混合导体透氧膜反应器中焦炉煤气重整制合成气的实验研究

研究了以焦炉煤气为原料在BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ(BCFNO)透氧膜反应器中制合成气。实验结果表明,BCFNO膜反应器的自催化性能差。加入催化剂后,膜反应器的重整性能得到明显提高,在875℃,焦炉煤气中甲烷转化率为87.0%,产物中氢气和一氧化碳选择性分别为78.3%、105.6%,透氧量达到15.8ml/(cm2.min)。焦炉煤气中的甲烷在膜反应器中反应路径为首先焦炉煤气中的氢气与膜片透过去的氧反应生成水,然后甲烷再与水重整生成氢气和一氧化碳。实验过程中,透氧膜没有出现破裂,BCFNO透氧膜反应器在富氢的焦炉煤气下显示出很好的稳定性。     

Ce-Zr-Mn-O固溶体作为甲烷燃烧过渡金属催化剂载体的研究

用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同锰含量的 Ce Zr Mn O固溶体,样品在老化前后均用 XRD、TPR表征,并测定其储氧性能。结果表明锰含量对该储氧材料(OSM)的储氧性能有很大的影响:样品的储氧量(OSC)老化前随着 Mn含量的增加而增加;老化后则先增加而后又降低,以 Mn含量 20%为最佳。以不同比例的OSM(含 20%锰)YSZ Al2O3 为载体制备了一系列Fe、Co、Mn三组分氧化物的整体式催化剂,考察了它们的甲烷催化燃烧活性。结果表明老化前后,Fe Co Mn/OSM YSZ Al2O3 (其中 OSM和 YSZ Al2O3质量比为1∶1)活性明显高于Fe Co Mn/YSZ Al2O3,且具有可与贵金属催化剂相比美的特性———较低的起燃温度、很窄的完全反应温度区间,同时兼有较好的热稳定性,有望成为实用的甲烷燃烧催化剂。     

焦炉煤气部分氧化重整制氢用透氧膜材料的研究

为了研究混合导体透氧膜材料用于焦炉煤气(COG)部分氧化重整制氢的可行性,本文通过XRD研究了BaCo_(0.7)Fe_(0.2)Nb_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(BCFN)和Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(BSCF)材料在高温H_2、CO_2气氛条件下相成分的变化;通过TG研究材料在不同气氛和温度条件下的重量变化;通过四电极法对透氧膜材料总电导率随温度的变化规律进行了研究;同时研究了透氧膜材料在焦炉煤气部分氧化重整条件下的透氧量。研究结果表明, BCFN比BSCF在H_2和CO_2气氛下具有更好的高温化学稳定性。BCFN中加入YSZ后,制备出了两相混合导体材料,可显著提高BCFN的高温化学稳定性能和力学性能,但YSZ的加入量>5%时,材料的电导率会明显下降,将会降低材料的透氧性能。     

温度对Ag-Cu合金钎焊陶瓷透氧膜的界面反应和连接性能影响的研究

利用座滴法润湿实验和连接强度测试对Ag-3.3%(摩尔分数)Cu空气钎焊BaCo(0.7)Fe(0.2)Nb(0.1)O(3-8)(BCFNO)混合导体透氧膜陶瓷进行研究.结果表明,此钎料能够很好的润湿BCFNO透氧膜陶瓷,且随着温度的升高润湿角逐渐减小,钎焊界面的连接强度升高.当钎焊温度控制在偏晶反应温度以上一定范围...     

Al2O3掺杂对YSZ固体电解质烧结及电性能的影响

研究了用常规共沉淀法掺杂Al2O3对YSZ固体电解质的烧结及电性能的影响．结果表明：适量的Al2O3能提高YSZ材料的烧结性能，促使其致密化，但过量的Al2O3对材料的致密化不利；同时，材料的晶界电导随Al2O3含量的增大表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势，这与Al2O3对YSZ晶界两方面的不同影响有关，Al2O3偏析于晶界一方面能清除晶界上对氧离子电导不利的SiO2，但另一方面也会降低晶界空间电荷层中的自由氧离子空穴的浓度．     

