Investigation on Moisture Transfer Mechanism in Porous Media During Rapid Drying Process

Abstract

In this work, moisture transfer mechanism in wet porous media during rapid drying process is investigated experimentally and analytically. By use of scanning electron microscopic device, the rapid drying processes for potato, carrot, and radish species were observed and recorded. The microscopic drying experiments show that during high intense and rapid drying process, the mechanism of moisture migration in materials is mainly considered as a displacement flow driven by pressure gradient along a capillary passage. A simplified displacement flow model during rapid drying process is proposed and the time needed for moisture transfer in porous media is calculated. To examine this drying mechanism, one-dimensional displacement flow test device is built up and a set of experiments under different pressure gradients and temperatures are conducted. Glass beads of 0.8 mm in diameter are used as the porous material. The experimental results show that when pressure gradient is getting greater at constant temperature, the moisture removal time is getting smaller. On the other hand, under the same pressure gradient, when liquid temperature increases, the time for moisture transfer from the internal to the external surface decreases. The calculated moisture removal times are well agreed with the experimental data.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HIGH INTENSITY PAPER DRYING

High intensity drying occurs when one web surface is heated to the thermodynamic saturation temperature corresponding to the local hydraulic pressure. Rapid vapor generation causes the process to be driven by a total pressure gradient, so vapor leaves the web by a bulk flow mechanism rather than a slower diffusion mechanism. Vapor pressure build-up promotes rapid web heating and offers the opportunity for liquid removal by displacement. Lower energy usage can result if only a part of the moisture is evaporated.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HIGH INTENSITY PAPER DRYING

High intensity drying occurs when one web surface is heated to the thermodynamic saturation temperature corresponding to the local hydraulic pressure. Rapid vapor generation causes the process to be driven by a total pressure gradient, so vapor leaves the web by a bulk flow mechanism rather than a slower diffusion mechanism. Vapor pressure build-up promotes rapid web heating and offers the opportunity for liquid removal by displacement. Lower energy usage can result if only a part of the moisture is evaporated.     

A Moisture Transmembrane Transfer Model for Pore Network Simulation of Plant Materials Drying

The drying of plant materials with cellular tissue is often viewed as drying of porous media that is assumed to consist of cell cytoskeleton and intercellular space. Various approaches have been reported in the literature to describe heat and mass transfer during drying of such porous materials. However, the fact remains that the water in a cellular tissue is mostly intracellular and it should be driven out of the cells across cell membranes before transporting in cell gaps, as in a general porous media. In the present study, the transport process of moisture in a cellular tissue was analyzed. A mathematical model for moisture transport across the cell membrane was established, which was correlated to a self-developed, dual-scale pore network model (cell and pore network) for drying of plant materials. The relationship between mass volumetric flux and average intracellular moisture content was developed based on the microscopic images and the drying experiments.     

纸张干燥中湿分扩散系数的估算

纸张干燥过程涉及到多孔介质的热质传递,如何确定质量扩散系数是所建立的多孔物料湿分扩散模型能否进行数值计算的关键。按Liukov公式将湿分扩散系数视为含湿质量分数的非线性函数,在恒温下进行纸张干燥实验,通过比较湿分蒸发质量的测量值与理论计算值,采用多变量寻优的方法对多孔介质一维情况下的湿分扩散系数进行估算,得到了实验条件下的纸张湿分扩散系数的计算公式。并进一步确定了纸张中的湿分扩散系数与含湿质量分数和温度之间的函数关系式。     

The Role of Nonuniformity in Convective Heat and Mass Transfer through Porous Media,Part 1

