NiCo2S4/CNTs复合材料的制备及电化学性能

采用一步水热法合成NiCo2S4和NiCo2S4/CNTs复合材料,通过进行XPS、XRD以及SEM对NiCo2S4、NiCo2S4/CNTs复合材料进行物理表征,采用三电极测试体系在电化学工作站上进行电化学测试。测试结果表明：通过掺杂CNTs改变了NiCo2S4的形貌结构,NiCo2S4在1 A/g电流密度下,比电容可以达到830 F/g,在10 A/g的大电流密度下,比电容保持率仅为78.3%;而NiCo2S4/CNTs复合材料在10 A/g下的比电容保持率可达到78.6%,并且在3 A/g电流密度下循环1000次,比电容保持率高达98.2%。     

微波辅助固相法合成锂离子电池正极复合材料Li2FeSiO4/C

以Na2SiO3.9H2O和FeCl2.4H2O为原料,采用低热固相反应获得了分散均匀的β-FeOOH/SiO2前驱体;再以Li2CO3为锂源、聚乙烯醇和超导电炭黑为复合碳源,通过微波辅助固相法合成了Li2FeSiO4/C材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和恒电流充放电测试等方法对材料的结构、微观形貌及电化学性能进行表征.650℃下微波处理12 min可获得结晶好、晶粒细小均匀的Li2FeSiO4/C材料;在选用的微波合成体系下,超导碳和聚乙烯醇热分解的无定形碳不仅利于合成反应的顺利进行,而且提高了Li2FeSiO4的整体导电性能.制备的复合正极材料在60℃下0.05C倍率首次放电容量为129.6 mAh/g,0.5C倍率下为107.5 mAh/g,0.5C下15次循环后保持为104.8 mAh/g,具有较好的放电比容量和良好的循环稳定性能.结果表明,微波辅助固相合成工艺是制备Li2FeSiO4/C复合材料的一种很有前景的方法.     

Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12/C复合负极材料的制备及电性能研究

Li4Ti5O12是具有良好应用前景的锂离子电池负极材料之一.本研究以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为模板剂和碳源,采用改进的固相合成法制备锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12和Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12/C.利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电镜等测试手段表征材料的物相结构和形貌.结果表明:Al掺杂未改变Li4Ti5O12的尖晶石结构,合成过程中PAM模板剂的引入能够有效调控材料微观形貌并降低颗粒团聚程度.采用恒流充放电和交流阻抗测试材料的电化学性能,Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12/C复合材料的比容量和循环性能得到明显改善,0.2C倍率下首次充放电比容量分别达到159.2和160.8 mAh/g,5C倍率时仍有较好的循环性能.     

MnO2/CMSs复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

采用0.1 mol/L的KMnO4和0.1 mol/L的HNO3对化学气相沉积法合成的碳微球(CMSs)进行氧化后,在CMSs表面包覆MnO2层得到MnO2/CMSs复合材料,用H2C2O4洗涤MnO2/CMSs复合材料得到氧化CMSs。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪等对产物的形貌和结构进行表征,观察了氧化前后CMSs在水和乙醇中的分散性,并采用循环伏安法测试了MnO2/CMSs复合材料的电化学性能。结果表明:经KMnO4和HNO3处理的CMSs表面包覆有MnO2层,MnO2的负载率约为60%。MnO2/CMSs复合材料在中性溶液中有一定的电容性能;经H2C2O4洗涤后得到氧化CMSs,其表面引入了含氧官能团,使其在水和乙醇中均表现出良好的分散性。     

以Fe2O3为原料通过水热–高温煅烧法合成LiFePO4/C纳米复合材料及其电化学性能研究（英文）

采用三氧化二铁(Fe2O3)为铁源,抗坏血酸作碳源,通过在200℃下水热反应并经煅烧后合成出LiFePO4/C纳米复合材料.抗坏血酸在水热反应体系中不但作为最终反应产物的碳源,而且还起到了限制LiFePO4颗粒生长的作用.抗坏血酸的用量对产物的形貌、结构、碳含量有重要影响,进而影响产物的电化学性能.当抗坏血酸用量为1 g时,制得的LiFePO4/C纳米复合材料的粒径在220～280 nm.该材料用作锂离子电池的正极材料时,在0.1C的电流密度下循环500次后其放电容量仍保持159 mAh/g,并且具有较好的倍率性能.     

