的团块状或球状,对基体的割裂程度大大减小。当稀土镁加入量为0.6%时,综合力学性能最佳。     

变质处理及热处理对高铬铸铁组织与性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和力学性能测试等分析测试手段研究了稀土变质处理及正火处理对高铬耐磨铸铁组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,未经稀土变质处理的铸铁组织大部分为粗晶粒奥氏体,还有分布于晶界的网状碳化物;经稀土变质处理的铸铁组织细化,其碳化物呈团块状或颗粒状,从而提高了力学性能。若变质后再进行正火处理,则上述效果更为明显。     

K/Na变质剂及热处理对高铬铸铁组织性能的影响

考察了K／Na变质剂对高铬铸铁组织和性能的影响，确定了合金的熔炼工艺和热处理工艺，得出最佳的淬火和回火工艺温度（淬火1000℃＋450℃回火）。金相观察表明：未变质的高铬铸铁组织中，碳化物呈粗大板条状分布，晶粒比较粗大；变质后残余奥氏体量明显减少，初生奥氏体显著细化，碳化物由粗大板条状向细板条状、菊花状转变。性能检测结果表明：变质和热处理共同作用可同时提高高铬铸铁的硬度、耐磨性和冲击韧度。     

RE-Mg对高铬白口铸铁性能和组织的影响

采用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪研究了由镧、钇、镁组成的复合变质剂对含有多种合金元素的高铬白口铸铁性能和组织的影响。研究结果表明:复合变质剂对合金组织中菊花状碳化物、柱状树枝晶、马氏体含量以及力学性能都有影响。当变质剂的加入量为0.3%时,碳化物和基体的粒度达到最小;当变质剂的加入量为0.6%时,碳化物的分布形态最为理想,此时的冲击韧度和硬度都达到了最优值,分别为:5.7 J/cm2和HRC51.14。     

Sr对高铬铸铁变质作用的研究

研究了Sr对高铬铸铁的变质作用.结果表明,向高铬铸铁中加入微量Sr可有效改善高铬铸铁的铸态组织,使碳化物变的细小均匀.变质后高铬铸铁中的碳化物形貌发生显著变化,共晶碳化物由原来粗大的板片状转变为细小的网杆状或圆管状,并且其横截面直径大部分在亚微米级.这些细小的碳化物在基体上均匀分布,而且碳化物与基体组成的共晶团得到明显细化;但是过量Sr会使变质效果急剧衰退,这表明Sr的变质效果存在明显的过变质现象.     

Re-K-Zn复合变质剂在高铬白口铸铁中的作用

本文通过正交设计实验研究了Re-K-Zn复合变质剂对高铬白口铸铁组织和性能的影响,借助于电子扫描显微镜、X-射线能谱仪等先进设备对其影响结果进行了分析。实验结果表明：Re-K-Zn复合变质剂在高铬白口铸铁中有显著作用,而且当三者的加入量约为0．5％Re 2．0％K 0．008％Zn时,能显著细化组织,使其组织中网状碳化物变为粒状或条状,提高了高铬白口铸铁的力学性能,铸态冲击韧性由原来的7．0J／cm^2提高到11,7J／cm^2,硬度由原来的54HRC提高到57HRC,相对耐磨性能提高了3．5倍。     

复合变质剂对高铬白口铸铁组织与性能的影响

用定向凝固方法系统地测定了复合变质剂对高铬白口铸铁基体组织数量，奥氏体树枝状晶二次技晶臂间距、共晶区域中心碳化物间距和边界碳化物问距的影响，同时测定了力学性能。结果表明，加入复合变质剂使合金基体组织数量增加，二次技晶臂间距ｄ减小，共晶区域中心碳化物间距和边界碳化物间距减小，均匀度提高，碳化物由长条状变为四块状。合金的冲击韧性、相对韧性分别提高了１倍、１．５倍，耐磨性也有所提高。     

不同变质剂对高铬铸铁中碳化物改性效果比较

采用三种不同成分的变质剂对高铬铸铁熔液进行了变质处理,研究结果表明:采用Al-Mg合金变质剂变质处理可使其铸态组织中缩松现象得到有效遏制,碳化物趋于圆整和细化,网状分布基本消失;经用V-Ti合金变质处理,其碳化物尖角变得圆钝,分布均匀,但有少许的缩松现象;用Al-Mg合金+V-Ti合金复合变质剂的变质效果优于采用单一变质剂的变质效果,既消除了缩松,又使碳化物形态得到改善,共晶组织变细,保持高铬铸铁高硬度的同时,韧性得到较大改善.     

改善高铬铸铁力学性能的研究方法

综述了高铬铸铁的基体组织和碳化物，介绍了近年来国内外研究学者最常用的提高高铬铸铁力学性能的方法：热处理和合金化。发现高铬铸铁的高磨损性能及其他力学性能主要取决于共晶碳化物的数量、类型及基体组织。可通过热处理、合金化等方法，在高铬铸铁凝固过程中改变高铬铸铁的基体结构、改善碳化物的形貌、控制碳化物的生长等方面对高铬铸铁的性能进行优化。最后，对未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

Al-Mg和V-Ti对Cr15铸铁初生碳化物变质机理的影响

采用Al-Mg、V-Ti 和Al-Mg+V-Ti对3.81wt%C-15wt%Cr铸铁进行变质处理,研究不同变质剂对高铬铸铁初生碳化物的变质机理。结果表明：Al-Mg变质的机理主要表现为脱氧脱硫净化铁液,增加形核的过冷度。低密度的脱氧和脱硫产物在上浮过程中扰乱了液态原子排列,把碳化物形核温度推向了更低的温度,但Al-Mg对初生碳化物的变质作用有限,碳化物仍然呈板状且尖角突出,碳化物尺寸稍有减小。经V-Ti变质处理后,高铬铸铁初生碳化物呈多边形状或条状,形貌和尺寸明显改善。其变质机理主要为V、Ti加入后增加了碳化物的异质形核核心,细化了碳化物。Al-Mg+V-Ti对高铬铸铁的变质效果最好,初生碳化物为细小的六边形,分布较为均匀,主要是Al-Mg净化铁液和V-Ti增加形核率共同作用的结果。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.