产广谱细菌素口乳杆菌菌株的筛选和鉴定

从冷藏鲜肉制品中分离筛选到的36株乳酸菌中筛选出1株对指示菌具有明显抑菌作用的菌株,排除有机酸、过氧化氢等干扰因素后,该菌株发酵液仍有很强的抑菌作用.胃蛋白酶处理导致其抑菌活性急剧下降,表明该抑菌物质具有蛋白质性质,是一种细菌素.抑菌谱实验显示,这是一类广谱细菌素.通过形态学、生理生化特性分析,该菌株被初步鉴定为口乳杆菌.     

高效抑菌作用乳酸菌的选育

对从自然发酵辣椒中分离出的66株乳酸菌的抑菌特性进行了研究,结果发现66株乳酸菌中仅有28株对指示菌表现出抑菌活性,从这28株中选育出了三株具有广谱、高效抑菌作用乳酸菌,对这三株乳酸菌的抑菌成分进行了研究,最后发现起抑菌作用的物质是细菌素。     

广谱高效抑菌作用乳酸菌的选育

对从自然发酵辣椒中分离出的66株乳酸菌的抑菌特性进行了研究，结果发现66株乳酸菌中仅有28株对指示菌表现出抑菌活性，从这28株中选育出了三株具有广谱、高效抑菌作用乳酸菌，对这三株乳酸菌的抑菌成分进行了研究，最后发现起抑菌作用的物质是细菌素。     

广谱、高效抑菌作用乳酸菌的选育

本对从自然发酵辣椒中分离出的66株乳酸菌的抑菌特性进行了研究，结果发现66株乳酸菌中仅有28株对指示菌表现出抑菌活性，从这28株中选育出了三株具有广谱、高效抑菌作用乳酸菌，对这三株乳酸菌的抑菌成分进行了研究，最后发现起抑菌作用的物质是细菌素。     

产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

从传统发酵制品中分离筛选到50株乳酸菌,通过琼脂扩散法从中筛选出5株对指示菌具有明显抑菌作用的菌株,通过排除酸和过氧化氢的作用后,其中一株菌仍具有一定的抑菌活性.用胰蛋白酶对其发酵液进行处理后.活性下降很大,说明代谢产物中含有蛋白性质的抑菌物质,可能是细菌素.对此菌株进行鉴定,初步认为是戊糖乳杆菌,并对其生长能力和产酸能力进行了测定.     

生物保鲜乳酸菌的筛选及其细菌素特性研究

利用牛津杯法从传统泡菜和腊肠中分离的80株乳酸菌中筛选出10株具有较高抑菌活性的乳酸菌.通过排除酸性产物有机酸、过氧化氢干扰及抑菌谱试验,LAB5和LAB55仍表现广谱的抑菌活性;2菌株发酵上清液经蛋白酶K、木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶处理后抑菌活性均有降低,其中LAB5对木瓜蛋白酶敏感,因此可以初步判定这2株乳酸菌产生的抑菌物质为细菌素.2种细菌素具有良好的热稳定性,pH值越低抑菌能力越强;2株菌表现良好的产酸能力,经生理生化和16S rDNA鉴定为植物乳杆菌.     

产细菌素的饲用乳酸菌的分离与鉴定

禽畜产品中的抗生素残留严重威胁人类的健康,推行无抗养殖的重要途径就是发展发酵饲料。从饲料原料中分离得到能够抑制大肠杆菌生长的乳酸菌,通过排除发酵液中有机酸和H2O2的干扰,初步确定4株具有较强抑菌功能的乳酸菌。分别采用胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K和胃蛋白酶处理发酵上清液后,其抑菌活性减小,初步确定抑菌活性物质为细菌素。进一步通过耐酸、耐胆盐和耐热实验确定1株适合动物肠道定植的乳酸菌R16,生理生化实验和16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定该菌株为乳酸片球菌R16。筛选获得具有抑菌功能的、适合动物肠道定植和耐饲料加工的饲用乳酸菌对开发无抗发酵饲料具有重要的实用价值。     

窖泥中产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选及其培养基优化

目的:从泸州老窖100年窖池窖泥筛选产细菌素乳酸菌。方法:通过稀释涂布法分离纯化,产乳酸定性试验分离乳酸菌,通过牛津杯法排除发酵液中有机酸、过氧化氢物的抑菌作用以及蛋白酶敏感性实验筛选出产细菌素的乳酸菌,并对抑菌效果较好的15#菌株进行培养基优化。结果:从窖泥中分离出22株不同菌株,得到8株具有产乳酸性能的菌株,其中产细菌素的菌株为15#和16#,优化后其最佳培养基配方:葡萄糖(碳源)20 g/L、蛋白胨(氮源)25 g/L、无机盐、pH5.0、装液量50 m L。结论:窖泥中筛选出产细菌素的乳酸菌,并确定其最佳产细菌素培养基配方,为进一步研究提供依据。     

产广谱细菌素乳酸菌的筛选

从四川传统发酵食品、市售酸奶、自制泡菜、香肠中分离出267株乳酸菌,采用平板挖井法从中筛选了64株对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有抑制作用的广谱抑菌性乳酸菌菌株,再对这些乳酸菌采用牛津杯抑菌实验,排除酸、过氧化氢干扰后,部分菌株的发酵上清液仍有很强的抑菌作用;进行胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶处理后,发酵上清液抑菌活性降低,因而确定产生的抑菌物质为蛋白质类细菌素。     

一株从泡菜中分离的产细菌素乳杆菌的鉴定及细菌素特性研究

从泡菜中分离的329 株乳酸菌中,筛选出一株产细菌素的乳酸菌,编号为SD-22。经生理生化实验鉴定为短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)。在排除过氧化氢干扰和有机酸抑菌作用后,brevicin SD-22 对革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌具有较好的抑制作用,对部分真菌也有抑制作用,但对酵母菌和青霉无抑制作用,具有良好的热稳定性和pH 值稳定性,经胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和蛋白酶K 处理后抑菌活性完全消失,对α- 淀粉酶不敏感。因此初步认为该菌株是一株产广谱细菌素的乳酸菌。     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

Anti-obesity effects of conjugated linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Obesity has become a prevailing epidemic throughout the globe. Effective therapies for obesity become attracting. Food components with beneficial effects on "weight loss" have caught increasing attentions. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) belong to different families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). However, they have similar effects on alleviating obesity and/or preventing from obesity. They influence the balance between energy intake and expenditure; and reduce body weight and/or fat deposition in animal models, but show little effect in healthy human subjects. They inhibit key enzymes responsible for lipid synthesis, such as fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, enhance lipid oxidation and thermogenesis, and prevent free fatty acids from entering adipocytes for lipogenesis. PUFA also exert suppressive effects on several key factors involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat storage. Despite their similar effects and shared mechanisms, they display differences in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Moreover, DHA and EPA exhibit "anti-obesity" effect as well as improving insulin sensitivity, while CLA induces insulin resistance and fatty liver in most cases. A deeper and more detailed investigation into the complex network of anti-obesity regulatory pathways by different PUFA will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of body weight control and reduce the prevalence of obesity.     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。