Through-air drying is commonly used in the drying of high-quality tissue and towel products. A representative elementary volume method was used to model the fluid flow and heat and mass transfer during through drying in heterogeneous porous biobased materials such as tissue and towel products. Results of flow both upstream and downstream of a modeled porous sheet allowed visualization of the effects of mixing at the top and bottom of the porous medium. The effect of initial nonuniformity on fluid flow and convective heat and mass transfer in heterogeneous porous media was studied. The effect of material nonhomogeneity and associated transport properties on moisture content of the porous material as a function of drying time was studied. Modeling results indicate that for the first time it is possible to simulate the effect of nonuniformity on fluid flow and convective heat and mass transfer in porous media during through-air drying of paper. Moisture and structural nonuniformity contributing to nonuniformity in air flow might contribute significantly to drying nonuniformity. Depending on the moisture regimes and degree of saturation of the convective medium, heat and mass transfer coefficients may have varying effects on the overall drying.     

Fractal Pore Network Simulation on the Drying of Porous Media

Based on the knowledge of fractal geometry, physics of flow through porous media, and transport process principle, a fractal pore network model for the drying process of a natural porous body was established in this article. This model takes various factors into consideration, such as liquid-phase flow, vapor-phase diffusion, temperature gradient, and pore microstructure characteristic. The drying dynamics characteristics of potato slices were obtained by the simulation of a fractal pore network model. The simulation results of the fractal pore network model were contrasted with those of a regular one and the experimental data, respectively. The wet patches were observed on the potato slices during the drying experiments, and it was validated by the drying simulation. The results indicate that the drying kinetics from the fractal pore network model, as well as the distributions of moisture and temperature inside the porous body, are more consistent with that of the drying experiments than that of the regular one, and the throat size distribution in the pore network of the porous media has a notable influence on the drying process.     

Pore-Level Modeling of Isothermal Drying of Pore Networks Accounting for Evaporation,Viscous Flow,and Shrinking

Abstract

Simulation results of pore-level drying of non-hygroscopic, non-rigid, liquid-wet porous media are presented. Two- and three-dimensional pore networks represent pore spaces. Two kinds of mechanisms are considered: evaporation and hydraulic flow. The process is considered under isothermal conditions. Capillary forces thus dominate over viscous forces and the drying is considered as a modified form of invasion percolation. Liquid in pore corners allows for hydraulic connection throughout the network. During drying, liquid is replaced by vapor by two fundamental mechanisms: evaporation and pressure gradient–driven liquid flow. The development of capillary pressure as menisci turn concave induces shrinkage of the matrix, which contributes to the pressure gradient that drives liquid toward the surface of the network. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we find evaporation and drainage times; the shortest calculated indicates the controlling mechanism. Here we report distributions of liquid and vapor as drying time advances. For the calculation of transport properties, details of pore space and displacement are subsumed in pore conductances. Solving for the pressure field in each phase, vapor and liquid, we find a single effective conductance for each phase as a function of liquid saturation. Along with the effective conductance for the liquid-saturated network, the relative permeability of liquid and diffusivity of vapor are calculated.     

Pore-Level Modeling of Isothermal Drying of Pore Networks Accounting for Evaporation, Viscous Flow, and Shrinking

Simulation results of pore-level drying of non-hygroscopic, non-rigid, liquid-wet porous media are presented. Two- and three-dimensional pore networks represent pore spaces. Two kinds of mechanisms are considered: evaporation and hydraulic flow. The process is considered under isothermal conditions. Capillary forces thus dominate over viscous forces and the drying is considered as a modified form of invasion percolation. Liquid in pore corners allows for hydraulic connection throughout the network. During drying, liquid is replaced by vapor by two fundamental mechanisms: evaporation and pressure gradient-driven liquid flow. The development of capillary pressure as menisci turn concave induces shrinkage of the matrix, which contributes to the pressure gradient that drives liquid toward the surface of the network. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we find evaporation and drainage times; the shortest calculated indicates the controlling mechanism. Here we report distributions of liquid and vapor as drying time advances. For the calculation of transport properties, details of pore space and displacement are subsumed in pore conductances. Solving for the pressure field in each phase, vapor and liquid, we find a single effective conductance for each phase as a function of liquid saturation. Along with the effective conductance for the liquid-saturated network, the relative permeability of liquid and diffusivity of vapor are calculated.     

