Superheated steam processing of cereals and cereal products: A review

The concept of superheated steam (SS) was proposed over a century ago and has been widely studied as a drying method. SS processing of cereals and cereal products has been extensively studied in recent years for its advantages of higher drying rates above the inversion temperature, oxygen-free environment, energy conservation, and environmental protection. This review provides a brief introduction to the history, principles, and classification of SS. The applications of SS processing in the drying, enzymatic inactivation, sterilization, mycotoxin degradation, roasting, and cooking of cereals and cereal products are summarized and discussed. Moreover, the effects of SS processing on the physicochemical properties of cereals and the qualities of cereal foods are reviewed and discussed. The applications of SS for cereal processing and its effects on cereal properties have been extensively studied; however, issues such as the browning of cereal foods, thermal damage of starch, protein denaturation, and nutrition loss have not been comprehensively studied. Therefore, further studies are required to better understand the mechanism of the quality changes caused by SS processing and to expand the fields of application of SS in the cereal processing industry. This review enhances the understanding of SS processing and presents theoretical suggestions for promoting SS processing to improve the safety and quality of cereals and cereal products.     

Bioactive components and functional properties of biologically activated cereal grains: A bibliographic review

Whole grains provide energy, nutrients, fibers, and bioactive compounds that may synergistically contribute to their protective effects. A wide range of these compounds is affected by germination. While some compounds, such as β-glucans are degraded, others, like antioxidants and total phenolics are increased by means of biological activation of grains. The water and oil absorption capacity as well as emulsion and foaming capacity of biologically activated grains are also improved. Application of biological activation of grains is of emerging interest, which may significantly enhance the nutritional, functional, and bioactive content of grains, as well as improve palatability of grain foods in a natural way. Therefore, biological activation of cereals can be a way to produce food grains enriched with health-promoting compounds and enhanced functional attributes.     

Whole grain cereals: functional components and health benefits

Cereal-based food products have been the basis of the human diet since ancient times. Dietary guidelines all over the world are recommending the inclusion of whole grains because of the increasing evidence that whole grains and whole-grain-based products have the ability to enhance health beyond the simple provision of energy and nutrients. In this review we will examine the main chemical components present in whole grains that may have health enhancing properties (dietary fiber, inulin, beta-glucan, resistant starch, carotenoids, phenolics, tocotrienols, and tocopherols) and the role that whole grains may play in disease prevention (cardiovascular diseases and strokes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, as well as different forms of cancer). The knowledge derived from the functional properties of the different chemical components present in whole grains will aid in the formulation and development of new food products with health enhancing characteristics.     

谷物胚芽营养组分与加工技术研究进展

胚芽作为谷物籽粒的重要组成部分,含有丰富的营养组分。为了对谷物胚芽产品开发和技术优化提供参考,综述了谷物胚芽中脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质等营养组分的构成及生理功能,对谷物胚芽精准加工技术进行了概述,指出了现今谷物胚芽产品开发存在的问题并提出了建议。谷物胚芽的稳定化处理、谷物胚芽油的提取、活性肽的制备及γ-氨基丁酸的富集等技术成为谷物胚芽研究领域的新热点。还需加大谷物胚芽活性组分应用的研究力度,进一步向功能性食品、医药等领域探索,使产品开发多元化,从而扩大谷物胚芽的应用范围,产生较好的社会效益及经济效益。     

海参加工产品开发现状及研究进展

海参具有抗肿瘤、抗凝血、抗氧化和调节免疫力等多种生理功能,有很高的食用和药用价值,在营养保健方面备受重视。国内外对海参内脏的开发利用研究较少,对海参内脏的活性成分缺乏认识,并且海参内脏往往作为加工副产物而被随意丢弃,得不到充分利用。目前,海参内脏的利用主要集中于活性成分的鉴定和产品的脱腥,对产品的开发研究较少。本文以海参内脏的营养物质及活性成分为导向,从论文、授权专利和保健食品三个方面,阐述了海参肠、卵、精、生殖腺和海参内脏的加工利用、脱腥方法的建立以及潜在的产品开发方向。总体而言,目前普遍存在海参内脏活性成分加工方式不统一,保健食品效用成分不明确等缺点。随着加工技术的发展,运用酶解、提取等手段对海参内脏进行综合利用将成为重要方向。     

Prebiotics as functional foods: A review

Prebiotics are short chain carbohydrates that are non-digestible by digestive enzymes in humans and selectively enhance the activity of some groups of beneficial bacteria. In the intestine, prebiotics are fermented by beneficial bacteria to produce short chain fatty acids. Prebiotics also render many other health benefits in the large intestine such as reduction of cancer risk and increase calcium and magnesium absorption. Prebiotics are found in several vegetables and fruits and are considered functional food components which present significant technological advantages. Their addition improves sensory characteristics such as taste and texture, and enhances the stability of foams, emulsions and mouthfeel in a large range of food applications like dairy products and bread. This contribution reviews bioactives from food sources with prebiotic properties. Additionally, food application of bioactive prebiotics, stimulation of the viability of probiotics, health benefits, epidemiological studies, and safety concerns of prebiotics are also reviewed.     

