渭河水量减少原因及其南岸秦岭山区降水、径流变化分析

本文通过选取陕西省渭河南岸秦岭山区(含林家村以上渭河北区),从有控制站支流区、水资源利用区、代表区典型年三个方面,分析了90年代降水、径流、径流系数的变化及其与多年平均值的比较,弄清了90年代渭河水量减少的主要原因,进一步揭示了降水与径流的变化关系.     

黄渭洛三河汇流区河势变化及其对潼关高程的影响

对黄渭洛河汇流区建库前后河势变化情况和建库后河势变化的主要成因进行了初步分析,结果表明汇流区河势变化的主要原因是潼关高程大幅度抬升和小北干流不合理的工程布置造成的;汇流区河势变化对潼关高程也有一定的影响,并对此进行了分析研究。在上述分析研究的基础上,提出了汇流区河势治理的基本思路和措施。     

渭河水沙衰减对下游及黄河的影响

渭河下游及黄河潼关河段近年来河势发生了变化,从渭河及主要支流水沙、降雨、用水等方面,分析渭河水沙量衰减的原因及对渭、黄河的影响。经分析,渭河水沙量衰减的主要原因是流域降水量减少、用水量过度。渭河水沙量衰减是造成渭河下游及潼关河段河势发生变化的一个重要原因。     

电站锅炉过热器、再热器集箱静压分布的数值研究

利用数值模拟的方法，研究了径向引入引出型分配、汇流集箱系统的静压分布规律。为了消除计算中伪扩散的影响，选用了QUICK格式。数值计算结果表明：在三通附近，气流的变化非常强烈，在远离三通的区域．气流逐渐平稳。在分配集箱进口三通的两侧存在2个涡流区，正对三通中心线的支管处静压最高，远离三通的区域，静压分布与轴向引入引出方式规律基本一致。利用该方法计算了某电厂锅炉末级再热器的流量分配和热偏差情况，与实测结果相吻合。图6表1参2     

东庄水库与潼关高程

本文扼要论述渭河及泾河高含沙洪水的特性,渭河下游及潼关高程的冲淤规律,并论证得出三门峡建库后潼关高程抬升、渭河下游变为悬河的原因是三门峡枢纽高水位蓄水发电和泄洪能力低。提出通过对三门峡枢纽进行第3次改建和修建泾河东庄水库,达到有效地控制和利用泾河洪水冲刷渭河下游,降低潼关高程,并使三门峡枢纽除害兴利,长治久安。     

"Y"型汇流口水流水力特性试验研究

利用ADV对“Y”型汇流口水流三维水力特性进行模型试验研究。结果发现，与支流斜接干流型汇流口水流一样，“Y”型汇流口也存在流动停滞区、流速偏转区、分离区、流速加速区等区域。“Y”型汇流口水流总体向下游呈螺旋流，随着汇流比的增大，河床高差的存在。这种螺旋流趋势减弱。河床高差的存在会大大增强支流侧水流脉动强度。     

平原河网区坡面汇流分布式单位线研究

针对平原河网区无明确汇流控制断面,无法采用传统方法直接率定汇流参数的问题,综合河网多边形和地貌单位线理论,采用坡面汇流计算中不同滞留时间的水流面积按比例分配的方法,获得了以汇流速度为唯一参数的平原河网区坡面汇流分布式单位线。结合太湖流域1998、2000年的水位资料对分布式单位线进行率定和验证,结果表明分布式单位线的水位计算过程与实测过程吻合,可运用于平原河网区计算。     

东庄水库与潼关高程

本文扼要论述渭河及泾河高含沙洪水的特性，渭河下游及潼关高程的冲淤规律，并论证得出三门峡建库后潼关高程抬升、渭河下游变为悬河的原因是三门峡枢纽高水位蓄水发电和泄洪能力低。提出通过对三门峡枢纽进行第3次改建和修建泾河东庄水库，达到有效地控制和利用泾河洪水冲刷渭河下游，降低潼关高程，并使三门峡枢纽除害兴利，长治久安。     

光伏汇流箱直流断路器的选型

在光伏电站中,汇流箱作为直流系统一级汇流设备,具有相当重要的作用,汇流箱的运行正常与否直接影响电站的发电量。因此,汇流箱内直流断路器的正确选型至关重要。本文通过对汇流箱在不同使用条件下的研究,阐述了一种汇流箱直流断路器的选型方法。     

光伏发电系统电气设备故障原因及处理措施分析

随着中国光伏发电装机规模的不断扩大，光伏发电量逐年增加，能源结构持续优化，但各光伏电站的运行质量参差不齐，光伏发电系统中电气设备的运行质量和故障处理效率直接影响了光伏电站的发电效率、平准化度电成本及电网安全稳定运行。总结了光伏发电系统中光伏组件、汇流箱、逆变器在运行过程中常出现的故障问题，分析了产生故障的原因，并提出处理或预防故障的措施，旨在提高光伏电站安全稳定运行质量，保障光伏电站经济效益。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.