地面群孔瓦斯抽采技术应用研究

为保证新集一矿突出煤层13-1煤北中央采区的安全开采,先后开采131103、131105等11-2煤层工作面作为保护层。首先在上述两个工作面共布置了6个地面钻孔,建立了地面群孔瓦斯抽采系统,预抽采动区被保护层13-1煤瓦斯。接下来对地面钻孔抽采瓦斯参数进行了考察,主要包括基于示踪技术考察了131105工作面采动卸压地面钻孔走向及倾向瓦斯抽采半径,统计分析被保护层瓦斯抽采率,同时就地面群孔与井下底板巷穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采两种方法进行了抽采率、工程费用等方面的对比。研究结果表明：新集一矿的地层条件下地面钻孔抽采煤层卸压瓦斯沿煤层倾向和走向的抽采半径分别不小于160m和240m;采动区地面群孔瓦斯抽采率达35%以上;地面钻孔相对比井下底板巷,在抽采瓦斯方面具有技术上可靠、安全、经济等优点。     

穿层钻孔与顺层钻孔抽采半径差异性研究

为了研究两种钻孔有效抽采半径之间存在的差异,以朱集西煤矿11-2煤层为例,采用压力降低法测定了穿层钻孔的有效抽采半径,采用SF6气体示踪现场实测结合COMSOL软件模拟的方法测试了同一煤层顺层钻孔的有效抽采半径。现场测试结果表明,试验煤层在13 k Pa抽采负压、抽采90 d的条件下,穿层钻孔和顺层钻孔的有效抽采半径分别为4.5 m和7.8 m,穿层钻孔的有效抽采半径明显小于顺层钻孔的有效抽采半径,这对抽采设计中合理选择钻孔间距具有十分重要的意义。     

超高压水力割缝强化抽采瓦斯技术研究

水力割缝是一种重要的强化瓦斯抽采增透技术,现已开始在低透气性突出煤层应用。为了进一步考察其实际效果,选取新集二矿1煤组220112工作面底抽巷实施了100 MPa超高压水力割缝试验。试验结果表明:割缝后,瓦斯抽采纯量平均0.77 m3/min,是未割缝钻孔的瓦斯抽采纯量(0.34 m~3/min)的2.26倍;1煤层组瓦斯抽采钻孔抽采30、60天的抽采有效半径为5 m、7.5 m,极限抽采半径为8 m,相比水力冲孔、未割缝钻孔抽采有效半径显著增加,超高压水力割缝强化抽采瓦斯技术具有广泛的应用前景。     

煤层注水促抽瓦斯及其影响因素的数值模拟

为有效预防煤矿瓦斯灾害,获取煤层注水促抽瓦斯的合理参数,以常村煤矿2103工作面为例,依据多相渗流理论,采用Fluent软件的VOF模型及多孔介质模型耦合求解,对煤层注水促抽瓦斯技术及其影响因素进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果应用于现场,对比分析数值模拟与现场实测数据,二者基本吻合.研究结果表明:煤层瓦斯含量以注水孔为中心径向逐步降低,以抽采孔为中心径向逐步升高;注水前抽采阶段,随着抽采时间的增加,抽采范围逐渐增大,抽采孔瓦斯流量先快速下降,后逐步缓慢降低;注水促抽阶段,随着注水时间的增加,注水范围逐渐增大,注水流量逐步降低,煤层瓦斯含量缓慢升高,抽采孔瓦斯流量逐渐增加;注水后抽采阶段,随着抽采时间的增加,压力水覆盖范围持续增大,煤层瓦斯含量逐渐降低,抽采孔瓦斯流量逐渐减小.注水时机、注水时间、注水压力、注水方式、布置方式及钻孔间距是影响煤层注水促抽瓦斯效果的6个主要因素.瓦斯正常抽采20 d后,按照一注一抽方式及5 m间距布置注抽钻孔,在8 MPa煤层注水压力下间歇注水10 d,煤层注水促抽瓦斯效果较好.     

潘三矿立井揭煤瓦斯抽采模拟研究

瓦斯抽采对于立井揭突出煤层起到重要的作用,准确的确定钻孔瓦斯有效抽采半径和合理的在待抽煤层中布置抽采钻场对煤层消突具有关键性作用。基于多孔介质中流体流动达西定律理论,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对该煤层瓦斯抽采进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,此煤层的瓦斯有效抽采半径为3 m,随着抽采时间的增加,煤层瓦斯压力逐渐的降低,但降低的速率会逐渐的减小。瓦斯抽采30天后,其残余的瓦斯压力为0．18 MPa ,这与现场实测的最大残余瓦斯压力0．2 MPa相接近,这说明了模型的可信性,其模拟结果可为瓦斯抽采设计提供参考。     