纳米LiMnPO4/C复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

以LiOH·H2O、MnSO4?H2O和(NH4)3PO4为反应物,PVP为表面活性剂,采用水热法制备了LiMnPO4正极材料。通过化学气相沉积法,以甲苯为碳源,对材料进行表面碳包覆。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对材料晶体结构和微观形貌进行表征。结果表明,合成的LiMnPO4粒径小(约100nm)且分布均匀,颗粒表面包覆了一层厚度约10nm的均匀、完整的导电碳层。在50℃0.1C倍率下LiMnPO4/C的放电容量达到124mAh/g,循环100次容量保持率达到96%,2C倍率下的放电容量保持了0.1C时的75%,表现出优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。     

中空ZnCo2O4纳米线的合成及其电化学性能分析

运用微乳液法,以醋酸盐为原料,草酸为沉淀剂,CTAB为表面活性剂,乙二醇为单一溶剂首先合成前驱体ZnCo2(C2O4)3纳米线,然后用ZnCo2(C2O4)3纳米线作为牺牲模板经过煅烧合成多孔的ZnCo2O4纳米线。用FT-IR、XRD、SEM、TEM和电化学性能测试,研究得到的产物的形貌结构和电化学性能。结果表明:合成了具有一维结构的尖晶石结构的ZnCo2O4纳米线,由于具有较大的比表面积和多孔性,更有利于锂离子的嵌入与脱出,其初始放电比容量达1841mAh.g-1,25次循环后容量还能达到765mAh.g-1,整体的库伦效率维持在100%左右,循环性能良好。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3的制备及性能研究

单斜结构的Li3V2(PO4)3是很有前途的聚阴离子型锂离子电池正极材料.将一定配比的LiOH·H2O、V2O5、H3PO4和蔗糖(C12H22O11)通过球磨均匀混合,在氮气保护下于800℃焙烧16h,通过碳热还原合成了Li3V2(PO4)3.用X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析对材料的结构和形貌进行了表征.充放电测试表明,在电压范围为3.0～4.3V和3.0～4.8V时,Li3V2(PO4)3正极材料具有较高的比容量、优良的循环性能和倍率特性.在电压范围为1.5～4.8V时,Li3V2(PO4)3正极材料具有很高的比容量,但循环性能较差.     

草酸盐共沉淀法制备Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2-xFx正极材料及电化学性能

采用草酸盐共沉淀法合成了锂离子电池用Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2-xFx(x=0,0.03,0.05,0.1)粉末材料,考察了掺杂氟对Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2结构与性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM和电池充放电循环测试方法等表征了Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2-xFx材料的结构与性能。结构表明,950℃焙烧10h制备的Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O1.97F0.03材料具有较好的层状结构与综合电化学性能,阳离子混合度小、六角晶格有序性高,颗粒的平均粒径为2～3μm。I003/I104为1.29,R值为0.42,首次放电容量为141.7mA·h/g(2.8～4.2V,0.2C倍率),首次充放电容量效率为82.4%,0.2C倍率循环30次后的放电容量为首次放电容量的95.6%。     

溶液燃烧法制备纳米Fe_2O_3/C超级电容器电极材料

以硝酸铁[Fe(NO3)3·9H2O,氧化剂]、柠檬酸(C6H8O7·H2O,燃料)和硝酸铵(NH4NO3,助燃剂)为原料,在空气气氛下采用溶液燃烧法(350℃,30min)一步合成纳米Fe2O3/C复合材料。研究发现,通过改变柠檬酸的用量可以引入原位碳及改变产物中Fe2O3相的组成。运用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TG)、SEM和TEM技术对产物的形貌和结构进行表征,通过循环伏安和恒电流充放电测试研究了Fe2O3/C纳米复合材料的电化学性能。结果表明:Fe2O3/C产物中,Fe2O3为α-Fe2O3和γ-Fe2O3的混合相,当硝酸铁和柠檬酸的摩尔比为6∶8时,合成的产物具有较大的比表面积和孔结构,原位碳均匀分布在Fe2O3纳米颗粒的周围;在1mol/L KOH溶液中,电位窗口-1~0V(vs.SCE)时,Fe2O3/C电极表现出良好的倍率和循环特性(1000次循环后,容量保持率为80.7%),在电流密度为1A/g时,其比电容为148.4F/g。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from