过热区R22热力性质及传输特性的快速计算模型

提出了R22在过热区热物理性质统一的显式计算模型,该模型为显式形式,不存在迭代,既可以保证计算模型的高速性和稳定性,又可以达到较满意的精度;同时所有热物性的计算模型形式统一性也便于系统编程和仿真调用.以REFPROP7的数据作为数据源,对制冷剂R22的热物性在过热区(饱和线上温度165.4～369.3K,过热温度150K)的数据范围内进行了拟合;并将该快速计算模型与REFPROP7数据源进行对比.对比结果表明,所有快速计算模型的总平均偏差小于0.0769%,最大偏差小于2.087%;速度比REFPROP7的计算速度提高了2～4个数量级.     

基于马丁-侯方程的CO2超临界压力区热力性质的快速计算方程建立

提出了二氧化碳超临界压力区热力性质的显式计算模型.由于模型为显式形式,不存在迭代,保证了热力性质计算的高速性和绝对稳定性.以REFPROP7的计算结果作为数据源,对制冷剂环保替代中重要的自然工质二氧化碳的热力性质在压力为临界压力至三倍临界压力的区域进行拟合,并将该快速计算模型与REFPROP7相应公式的计算结果进行对比.对比结果表明,所有快速计算模型的总平均偏差小于0.193%,最大偏差小于13.85%.     

单组分制冷剂过冷区热力性质的快速计算方法

采用隐式拟合显式计算方法，以REFPROP6．01的计算结果作为数据源，对R22，R134a，R125和R32四种单组分制冷剂的过冷区热力特性在饱和温度为-60～80℃（R125为-60～60℃，R32为-60～70℃），过冷度为0～20℃的数据范围内作了拟合，给出了单组分制冷剂过冷区热力特性的快速计算方法。该方法能够保证制冷剂热力性质计算的可逆性，同时由于不存在迭代，保证了热力性质计算的高速性和绝对稳定性。并对所得到的快速计算公式的计算结果和计算速度与REFPROP6．01相应公式的计算结果和计算速度作了比较。对比结果显示，计算速度比REFPROP6．01提高2个数量级，且能保证最大偏差在0．796％之内，而平均偏差在0．0706％之内。     

氨的热物性和氨制冷循环的数值计算

作者根据Rombusch方程编制了计算机程序,并以氨制冷工质为例,分别算出了过热区、两相区和饱和液体线上的热物性数值。经和手册中的数值相比较,饱和蒸汽线上各物性参数的最大相对误差为0.0245％,饱和液体线上各物性参数的最大相对误差为2.187％。该物性方程和作者所编的程序还可计算R22、R502等制冷工质的热物性。作为应用的一个实例,对冷凝温度自30℃至45℃,蒸发温度自-20℃至10℃的数个单级氨理论循环的性能指标作了计算,得出了诺模图。     

R417A和R22混合制冷剂应用于低温空气源热泵的试验研究

选用REFPROP 9.0制冷剂计算程序,分析模拟了R22和R417A在4种不同配比下混合构成制冷剂的热物性参数,并计算了不同比例下的理论循环特性,得到最佳比例为7:3。在2种低温工况(-7.6℃和-12℃)下,分别将4种混合制冷剂充注到一台低温空气源热泵机组,对压缩机吸排气压力、压缩机吸排气温度、压缩机功率、制热量、能效比等参数进行测试记录,并与R22制冷剂进行对比分析。结果表明:试验和理论相一致,最佳比例为7:3。该混合制冷剂系统的单位制热量和COP略低于R22系统,但是吸、排气压力,吸、排气温度以及压缩机运行功率均低于R22。     