深部煤层瓦斯赋存规律及钻孔抽采有效半径研究

实测了新庄孜矿深部低透气性煤层的瓦斯压力、煤层透气性系数、瓦斯含量、瓦斯涌出衰减系数和自然排放半径等基础参数;在此基础上,数值模拟计算了钻孔抽采瓦斯的有效半径。研究结果表明,煤层的透气性是决定钻孔有效排采半径的主导因素。为提高低透气性煤层抽采瓦斯钻孔预抽消突效果,应积极采取措施提高煤层透气性系数。     

基于残余瓦斯含量的顺层钻孔抽采有效半径阶梯式测定法

为确定瓦斯抽采合理钻孔间距,有效减少或消除抽采空白带,基于瓦斯抽采相关标准与行业规范,以突出煤层采煤工作面瓦斯含量临界值、采煤工作面回采前煤体可解吸瓦斯含量、采煤工作面瓦斯抽采率和预抽率作为抽采达标的4项基本指标,根据4项基本指标计算得出残余瓦斯含量最小值,将其作为考察指标,对顺层钻孔瓦斯抽采有效半径测定方法进行探索,提出阶梯式测定法.使用该测定法对山西霍尔辛赫煤业有限责任公司3号煤层瓦斯抽采有效半径进行现场测试,同时基于含瓦斯煤的流固耦合动态模型对测试结果进行数值模拟验证.结果表明:阶梯式测定法现场测试结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合,在该矿合理预抽期内,抽采有效半径为1.52 m,合理钻孔间距为2.50 m.研究结果对于完善瓦斯抽采有效半径测定方法、确保瓦斯抽采达标具有参考作用.     

顺煤层定向长钻孔水力压裂煤层增透技术及试验研究

为了提高顺煤层钻孔瓦斯抽采效果,在分析井下煤层水力压裂技术发展现状及其增透机理的基础上,结合定向长钻孔施工技术与煤层水力压裂增透强化抽采技术,提出了顺煤层定向长钻孔裸孔坐封、水力压裂增透技术工艺。鉴于赵固二矿二1煤层中等偏硬、厚度大、瓦斯含量高等特征,选择该矿井二1煤层进行长钻孔整体压裂试验。结果表明:采用煤层长钻孔孔内封隔器裸孔坐封方式能够满足赵固二矿水力压裂煤层段密封需要;注水压裂过程压力上升平稳,泵压和流量达到设计要求;工具串回收过程无塌孔和卡阻现象,顺层长钻孔孔内封隔器裸孔坐封和压裂工艺达到预期目标;整体水力压裂影响半径最大达到38 m(单侧),压裂钻孔百米钻孔瓦斯抽采量比常规顺层钻孔有了较大提升。     

CO_2致裂增透技术的抽采半径考察研究

为了提高在某矿15号煤层穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采效率和缩短瓦斯抽采达标时间,利用CO_2致裂增透技术对瓦斯抽采钻孔致裂作用进行抽采半径考察,通过对煤层致裂增透前后的瓦斯抽采效果进行对比分析可知三组不同瓦斯抽采半径的最优抽采钻孔间距,最终确定瓦斯抽采半径。现场试验表明,CO_2致裂增透技术条件下,三组瓦斯抽采半径致裂孔的布置方式,1.5m瓦斯抽采半径能有效缩短抽采达标时间,提高瓦斯抽采率。     

顺层钻孔瓦斯抽采有效半径确定方法研究进展及展望

瓦斯抽采有效半径是确定钻孔布置间距的基础参数和重要依据,其准确测定对于节省钻孔施工工程量、提高瓦斯抽采效率乃至最终实现瓦斯抽采达标至关重要。为了科学地确定瓦斯抽采有效半径,从有效半径与影响半径的定义出发,论述现行有效半径确定方法,分析各种方法存在的问题,最后指出:基于多物理场耦合,采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场实测相结合的方法确定有效半径,是该领域今后的总体发展方向;弹塑性损伤耦合模型与热-流-固耦合模型的构建、有效半径快速测定技术与便携式装备的研发等问题是下一步研究的重点。     

Study on “fracturing-sealing” integration technology based on high-energy gas fracturing in single seam with high gas and low air permeability

To improve the gas extraction efficiency of single seam with high gas and low air permeability, we developed the “fracturing-sealing” integration technology, and carried out the engineering experiment in the 3305 Tunliu mine. In the experiment, coal seams can achieve the aim of antireflection effect through the following process: First, project main cracks with the high energy pulse jet. Second, break the coal body by delaying the propellant blasting. Next, destroy the dense structure of the hard coal body, and form loose slit rings around the holes. Finally, seal the boreholes with the “strong–weak–strong” pressurized sealing technology. The results are as follows: The average concentration of gas extraction increases from 8.3% to 39.5%. The average discharge of gas extraction increases from 0.02 to 0.10 m³/min. The tunneling speeds up from 49.5 to 130 m/month. And the permeability of coal seams improves nearly tenfold. Under the same conditions, the technology is much more efficient in depressurization and antireflection than common methods. In other words, it will provide a more effective way for the gas extraction of single seam with high gas and low air permeability.     

