开敞式宽大单泄槽溢洪道水力特性及优化布置研究

开敞式宽大单泄槽溢洪道与一般溢洪道相比易发生水流流态复杂、掺气效果差等工程安全问题。以马来西亚Baleh水电工程为例,采用VOF法与RNG k-ε双方程紊流模型对溢洪道流场进行三维数值模拟。计算分析了不同工况下溢洪道流态、流速、沿程压强等水力特性的分布规律。同时开展1∶50物理模型试验,对比分析数值模拟结果与模型试验结果发现,两者基本一致,验证了开敞式宽大单泄槽溢洪道水力特性数值模拟的准确性与可行性。进而利用紊流模型计算分析了溢洪道掺气坎的优化布置方案,结果表明：1#掺气坎抬高20 cm后,坎后掺气空腔长度由11.03 m增大至19.84 m,消能率提高了6.11%;3#掺气坎沿泄槽陡坡上移15 m后,挑流水舌冲击位置上移,减轻了对挑流鼻坎段水流流态的影响。研究结果对同类工程的优化设计有一定的借鉴作用。     

泄槽底坡对掺气坎射流空腔积水的影响

通过作者建立的掺气坎射流曲线方程和掺气空腔积水方程,分析计算了泄槽底坡对跌坎型、挑坎型和挑跌坎型3种掺气坎掺气空腔积水的影响.计算结果表明,泄槽底坡对3种体型掺气坎掺气空腔积水的影响规律是一致的.随泄槽底坡增大,空腔积水减弱,最终消失;掺气坎后挑射水流与底板的冲击角随泄槽底坡增大而减小;不同体型掺气坎的临界冲击角是不一样的.研究成果可为掺气坎的设计提供参考.     

不同掺气条件下底板水流脉动压强特性研究

针对水流掺气后对脉动压强特性的改变问题,基于矩形陡槽水工模型试验结果,分析了不同掺气设施及不同通气方式泄槽底板的脉动压力标准差沿程变化规律。分析结果表明,自掺气底板水流脉动压强沿程变化平稳;强迫掺气底板水流脉动压力明显增大,并在水舌冲击区呈单峰规律;单独底坎、单独侧坎和底侧联合坎三种掺气设施中,单独侧坎掺气对底板水流脉动压强影响最小。另外同种掺气设施下,增大流量、增大通气孔面积和采用分散进气方式都会增大泄槽底板的脉动压强。     

带掺气槽岸边溢洪道挑流消能工水力特性

采用RNGk-ε双方程紊流模型对掺气槽、差动式挑流鼻坎和预挖坑联合运行的岸边溢洪道水流流场进行研究,模拟了具有大曲率水气交界面的挑射水舌和掺气坎水流,分析讨论泄槽流态、掺气槽底板最大冲击压力和差动式挑坎压力分布,给出了挑射水舌以及预挖坑的水流结构与速度分布特性,并将计算值与实验值进行对比,两者吻合良好。研究结果表明:泄槽中4道掺气槽的设置能有效减免发生空蚀破坏,但对泄槽中水面有一定的影响;高扩散低收缩差动式挑流鼻坎与预挖坑的联合运用消能效果理想。     

泄槽底部掺气坎后水流掺气浓度分布模型试验

针对泄槽底部掺气坎后的掺气浓度分布规律较为复杂、研究成果较少的问题,为了更清楚地探究泄槽底部掺气坎后上游直段、反弧段及下游直段水流掺气浓度分布规律,采用含有反弧段的泄槽进行模型试验研究。试验结果表明:上游直段、反弧段及下游直段水流中不同水深处掺气浓度的沿程变化规律是不相同的;其他条件不变时,水流掺气浓度随掺气坎高度的增加而增大,随反弧段反弧半径的减小而减小;掺气坎高度和反弧半径对掺气设施的有效保护范围有一定的影响,适当提高掺气坎的高度和反弧段的半径对增大掺气设施的有效保护长度有利。     

泄洪洞掺气减蚀设施空腔回水研究

泄洪洞内高速水流空化引起过流表面空蚀一直以来都是一个值得关注的问题,掺气减蚀是解决泄洪洞过流表面空蚀的有效措施。以某水电站泄洪洞明流泄槽的掺气设施为例,从对掺气坎体型增加坎高、加设坎下平台、加设下游陡坡、圆弧形底板等多个角度进行了探索比较优化。研究成果表明:挑跌坎掺气槽后接圆弧底板布置形式,较好地解决了掺气坎下游水流反向漩滚和空腔回水的问题。这一成果为类似掺气设施的布置提供了参考。     

挑坎掺气在岔河水库溢洪道中的应用研究

对于中、高水头泄水建筑物,空化水流易诱发结构空蚀破坏。基于岔河水库溢洪道原设计体型,通过模型试验,研究在泄槽抛物线段上、下游侧增设不同体型掺气坎对空化水流的影响。成果表明:挑坎布置于下游侧,散水现象明显,随流量增大,下游泄槽流态恶化。挑坎布置于上游侧(挑角5°、坎高Δ=0.40 m),未掺气时,坎后射流空腔内充满回水,呈负压状态;下游泄槽空穴数上升,水流流态较为平顺;坎高增加,空穴数反而减小;强迫掺气条件下,坎后能够形成稳定的射流空腔,随挑坎高度增加,空穴数变化并不明显,泄槽水流流态反而更趋紊乱。     

台阶式溢洪道掺气消能效果试验研究

通过模型试验分析了台阶式溢洪道掺气对消能效果的影响。对比分析了无掺气坎、掺气坎高分别为20 cm和40 cm时的掺气效果和消能率。当掺气坎高时,水体掺气充分,水流涡旋剧烈,形成水汽两相流,水流下泄旋滚过程中势能转化成动能,在泄槽段可耗散较多能量。因此,设置掺气设施比不设置掺气设施消能效率大、消能效果好,有效地防止了空化空蚀现场的发生。     

通气孔型式对超宽泄槽的掺气影响研究

结合某水电站溢洪道现场泄流流态,采用数值模拟方法对溢洪道泄槽段掺气坎附近流态进行分析,与实际工程的泄流流态进行对比,分析泄槽的水深、流速、压强等水力特征要素,并对不同通气孔面积的掺气坎进行泄洪模拟分析.此研究成果可应用在类似实际工程中,为泄槽布置掺气减蚀的结构型式提供参考.     

高水头、小底坡泄洪中孔掺气坎体形优化与运行实践

高水头、小底坡、水位变幅大的掺气设施体形优化难度大。某水电站泄洪中孔最大水头达92.37 m,底坡仅5.0%,运行水位变幅为11.37 m,掺气坎体形是设计难点。基于1∶40的单体水工模型试验,对掺气坎的体形进行了系列优化,获得最终推荐体形。研究表明:采用“坎下局部变坡+小挑坎+掺气槽”的设计,能满足高水头、小底坡、水位变幅大的泄槽掺气要求,各道掺气坎均能形成稳定空腔,掺气效果较好;掺气挑坎的细节尺寸对掺气效果极为敏感;建议建立掺气空腔与其影响因子的数学分析模型,以获得掺气坎优化体形的最佳解。该工程目前已运行近7年,总体效果良好,但突扩突跌后的侧墙发生了局部空蚀,表明对高水头泄水建筑物,宜同时采用减压模型全面、充分论证其局部空化特性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。