Applications of soy protein hydrolysates in the emerging functional foods: a review

Several applications of protein hydrolysates have been documented including gelation, solubility and emulsifying properties. However, very rare reviews have solely explored the potentials of soy protein hydrolysates (SPHs). Varying and abundant pieces of information on the physicochemical properties of soy proteins, such as foaming, solubility, emulsifying, gelling, fat- and water-holding capacities, suggest their hydrolysates to be equally or more important. In this regard, this review highlights the different methods that have been used to prepare SPHs, coupled with the most promising applications and potentials of SPHs. Nonetheless, further investigations are necessary to validate the potentialities of SPHs as food agents for the emerging functional foods.     

刺梨功能成分及其功能性食品研究进展

刺梨(Rosa roxburghii Tratt)为蔷薇科落叶灌木植物的果实,是一种药食两用的特色食用植物资源,功能性成分种类丰富且含量较高,不同功能成分含量因样品状态和生长环境等不同存在一定的差异。本文对近年来刺梨功能成分及功能性食品开发利用研究进展进行了综述,介绍了刺梨中的维生素、多糖、多酚类化合物、萜类化合物、超氧化物歧化酶、氨基酸和矿物质等功能成分种类、含量及生理功能的研究现状,刺梨功能性食品开发利用研究进展,指出了刺梨功能成分分析研究和功能性食品开发存在的不足,并对下一步工作提出了建议,同时对刺梨产业的未来发展进行了展望,以期为促进刺梨功能成分深入研究和功能性食品开发利用提供参考。     

纳米技术在功能性食品中应用

近年来,纳米技术在功能性食品中应用正处快速发展阶段,其作为高新技术在功能性食品领域应用研究得到越来越多关注;纳米技术不仅可用于功能性食品生产和加工,也可提高生物活性、吸收率、稳定性、降低毒性。该文重点介绍纳米技术在功能性食品中应用。     

Effect of food processing on the resistant starch content of cereals and cereal products – a review

Depending on the conditions, processing of cereal grains may cause an increase or a decrease in the resistant starch (RS) content. This review discusses the impact of some of the processing techniques (cooking, tempering and extrusion) on the RS contents of cereals and cereal products. In addition to processing, the review briefly summarises the effects of lipids, dietary fibre and sugars, which may be present within the food matrix, on starch digestibility. The review also provides definitions for the four types of RS (RS type 1, 2, 3 and 4) and brief information about the beneficial effects of RS on human health.     

糖尿病患者无糖食品中功能性营养成分分析

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定无糖食品中的功能性营养成分的含量的分析方法。方法分别对固体样品以及液体样品进行前处理后,采用ZorbaxXDB-C_(18)色谱柱分离,甲醇-0.02mol/L KH_2PO_4溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1mL/min,柱温为30℃。并与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(inductivelycoupled plasma-optical emission spectrometery, ICP-OES)进行对比。结果 6个无糖食品样品主要营养成分分析结果为:样品X1、X2、X3、Y2中的总糖(蔗糖、麦芽糖、淀粉糖)含量在规定的标准范围之内,Y1和Y3中的总糖含量超过了规定的标准;蛋白质含量依次为X1Y3X2Y1X3Y2;碳水化合物的含量的排序为Y2Y1Y3X1X3X2。与ICP-OES法相比,高效液相色谱法的加标回收率达到了95%～99%,回收率提高了10%左右。结论高效液相色谱法操作简单、准确性好,适用于糖尿病患者无糖食品中功能性营养成分的分析检测。     

谷物食品加工中促进蛋白交联方法的应用研究进展

蛋白交联在谷物食品加工领域中发挥着重要作用。但有关谷物蛋白交联的原理与分子作用机理尚未明确。文章综述了谷物食品加工中不同促进谷物蛋白交联的方法(包括物理交联法、化学交联法以及酶交联法)及其最新进展,并从原理方面分析了这三大类蛋白交联方法对谷物蛋白及其相关制品结构特性的影响,最后探讨了这三大类蛋白交联方法中可能存在的问题并进行了展望。     

Gluten contamination of cereal foods in Canada

Persons suffering from celiac disease (CD) must avoid foods containing gluten or those contaminated with wheat, barley, or rye. This study was designed to estimate gluten contamination of cereal-based foods available in Canada, whether labelled gluten-free or not. About half of the 148 foods sampled were labelled as gluten-free. According to R5-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), twenty-three cereal-based foods (or 15%) contained more than 20 mg of gluten per kg, including sixteen regular and seven gluten-free foods, the latter being the least contaminated. When used in combination with R5-ELISA, AOAC-ELISA (not detecting barley) was a simple and efficient tool to roughly estimate the nature of the gluten contamination, which was later confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for barley, and wheat/barley/rice. Rice-, corn- or quinoa-based foods were the safest for celiac patients. In addition to misleading food labelling for both gluten-rich and gluten-free foods, critical issues for persons with CD included foods made with oats or buckwheat (contaminated with wheat and barley gluten) in addition to those, such as breakfast cereals, specifically enriched with barley malt ingredients.     

