天然石墨球-热解炭核壳结构的制备及电化学性能研究

通过化学气相沉积的方法,以乙炔为碳源,天然石墨球为原料,采用不同流化床CVD工艺和不同的反应时间,制备出具有光滑表面或颗粒状热解炭包覆层的核-壳构型改性天然石墨球.改性天然石墨球的核体是具有高度有序石墨结构的天然石墨,而壳体是无序结构的热解炭.与天然石墨球相比,具有核-壳结构的改性天然石墨球的首次库仑效率和循环性能都得到显著改善.尤其是具有颗粒状热解炭包覆层的改性石墨具有优异的循环性能,在41次循环后其放电容量仍为首次容量的84%,这一改善归因于表面沉积的颗粒状热解炭有效地降低了改性天然石墨颗粒之间的接触电阻和增加了接触面积.     

球形LiFePO4材料碳包覆的研究

主要研究了采用不同碳源和掺碳量包覆对液相共沉淀-碳热还原法制备的球形LiFePO4材料性能的影响.结果表明,采用过量5%葡萄糖作碳源制备的材料在0.1C下,首次放电比容量达到了154.6mAh/g,并且循环性能良好.     

TiO_2包覆LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2的结构和电化学性能研究

为了提高材料LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2在锂离子电池中的充放电循环性能,采用钛酸丁酯为原料对其进行TiO_2包覆。用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和恒流充放电测试研究包覆材料的结构和电化学性能。结果表明:TiO_2仅在表面形成包覆层,并未改变材料的结构。当TiO_2包覆量小于3%(wt,质量分数,下同)时,包覆效果不明显,而当包覆量大于3%时,材料的循环性能会有大幅提高,特别是在4.4V以上充放电时,材料有较高容量的同时,循环性能也较为稳定。因此包覆TiO_2能提高高倍率性能、高温稳定性和循环性能。     

酚醛树脂炭包覆对天然微晶石墨电化学性能的影响

以酚醛树脂包覆天然微晶石墨,经炭化处理制备得到锂离子电池用酚醛树脂炭包覆石墨负极材料。系统考察了酚醛树脂炭包覆量对微晶石墨晶体结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明,酚醛树脂炭改善了天然微晶石墨的表面形貌,但未改变其晶体结构;包覆适量酚醛树脂炭可以提高负极材料的首次充放电效率,并且可以明显改善其大电流充放电下的循环性能。酚醛树脂包覆量为4%的酚醛树脂炭包覆石墨的首次充放电效率为81.4%,在0.5C的电流密度下经过50次循环后仍有257.9mAh/g的脱锂容量。     

SiO_2涂层对TiC/PVDF复合材料介电性能的影响研究

为降低碳化钛(TiC)/聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)体系的介电损耗,通过溶胶-凝胶法在TiC粒子表面包覆SiO_2绝缘层,形成SiO_2@TiC核壳结构粒子,再与PVDF复合,制备出SiO_2@TiC/PVDF复合材料。研究结果表明,TiC表面成功包覆上SiO_2涂层;在质量分数为9%的TiC或SiO_2@TiC总用量时,SiO_2@TiC/PVDF的损耗因子相比TiC/PVDF明显降低,随SiO_2包覆量的增加,SiO_2@TiC/PVDF的介电常数、损耗因子和电导率均下降;包覆量相同时,随SiO_2@TiC粒子含量增加,SiO_2@TiC/PVDF的介电常数、电导率、损耗因子均逐步增大。     

具有核壳结构的锂离子电池用Sn/C复合负极材料研究

采用碳热还原法以及沥青裂解包覆技术,制备具有核壳结构的Sn/C复合负极材料,对采用改性天然石墨与人造石墨作为内核的效果作了比较,并分析研究壳层的厚度对材料综合性能的影响.结果表明,采用改性天然石墨作为内核能更有效分散Sn金属颗粒,另外沥青裂解碳包覆层的厚度对材料的循环稳定性具有较大的影响.以改性天然石墨为内核,具有(10％+20％)双层包覆结构的负极样品具有最佳的综合性能,首次库伦效率为76.3％,54周的容量保持率为99％.材料结构的设计以及结构的合成工艺是解决锡基合金负极材料体积效应的重要途径.     

碳包覆LiFePO4的结构与性能研究

为了研究碳包覆对LiFePO4结构的影响,以柠檬酸为碳源,采用机械活化-高温固相法,合成了不同碳包覆量的LiFePO4/C复合正极材料.通过XRD、SEM、BET、HRTEM、选区电子衍射(SAED)、交流阻抗谱(ACI)和恒电流充放电等现代分析方法,全面研究了碳包覆量不同时,LiFePO4/C复合正极材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能,并对C包覆对结构影响的成因进行了分析.结果表明,柠檬酸高温分解后生成无定形碳非晶物质,在LiFePO4颗粒表面包覆形成一种网络结构,抑制了颗粒的生长;C包覆影响了晶体的生长方向和微观结构,LiFePO4/C的优势生长为[121]方向;交流阻抗分析表明包覆后锂离子扩散系数比未改性的LiFePO4提高了两个数量级,且各项阻抗值均降低,从而提高了材料的离子及电子电导性、放电性能和循环性能.     

La0.65Sr0.35MnO3@LiMn2O4正极材料在聚合物锂电池中的应用

通过以乙酸镧、乙酸锶和乙酸锰制备的锰酸锶镧(La_(0.65)Sr_(0.35)MnO_3)和尖晶石型锰酸锂(LiMn_2O_4)正极材料作为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了质量分数分别为0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的锰酸锶镧表面包覆的LiMn_2O_4正极材料。采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、充放电循环测试等对包覆材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征,研究不同包覆比例对材料的微观结构、形貌及在502030型电池中电的化学性能。通过XRD和SEM分析可知,包覆锰酸锶镧对锰酸锂的结构并没有改变,当包覆比例为1.0%时,包覆材料分布均匀。对材料进行电化学性能测试发现,纯相LiMn_2O_4首次放电比容量为94.5mAh/g,循环500周后容量保持率为57.78%;包覆比例为1.0%的LiMn_2O_4首次放电比容量为106.2mAh/g,循环500周后容量保持率为64.22%,首次放电比容量增加了12.4%,容量保持率提高了6.44%。结果表明,经过包覆后材料的电化学性能得到了明显提高。     

以石墨为母体的硅碳核壳复合负极材料的制备及性能研究

通过喷雾干燥和高温热解法,成功制备了不同有机碳源包覆的硅碳核壳复合负极材料。用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征了材料的组成和形貌;用恒电流充放电(CC)、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)表征了硅碳核壳复合材料的电化学性能,测试结果表明柠檬酸、酚醛树脂和葡萄糖作为有机碳源包覆硅碳复合材料的电化学性能相对于传统石墨材料都有明显改善,而葡萄糖为有机碳源制备的硅碳核壳复合材料具有最高的首次效率和容量保持率。     

以石墨为母体的硅碳核壳复合负极材料的制备及性能研究

通过喷雾干燥和高温热解法,成功制备了不同有机碳源包覆的硅碳核壳复合负极材料。用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)表征了材料的组成和形貌;用恒电流充放电(CC)、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)表征了硅碳核壳复合材料的电化学性能,测试结果表明柠檬酸、酚醛树脂和葡萄糖作为有机碳源包覆硅碳复合材料的电化学性能相对于传统石墨材料都有明显改善,而葡萄糖为有机碳源制备的硅碳核壳复合材料具有最高的首次效率和容量保持率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...