Al2O3添加剂对合成MgTiO3陶瓷相组成及介电性能的影响

研究了添加剂Al2O3对MgO和TiO2合成MgTiO3陶瓷烧结性，物相组成和微波介电性能的影响。XRD分析结果表明，没有添加Al2O3是，合成的MgTiO3陶瓷中只含有MgTiO3和MgTi5相,加入Al2O3，MgTiO3陶瓷中除了MgTiO3和MgTi2O5相外，还出现了MgAl2O4相，这是上由于Al2O3和MgO发生固相反应，MgAl2O4的出现虽然阻碍材料的致密化并导致密度下降，但是可能降低反应烧结合成MgTiO3陶瓷的相对介电常数和介电损耗。     

Ag-CuO钎料与BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ透氧膜陶瓷润湿及界面反应机理的研究

利用座滴法润湿实验,借助SEM和EDS测试,研究了Ag-CuO钎料与BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ透氧膜陶瓷润湿及界面反应机理。结果表明Ag-Cu-O/BCFNO间的润湿遵从界面反应润湿机制,随Cu含量增加和温度升高,润湿角快速减小。当Cu含量为3.3%(摩尔分数)时,在界面处BCFNO侧开始生成1层反应层,反应层的存在降低了固液界面能,使界面润湿性得到改善,相互冶金作用增强。反应层产生的原因是界面处发生了界面反应CuOx+BaCoFeNbO→Ba-Cu-O+Co-Cu-O,生成的复杂氧化物Ba-Cu-O、Co-Cu-O在BCFNO基体的晶粒边界上呈岛状分布。     

BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ透氧膜材料的性能研究

为了研究BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ(BCFN)透氧膜材料用于焦炉煤气(COG)部分氧化重整制氢的可行性,通过XRD研究了BCFN材料在H2、CO2条件下相成分的变化;通过TG研究材料在不同气氛和温度条件下的重量变化;通过4电极法对BCFN总电导率随温度的变化规律进行了研究;同时研究了BCFN材料作为透氧膜在焦炉煤气部分氧化重整条件下的透氧量.研究结果表明,BCFN比Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ(BSCF)在H2和CO2气氛下具有更好的高温化学稳定性.BCFN材料呈现p型导电的特征,600℃总电导率达到3.6S/cm,600～650℃之间因为晶格中氧的脱附消耗了大量电子孔穴而导致总电导率有所降低,650℃之后电导率随温度升高缓慢增加.1mm厚的BCFN透氧膜材料在870℃,焦炉煤气(COG)吹扫量为44ml/min下的透氧量为5.5ml/(min·cm2),可满足焦炉煤气(COG)部分氧化重整制氢的需要.     

Ti_2AlC/Al_2O_3复合材料的原位合成及其力学性能

以Ti、TiC、Al和TiO2为原料,通过原位热压反应烧结法在1 350℃合成Ti2AlC/Al2O3复合材料。利用XRD详细研究了其反应过程,并分析了Al2O3对材料微观结构和性能的影响。结果表明,该体系在热压过程中的反应分多步进行,主要包括Ti粉与Al粉反应生成Ti-Al金属间化合物,TiO2与Al反应生成Al2O3以及Ti-Al金属间化合物与TiC反应生成Ti2AlC材料。原位反应生成的Al2O3均匀分布在Ti2AlC晶界上,抑制了Ti2A1C晶体的异常生长,从而使基体相Ti2AlC晶粒细小、均匀。力学性能测试表明Ti2AlC/12%(质量分数)Al2O3复合材料的硬度、抗压强度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性较Ti2AlC单相材料分别提高了66%,126%,130%和19.3%,并分析了其改性机理。     

纳米TiO2／Al2O3复合薄膜光催化特性研究

以电化学方法合成的Al2O3多孔膜为基体，采用交流电沉积的方法在膜孔中沉积纳米TiO2，制备出纳米TiO2／Al2O3复合薄膜。对TiO2／Al2O3复合薄膜的形貌、结构和组成进行了表征；对TiO2／Al2O3复合薄膜光催化甲基橙溶液进行了研究。结果表明Al2O3／TiO2复合薄膜呈现出较好的光催化活性，电沉积TiO2的时间、热处理温度、选择不同光源照射均对TiO2／Al2O3复合薄膜光催化活性有一定的影响。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...