Warm multiaxial forging of AISI 1016 steel

In this work, the microstructural evolution in AISI 1016 steel processed by using warm multiaxial forging technique is studied. With increase in multiaxial forging strain, a finer substructure evolved. Structural evolution in pearlite phase is addressed in detail considering the strain paths and strain rate. Pearlitic cementite fragmented into ultrafine particles of about 100–300 nm size. Warm multiaxial forging process also dispersed the ultrafine cementite particles into the ferrite matrix. Based on the grain boundary characterization and textural evolution, mechanism of ferrite grain refinement is explained. Up to six strain steps, crystallographic slip is the dominant mode of deformation and grain subdivision and recovery is the mechanism for ferrite grain refinement. At nine strain steps, dominant deformation mechanism appears to be grain boundary sliding and random grain rotation. After nine strain steps, initial grains of average 17 μm size reduced to submicron sized grains with the fraction of high angle grain boundaries exceeding 0.7. Double-n behavior is observed during tensile testing of some multiaxially forged steels. Tensile strength and hardness values of multiaxially forged steel increased by more than 100% after eighteen warm multiaxial forging strain steps, whereas ductility reduced by only about 30%.     

The Determination of Optimum Forging Conditions for the Production of High Strength-High Impact Toughness Automotive Parts

The influences of various reheating and forging temperatures as well as cooling rates on the microstructure and mechanical properties, particularly impact energy, during the forging of a Nb-V microalloyed steel to be used for automotive safety parts were investigated. Increasing the prior austenite grain size increased the volume percent of acicular ferrite and reduced pearlite content in the microstructure even for very low post-forging cooling rates, resulting in improved toughness and tensile strength values. Increasing the cooling rate enhanced the acicular ferrite content, thereby increasing the impact energy properties. At lower reheating temperatures the yield strength and impact energy levels are determined by the percentage of pearlite present in the microstructure; while as the cooling rate is increased the amount of acicular ferrite and retained austenite are increased, improving the toughness and tensile strength of the forged part. This effect is more pronounced for the parts solutionized at 1250°C and is related to the presence of very fine carbonitride precipitates under these conditions, which contributes to improved yield strength, particularly at higher cooling rates. An optimized forging process was determined and adapted to a 25 MN production forging press to validate the experimental results on semi-industrial production scale. By adequate control of the above parameters, high-strength, high-toughness parts (T.S. = 800 MPa, CVN = 35 J) were forged and optimum mechanical properties were achieved without the need for any additional heat treatment.     

电液锤上GH901合金涡轮盘模锻成形工艺

目的 研究GH901合金涡轮盘锻件的成形工艺.方法 采用有限元软件Simufact-2D对镍基高温合金涡轮盘的锤上模锻过程进行数值模拟分析,研究不同中间坯高径比下涡轮盘的填充效果及等效应变变化规律;研究不同锤击能量下涡轮盘的温度分布规律.结果 GH901合金涡轮盘锤上模锻时,中间坯高径比过大或过小均影响填充效果,同时不...     

Recrystallisation of austenite grain when non-isotherm steel working: Effects of thermal kinetics and deformation-based mechanisms

The effects of high temperature deformation on the recrystallisation of austenite grains and hardening occurring during hot forging of steels were studied. Three commercial steels containing various carbon weight percentages were heated beyond the austenitising temperature and free forged up to desired deformation ratios. The specimens were then air-, or oil-cooled. Two zones were distinguished according to the grain-size: a zone with fine grains, associated with highest plastic deformation and, a zone with coarse grains located within the subsurface layers. