白酒大曲的微生物多样性及其酶类研究进展

大曲是中国白酒酿造过程普遍采用的糖化发酵剂，不仅富含多种功能微生物，还含有微生物代谢产生的各种酶类，是形成不同香型白酒独特风味的关键因素。因此，对大曲中微生物多样性、酶类以及强化大曲的探讨成为当下的研究热点。文章综述了国内外基于传统微生物培养技术和现代分子生物学技术如聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳法(PCR-DGGE)、高通量测序技术等对白酒大曲微生物的最新研究进展，大曲中的酶类研究以及强化大曲的应用研究成果，最后对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。对微生物多样性和酶类进行系统研究为白酒酿造提供了重要的理论基础，对强化大曲的应用具有至关重要的作用。     

白酒大曲真菌群落结构多样性研究技术与进展

随着现代分子生物学技术在微生物群落结构多样性研究中的广泛应用,打破了传统微生物培养方法的局限性,提高了对于大曲中真菌群落结构多样性的认识。该文主要综述了研究大曲中真菌群落结构多样性的方法,传统可培养技术以及现代分子生物学技术的各种方法,主要包括磷脂脂肪酸技术（PLFA）、聚合酶链式反应（PCR）-变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术、PCR-单链构象多态性（SSCP）技术、基因克隆文库技术、高通量测序（HTS）技术以及组学技术,以及近年来传统可培养技术和现代分子生物学技术手段在大曲中真菌群落结构多样性的应用研究进展,对深入研究大曲发酵过程中真菌多样性构成及变化规律奠定理论基础。     

牛栏山大曲可培养微生物多样性分析

采用传统微生物分离结合PCR测序,从酵母菌、丝状真菌、芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌5个方面入手,系统分析了牛栏山大曲微生物数量关系及多样性组成。研究结果表明,牛栏山大曲中主要微生物为扣囊覆膜酵母,可占大曲微生物的59%,乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌和丝状真菌共占大曲微生物的41%,其余酵母和放线菌虽然能够分离到,但数量较少。在微生物多样性组成方面,从牛栏山大曲中共分离到27种微生物,结合不同种微生物数量关系,确定了大曲中的主要微生物种类。     

浓香型白酒大曲微生物研究进展

概述了大曲微生物的类型及主要微生物种类的功能和特性,归纳了近年来大曲功能菌的筛选及相关研究,为大曲微生物的研究和大曲生产工艺的优化提供理论依据。     

浓香型大曲微生物群落结构及功能微生物研究进展

大曲是浓香型白酒的糖化发酵剂,富含多种功能微生物及酶类,这些功能微生物对浓香型白酒的质量和风格具有重要作用。该文对不同发酵阶段、不同浓香型大曲产地、不同曲块部位及不同等级质量的大曲微生物研究进展进行总结分析,并在此基础上对大曲中重要微生物的功能进行阐述,以期为大曲功能微生物的研究解析方向,为浓香型白酒的质量和风味成分研究提供参考,促进大曲功能微生物的研究,加深对浓香型白酒大曲的了解。     

大曲微生物在大曲酒生产中的研究开发现状及发展前景

概述了大曲微生物的类型及研究开发与应用现状,并对其发展前景进行展望,旨在为大曲微生物的研究提供思路,进一步从微生物的角度揭示中国白酒的发酵本质.     

浓香型习酒架式大曲微生态研究

将分子生物学技术与传统微生物培养技术等研究方法有效结合,从制曲发酵过程中微生物量化分析、大曲优势微生物菌群的鉴定,以及酒曲微生物菌群多样性3个方面对浓香型习酒架式大曲微生态进行了系统全面的比较学研究,探讨了大曲生产体系微生物区系的形成和演变规律,为揭示黔派浓香型习酒酿酒微生态学特征奠定了基础。     

酱香大曲微生物菌群结构及微生物功能研究概述

酱香大曲是优质酱香白酒重要的糖化、发酵剂,按制曲工艺划分其属于高温大曲。酱香大曲中以细菌、霉菌、酵母菌为代表的各种微生物类群混合生长,共同推动了酿造过程的顺利进行,对酱香白酒品质、风味的形成有重要贡献。该文从酱香大曲微生物菌群结构与微生物功能性分析两个方面综述了酱香型大曲微生物的研究进展,分析酱香型大曲微生物类群与酱香白酒品质之间的联系,并对未来的研究提出展望。     

强化大曲的研制及应用研究

多年来,白酒的大曲生产均沿用传统制曲工艺,即生料压块制曲,自然富集接种,曲房码堆培养。这种方法生产的大曲由于受自然环境因素的制约,质量很难稳定,造成用曲量大、出酒率低、生产成本高等不利因素。因此,进一步研究大曲生产工艺,提高大曲的质量,逐步提到白酒行业科研工作的议事日程。近年来,随着白酒大曲微生物研究的不断深入,国内一些科研单位和名优酒厂,已从大曲中分离筛选出上百种微生物菌种,大曲中的微生物群系逐渐被认识,一些厂家开     

白云边酿酒大曲微生物分析研究

从微生物区系和理化指标两个方面对白云边高温大曲和中温大曲进行了比较研究。高温大曲中细菌总数为1．4×10^5cfu／g干曲,占分离出微生物总数的99．60％,耐高温的芽孢杆菌含量和种类较中温大曲多;霉菌占分离出微生物总数的0．40％：酵母和放线菌偶尔能检出。中温大曲中细菌、酵母、霉菌和放线菌数量均高于高温大曲。理化指标分析结果显示,微生物区系和部分理化指标呈一定的相关性,一定程度上微生物的数量变化对理化指标的影响是显著的,     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the