Starch and non-starch polysaccharides in some cereal foods

The polysaccharide content of some cereal foods is reported, measured by a recently described technique. This method allows accurate determination of plant cell wall and other plant polysaccharides and identification and measurement of starch made resistant to digestion by α-amylase and pullulanase during food processing (resistant starch). The results reported are at variance with values for dietary fibre measured by other published methods by a factor of up to 10 in some foods. This is due partly to the failure of some methods to identify resistant starch separately from NSP and partly to other details of methodology. Implied in these findings is the need to critically assess methods used for the chemical determination of non-starch polysaccharides and the need to be cautious in interpreting dietary-fibre-intake data especially in population studies.     

Application of microbial transglutaminase in meat foods: A review

Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) is an enzyme isolated from a variant of Streptomyces mobaraensis that forms covalent cross-links between protein molecules. Studies are being conducted since last two decades on utilization of MTG in meat foods to improve their characteristics, such as gelation, water-binding, emulsion stability, purge loss, cooking loss, etc. MTG is one of the important topics of interest in meat processing industry due to its advantages in practical utilization and commercial exploitation. This review will discuss about the overall applications of MTG in manipulating the functional properties of meat and meat products by means of various processes such as restructuring, value addition, etc.     

Technologies for enhancement of bioactive components and potential health benefits of cereal and cereal-based foods: Research advances and application challenges

Cereal grains are a major source of human food and their production has steadily been increased during the last several decades to meet the demand of our increasing world population. The modernized society and the expansion of the cereal food industry created a need for highly efficient processing technologies, especially flour production. Earlier scientific research efforts have led to the invention of the modern steel roller mill, and the refined flour of wheat has become a basic component in most of cereal-based foods such as breads and pastries because of the unique functionality of wheat protein. On the other hand, epidemiological studies have found that consumption of whole cereal grains was health beneficial. The health benefit of whole cereal grain is attributed to the combined effects of micronutrients, phytochemicals, and dietary fibre, which are mainly located in the outer bran layer and the germ. However, the removal of bran and germ from cereal grains during polishing and milling results in refined flour and food products with lower bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents than those from whole grain. Also, the level of bioactive compounds in cereal food is influenced by other food preparation procedures such as baking, cooking, extrusion, and puffing. Therefore, food scientists and nutritionists are searching for strategies and processing technologies to enhance the content and bioavailability of nutrients, bioactive compounds, and dietary fibre of cereal foods. The objective of this article was to review the research advances on technologies for the enhancement of bioactive compounds and dietary fibre contents of cereal and cereal-based foods. Bioactivities or biological effects of enhanced cereal and cereal-based foods are presented. Challenges facing the application of the proposed technologies in the food industry are also discussed.     

谷物食品研究现状及发展趋势

作为人类最基本的膳食组成,谷物食品无论在食品市场还是科研领域都占有重要的地位。近年来,市场上出现了越来越多的全谷物食品。以面包、面条、饼干以及谷物棒4种谷物产品为例,综述了近年来谷物食品的研究现状,并分析展望了全谷物食品的市场前景与发展趋势。     

制备工艺对油莎豆油理化性质、营养成分和氧化稳定性的影响

为了解析大豆水解肽（Soy hydrolyzed peptide,SHP）-茶皂素（Tea Saponin,TS）复合体系中TS对SHP结构及功能性质的影响,比较分析SHP与TS在1:0、1:0.5、1:1、1:2（w/w）比值下的作用机制。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱表征了SHP-TS复合物中蛋白的空间结构变化;并以乳化性、抗氧化性、平均粒径、ζ-电位为指标阐明了复合物中SHP构象改变与功能特性之间的关系。结果表明,添加TS可以使SHP的二级结构发生改变,氢键参与了SHP-TS复合物的形成;随着TS添加量的增加,荧光猝灭强度增强;SHP与TS发生强相互作用,空间构象发生改变。另外,随着TS占比的增加,复合物的乳化性、抗氧化性增强,平均粒径呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,ζ-电位绝对值呈先上升后下降的趋势。当SHP:TS为1:1（w/w）时得到综合性比较优异的SHP-TS复合物,与SHP单一体系相比,此时复合物的乳化稳定系数最大;乳液平均粒径最小、ζ-电位的绝对值最高。该研究有望为食品工业中的新型乳化剂的开发提供一定的理论基础。