CROSS-EFFECT OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF LU1KOV EQUATION: MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS

This paper mainly focuses on cross-effect of heat and mass transfer of capillary porous media which A.B.Luikov set up on irreversible thermodynamics principle. On the basis of perfecting the equations of heat and mass transfer, the heat and mass transfer parameters are determined during drying processes, and thermal gradient coefficient δ and moisture gradient coefficient ξ are obtained which show the cross-effect of heat and mass transfer. Thus the fundamentals are provided for quantitative analysis of cross-effect of heat and mass transfer. The convective drying mathematical model under the first unsteady boundary condition is therefore proposed. By the application of Henry transform, the theoretical solution of unsteady drying process is given and its validity is verified     

COMBINED MICROWAVE AND CONVECTIVE DRYING OF A POROUS MATERIAL

A model is formulated to describe the drying of a slab of porous material in a combined microwave and convective environment. The model describes the evolution of temperature, pressure, moisture and power distributions that occur during the drying process. The microwave internal heat source is calculated from electromagnetic theory with varying dielectric properties. The inclusion of pressure in the model allows the physical phenomena of “water pumping”, often observed in microwave drying systems, to be accounted for. The influence of sample size; on the drying kinetics 1s examined and found to be an important parameter during the drying process. In particular the effect of resonance on the moisture and temperature profiles and the need for careful consideration of surface mass transfer coefficients are investigated. Simulation results are presented for the combined microwave and convective drying of a homogeneous, isotropic porous material.     

CROSS-EFFECT OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER OF LU1KOV EQUATION: MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS

Abstract

This paper mainly focuses on cross-effect of heat and mass transfer of capillary porous media which A.B.Luikov set up on irreversible thermodynamics principle. On the basis of perfecting the equations of heat and mass transfer, the heat and mass transfer parameters are determined during drying processes, and thermal gradient coefficient δ and moisture gradient coefficient ξ are obtained which show the cross-effect of heat and mass transfer. Thus the fundamentals are provided for quantitative analysis of cross-effect of heat and mass transfer. The convective drying mathematical model under the first unsteady boundary condition is therefore proposed. By the application of Henry transform, the theoretical solution of unsteady drying process is given and its validity is verified     

COMBINED MICROWAVE AND CONVECTIVE DRYING OF A POROUS MATERIAL

A model is formulated to describe the drying of a slab of porous material in a combined microwave and convective environment. The model describes the evolution of temperature, pressure, moisture and power distributions that occur during the drying process. The microwave internal heat source is calculated from electromagnetic theory with varying dielectric properties. The inclusion of pressure in the model allows the physical phenomena of “water pumping”, often observed in microwave drying systems, to be accounted for. The influence of sample size; on the drying kinetics 1s examined and found to be an important parameter during the drying process. In particular the effect of resonance on the moisture and temperature profiles and the need for careful consideration of surface mass transfer coefficients are investigated. Simulation results are presented for the combined microwave and convective drying of a homogeneous, isotropic porous material.     

CONVECTWE DRYING MODEL OF SOUTHERN PINE

A transient one dimensional first principles model is developed for the drying of a porous material (wood is used as an example) that includes both heat and mass transfer. Heat transfer by conduction and convection, mass transfer by binary gas diffusion, pressure-driven bulk flow in the gas and liquid, and diffusion of bound water are included in the analysis. The diffusive mass transfer terms are modeled using a Fickian approach, while the bulk flow is modeled assuming Darcian flow. Depending on the state (pendular or funicular) of the moisture in the wood, appropriate terms are considered in the development of the governing mass equations. The results provide distributions within the material of each moisture phase (vapor, liquid, and bound), temperature, and total pressure. Information regarding the drying rate and evaporation rate is also presented. Average distributions are obtained as a function of time, and compared with experimental data from the literature. It is observed that the total pressure within the material can be considerably above one atmosphere during the drying process.     