亚临界CO_2流体性质及沸腾相变特性分析

分析了亚临界CO2流体的性质,并与R22和R134a进行了比较。结果表明,CO2的蒸发压力较高,表面张力较低,饱和液相和气相密度比较低,饱和液相粘度较小,比热较高,导热系数较大。微量不凝性气体NC-1对CO2气相物性影响较小。气泡核化分析表明,当过热度和蒸发温度相同时,CO2气泡临界半径以及所含蒸气分子数量级均比R22和R134a小很多,更易于气泡产生。总之,CO2的热物理性更有助于沸腾传热。     

基于CFD数值计算的电子设备热设计分析

以高功率密度的有源滤波器产品热设计为例,快速建立数字化样机模型,运用CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）数值仿真手段,分析不同布局下温度场、速度场各自利弊,通过对比电感横向和纵向布局,抽风或鼓风散热方式差异,定量分析IGBT模块的均温度,计算电感所在区域的速度场分布。在保证系统风阻符合风扇工作点稳定可靠的前提下,再对散热截面尺寸进行优化,解决IGBT模块局部过热的潜在风险。其次,将物理样机的热测试与热仿真数据进行对比,半导体器件壳温相对误差小于7%,绝对误差小于4.7 ℃,已满足工程应用要求。文章从产品热设计角度出发,运用数值建模及仿真可以快速甄别系统中过热风险点、风机工作点匹配合理,从而针对问题本身进行优化分析,提出切实可行的解决方案。     

组合式空调箱中盘管热回收的性能分析

组合式空调箱中盘管热回收的性能不仅受到工况参数的影响,而且也随结构参数的改变而改变。本文建立了盘管热回收装置的集中参数模型,并通过试验来验证计算模型的可靠性:计算模型的求解结果与试验测试结果相匹配,其平均相对误差均小于5.3%,最大相对误差均小于7%。并利用此模型研究了回路形式、翅片间距、沿气流方向管排数、循环风量、盘管水流速的变化对盘管热回收性能的影响,为组合式空调箱选择合适的盘管热回装置收提供依据。     

基于分级自适应技术车身结构多参数大规模问题快速计算方法研究

提出一种基于分级自适应技术的车身结构多参数大规模问题快速计算方法。该方法可以在保证数值稳定性的基础上得到较高的计算精度;在单元水平上对结构的刚度矩阵进行参数化分解,得到显式表达的参数化有限元格式;将该有限元格式通过事先构造的近似子空间进行缩减,得到快速计算模型。通过对比贪婪算法和直接正交法在构造近似子空间上的数值计算特性,提出分级自适应子空间构造技术。该计算方法是减基法在结构分析领域的扩展,可以大幅度提高多参数条件下大规模问题反复计算的效率。     

有机热物性数据库应用系统的设计与开发

从专家系统的基本概念出发,建立了有机化合物的热力学参数和物性估算数据库,完整地编制了一套实用性较强的有机热物性数据库应用系统,借助这一系统,用户可以完成有机物热物性数据查询,热化学计算、热物性数据估算和实验数据处理.     

Condensation heat transfer coefficients of flammable refrigerants on various enhanced tubes

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of six flammable refrigerants of propylene (R1270), propane (R290), isobutane (R600a), butane (R600), dimethylether (RE170), and HFC32 were measured at the vapor temperature of 39°C on a 1023 fpm low fin and Turbo-C tubes. All data were taken under the heat flux of 32- 116 and 42-142 kW/m² for the Iow fin and Turbo-C tubes respectively. Flammable refrigerants’ data obtained on enhanced tubes showed a typical trend that external condensation HTCs decrease with increasing wall subcooling. HFC32 and DME showed up to 30% higher HTCs than those of HCFC22 due to their excellent thermophysical properties. Propylene, propane, isobutane, and butane showed similar or lower HTCs than those of HCFC22. Beatty and Katz’ correlation predicted the HTCs of the flammable refrigerants obtained on a low fin tube within a mean deviation of 7.3%. Turbo-C tube showed the best performance due to its 3 dimensional surface geometry for fast removal of condensate.     