朱仙庄煤矿Ⅱ831工作面区域条带消突技术研究

为了解决无保护层的煤层区域瓦斯治理的难点,分析了朱仙庄矿煤层及瓦斯赋存状况,提出了在不具备开采保护层的区域内,采用底板穿层钻孔区域防突措施,对掘进巷道进行打钻预抽。在详细介绍底板穿层钻孔的布置、抽采和计量方式的同时,通过理论计算和实际掘进作业两个方面,共同验证了底板穿层钻孔条带预抽区域措施可行性和可靠性,进而为穿层钻孔预抽区域措施在矿区的推广应用提供了范例。     

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.     

低透气煤层预裂瓦斯运移数值模拟及抽采试验

针对高瓦斯低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采难问题,利用数值模拟软件RFPA^2D—Flow再现了采取煤层深孔爆破预裂后,瓦斯在煤层及爆生裂隙中的流动规律。研究结果表明,预裂圈内煤和岩石的孔隙率大大提高,煤层透气性显著增加,但当裂隙圈之间不相交时,瓦斯同样很难在完整的低透气性煤体中运移,因此只有当抽采瓦斯钻孔处在裂隙圈中才能高效抽采瓦斯。现场试验证实,低透气性煤层预裂后,有效导通裂隙增加,布置在裂隙圈内抽采瓦斯钻孔可以获得高效抽采瓦斯效果,从而降低煤与瓦斯突出危险性。     

高瓦斯综采工作面瓦斯涌出预测与立体防治技术研究

针对高瓦斯低渗透煤层工作面瓦斯抽采与灾害控制难题,以土城矿15311综采工作面为研究对象,首先,初步分析了工作面瓦斯涌出来源,运用分源预测法预测了其瓦斯涌出含量,接着针对性地在3#煤层运用了顺层钻孔、底抽巷穿层钻孔、高位钻场以及采空区埋管等多种抽采方法,并联合工作面配风提出了立体瓦斯防治技术。最后,通过施工底抽巷截留钻孔对底抽巷溢出瓦斯进行截留抽放,考察了抽采效果。结果表明:15311综采工作面瓦斯来源主要为3#煤层和下邻近层,瓦斯抽采总量为45.4 m3/min,瓦斯抽采率为85.33%,回风流中瓦斯浓度未超过1%,瓦斯抽采达标,有效地控制了工作面高瓦斯的涌出。     

煤层群煤与瓦斯安全高效共采体系及应用

提出了高瓦斯煤层群煤与瓦斯安全高效共采的概念：在煤层群开采条件下，首先开采瓦斯含量低、无突出危险的首采煤层，利用其采动影响使处在其上部和下部的煤层卸压，煤层透气性成百倍地增加，从而形成高效的瓦斯抽采条件．同时进行的卸压瓦斯高效抽采既解决了由卸压煤层向首采煤层涌出瓦斯问题，保障首采煤层实现安全高效开采，又大幅度地降低了卸压煤层的瓦斯含量，消除了煤与瓦斯突出危险性，为在卸压煤层内实施快速掘进与高效采煤方法提供了安全保障，从而实现了瓦斯与煤炭两种资源的安全高效共采．文中介绍了针对不同卸压瓦斯流动特点的近程、中程和远程卸压瓦斯抽采方法及工程应用实践，最后对高瓦斯煤层群煤与瓦斯安全高效共采体系的应用前景进行了分析．     

Regional gas drainage techniques in Chinese coal mines

China’s rapid economic development has increased the demand for coal. These results in Chinese coal mines being extended to deeper levels. The eastern Chinese, more economical developed, regions have a long history of coal mining and many coal mines have now started deep mining at a depth from 800 to 1500 m. This increase in mining depth, geostresses, pressures, and gas content of the coal seam complicates geologic construction conditions. Lower permeability and softer coal contribute to increasing numbers of coal and gas outburst, and gas explosion, disasters. A search on effective methods of preventing gas disasters has been provided funds from the Chinese government since 1998. The National Engineering Research Center of Coal Gas Control and the Huainan and Huaibei Mining Group have conducted theoretical and experimental research on a regional gas extraction technology. The results included two important findings. First, grouped coal seams allow adoption of a method where a first, key protective layer is mined to protect upper and lower coal seams by increasing permeability from 400 to 3000 times. Desorption of gas and gas extraction in the protected coal seam of up to 60%, or more, may be achieved in this way. Second, a single seam may be protected by using a dense network of extraction boreholes consisting of cross and along-bed holes. Combined with this is increased use of water that increases extraction of coal seam gas by up to 50%. Engineering practice showed that regional gas drainage technology eliminates regional coal and gas outburst and also enables mining under low gas conditions. These research results have been adopted into the national safety codes of production technology. This paper systematically introduces the principles of the technology, the engineering methods and techniques, and the parameters of regional gas drainage. Engineering applications are discussed.