A Moisture Transfer Model for Isothermal Drying of Plant Cellular Materials Based on the Pore Network Approach

Plant materials with cellular structure, like fruits and vegetables, are often viewed as porous media in terms of model building of the drying process, on the basis of a hypothesis that all of the moisture of a plant tissue is trapped in a continuous and connected pore network system. However, most of the moisture in the plant tissue is contained naturally in enclosed cells. In the course of drying, the trapped moisture has to cross the cell membranes and then migrates in the extracellular space. Based on this concept, a pore network model for isothermal drying of plant materials was developed in which two stages of moisture movement—transmembrane transfer and extracellular transfer in the pore network—were considered. Finally, the isothermal convective air-drying processes of a potato slice were simulated. The calculated results were validated by the experiments conducted under the simulation conditions.     

高初始含湿多孔介质喷雾干燥过程的热质耦合传递

多孔介质是大量干燥过程的主体,由于实际多孔介质干燥过程的复杂性,建立通用的干燥过程传热传质模型十分困难。通过分析喷雾干燥过程中高初始含湿多孔介质与干燥介质之间的传热传质机理以及各因素对传热传质的影响,根据马歇尔方程探讨了干燥介质与料雾之间的水蒸汽分压差在干燥过程中的变化情况,反映了多孔湿介质在喷雾干燥操作中的传热传质过程的几种特性,为确定实际生产中喷雾干燥器的操作条件指明了新的出路。     

初始饱和度对微波冷冻干燥过程传热传质的影响

以非饱和含湿牛肉为例,进行了微波冷冻干燥实验研究。获得了干燥时间与物料初始饱和度近似成正比的结论。与升华面模型的计算结果比较表明,升华冷凝模型更符合实验规律,证实了非饱和含湿多孔介质微波冷冻干燥时升华冷凝区的存在。     

Multiscale and multilayer structural modeling and simulation on drying of grain packing porous media

ABSTRACT

Aiming at the problem of multilayer physical structure for the skeleton of porous media, a multiscale and multilayer structural model of heat and mass transfer processes for drying of grain packing porous media was established by applying the pore network method and multiscale theory. An experimental study on rice drying was conducted in order to validate this model. The simulation and experimental results indicated that the established model could explain the mechanical properties of rice drying well. The rate of heat transfer was faster than the rate of mass transfer and there was a higher moisture gradient inside the rice grain. The diffusion coefficient of rice embryo played an important role in the drying process, and whose effect on drying was larger than the diffusion coefficient of rice hull and chaff. The moisture was imprisoned effectively inside the rice when the diffusion coefficient of rice embryo was very small.     

Drying-Induced Strain and Stress: A Review

This paper is to review the works on strains and suesses in materials during drying.The strains and suesses are caused when temperature and moisture gradients are generated in mterials whose volume changes with heating and moisture removal. In such materials. failure and irregular deformion may be generated which affect considerably the qudity of the products after drying. In the first part. modeling procedure is introduced for the analysis of the strain-stress behavior in elaslic. viscous and visccelastic materials combined with heat and moisture transfer. An overview of the works on swains and stresses and drying characteristics are presented for malerials such as porous media. clay. sol-gels. agricultural products and foods in the second part. There are some materials that show both elasticity of the solid phase and viscosity of the fluid phase ( water or solvena∥ or viscoelasticiry. The suesses are often correlated with a suction pressure of fluids in pores and the flow rate is based on Dacy's equation for the elastic and viscous tnedia and a kind of viscoelastic media. The general canstitulive equalions. for suains and svesses are often analyzed with the stain behavior given by a function of moisturr for some media ai well. The emohasis is on the inuoduclion of comprehensive criteria for undersunding the problems of strain and stress development in materials subjected to drying.