Analysis of phase transition,structural and dynamical properties of R290 using molecular dynamics simulation

Propane (R290), a hydrocarbon refrigerant, is an excellent choice of cooling fluids for use in refrigeration and air conditioning systems considering the environmental point of view and system performance. The phase transition phenomenon and structural and dynamic properties of R290 were analyzed through a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The densities, isobaric heat capacities and viscosities were computed and the variations of density, volume, potential energy and the nucleation process were examined to investigate the effects of condensation temperature on the phase transition rate. The mean square displacement and velocity autocorrelation function for different temperatures were simulated for dynamical analysis. Radial distribution functions were investigated to get insight into the structural analysis at the atomic level. Shear viscosity and isobaric heat capacity obtained by the present simulation showed a good agreement with the REFPROP data. The structural analysis revealed that the phase transition of R290 did not affect its intramolecular structure.

     

基于光学扫描测量数据的叶片型面偏差分析研究

为了满足叶片型面快速检测的需要,研究基于光学扫描测量数据的型面偏差分析技术.详细描述光学扫描测量的原理及数据采集过程,运用基于特征点的预配准和SVD-ICP算法来进行测量模型与CAD理论模型的配准定位,通过UG/API函数获取截面数据,对截面数据进行偏差计算,得到偏差情况统计结果.同时在偏差计算的过程中,针对叶片检测中截面各区域公差要求不一样的情况,提出一种基于轮廓线参数化的公差带设计方法,使得公差带的设计更好地符合实际检测的需要.基于上述算法,综合运用VC+ +,UG/API和VTK等工具,开发了叶片型面偏差分析软件,对于实现叶片型面的快速检测具有重要意义.     

近红外光谱快速分析法在坤宝丸检测中的应用

目的:采用近红外光谱法对坤宝丸药粉中芍药苷含量进行快速测定。方法:以HPLC分析值作为参照,采用近红外漫反射光谱技术采集坤宝丸药粉的近红外光谱,结合偏最小二乘法建立芍药苷含量的快速测定方法,并对未知样品进行含量预测。结果:建立芍药苷校正模型R,RMSEC(%)、RMSEP(%)分别为0.96,2.708,0.44。对预测集样品预测平均相对偏差为4.2%。结论:该方法简便、快速、无损,可用于坤宝丸的快速定量分析。     

Performance of R170/R1270 mixture under air-conditioning and heat pumping conditions

In this study, the performance of R170/R1270 mixture was measured on a heat pump bench tester to substitute for R22. The tester was equipped with a hermetic compressor providing a nominal capacity of 3.5 kW. All tests were conducted under typical summer and winter conditions of 7/45°C and ?7/41°C in the evaporator and condenser, respectively. During the tests, the composition of R170 varied from 0 to 10% with an interval of 2% for the R170/R1270 mixture. Test results showed that the capacities of the R1270 and R170/R1270 mixtures were 3.2–10.0% and 4.2–20.4% higher than those of R22, respectively. The coefficient of performance (COP) of R1270 was 2.7–3.6% higher than that of R22. On the other hand, the COP of R170/R1270 mixture decreased at a constant rate as R170 was added to R1270. The COP of R170/R1270 mixture was similar to that of R22 at 2% R170 and then became lower than those of R22 as R170 increased. For the mixture, the compressor discharge temperature was 8–20°C lower than that of R22. The amount of charge was reduced up to 55% compared with R22. Overall, pure propylene and R170/R1270 mixtures are good long-term candidates from the viewpoint of energy efficiency and greenhouse warming to replace R22 in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps.     

基于蒙特卡罗模型的高浓度浆液细度在线测量

近年来颗粒粒径测量问题受到了国内外的广泛研究。 针对燃煤电厂高浓度脱硫石灰石浆液细度在线测量,将基于蒙特 卡罗方法的声衰减模型拓展至高浓度范围,高浓度蒙特卡罗模型(HC-MCM)预测衰减系数与实验测量值相吻合。 构建 HC-MCM 矩阵用于颗粒粒径分布的反演可减小计算时间,且差分进化算法的计算结果与设定粒径和分布宽度的相对误差小于 1% 。 搭建基于透射和反射法的双模式超声检测装置并开发软件测量系统,加工适用于高浓度浆液细度测量的透射传感器和超声探 针,依托燃煤电厂完成长达 168 h 的浆液细度在线测量实验。 结果表明,两种模式超声衰减谱的变化趋势和数值大小基本吻 合。 粒径分布参数 DV50 与激光粒度仪测量结果的相对误差小于 8% ,其粒径分布满足燃煤电厂成品石灰石浆液的细度要求。     

Cooling performance of R510A in domestic water purifiers

In this study, the performance of R170/R1270 mixture was measured on a heat pump bench tester to substitute for R22. The tester was equipped with a hermetic compressor providing a nominal capacity of 3.5 kW. All tests were conducted under typical summer and winter conditions of 7/45°C and −7/41°C in the evaporator and condenser, respectively. During the tests, the composition of R170 varied from 0 to 10% with an interval of 2% for the R170/R1270 mixture. Test results showed that the capacities of the R1270 and R170/R1270 mixtures were 3.2–10.0% and 4.2–20.4% higher than those of R22, respectively. The coefficient of performance (COP) of R1270 was 2.7–3.6% higher than that of R22. On the other hand, the COP of R170/R1270 mixture decreased at a constant rate as R170 was added to R1270. The COP of R170/R1270 mixture was similar to that of R22 at 2% R170 and then became lower than those of R22 as R170 increased. For the mixture, the compressor discharge temperature was 8–20°C lower than that of R22. The amount of charge was reduced up to 55% compared with R22. Overall, pure propylene and R170/R1270 mixtures are good long-term candidates from the viewpoint of energy efficiency and greenhouse warming to replace R22 in residential air-conditioners and heat pumps.     

外摆线型单螺杆泵螺杆-衬套副的运动特性分析

通过分析外摆线型单螺杆泵螺杆-衬套副的相对运动,发现螺杆-衬套副的固定接触点出现在衬套骨线上,衬套可采用金属材料,螺杆可在金属基体表面黏接橡胶外套;用瞬心法推导出齿凸接触点和齿凹接触点处相对滑动速度的计算公式,并用MATLAB生成速度曲线,用SolidWorks建立螺杆泵实体模型,用SolidWorks Motion进行运动仿真,对比速度仿真值与速度公式曲线可知,拟合度很高,最大偏差率仅为-0.101%;将速度曲线与啮合状态进行对应,发现齿凹接触点处相对滑动速度的最大值发生在螺杆齿凸中点与衬套齿凹中点相接触处,齿凸接触点处相对滑动速度最大值发生在螺杆齿凸中点与衬套齿凸中点相接触处。     

成像光学系统的相对波像差梯度偏离值评价法

针对成像光学系统的波像差检测,提出了相对波像差梯度偏离值评价方法,用于直接表征波前的成像性能。给出了波像差梯度偏离值的定义,即为波前成像点与成像能量中心的偏离值。在此基础上定义相对波像差梯度偏离值为波像差梯度偏离值与艾里斑大小的比值,并提出了相对波像差梯度偏离值评价方法。相对波像差梯度偏离值与波前口径、形状、焦距均无关,故文中提出用成像尺寸、成像集中度以及成像能量分布等多种方法进行相对波像差梯度偏离值评价。其中成像集中度和成像能量分布在不同的检测分辨率条件下的稳定性较好,分辨率每相差一倍产生的差异通常小于10%。根据出瞳位置的相对波像差梯度偏离值分布和像面位置的波像差梯度分布情况,可以方便地指导光学加工和系统装调。进行了相应的实验分析,结果显示:相对波像差梯度偏离值评价方法可以用于制定波像差指标,进行波前质量控制。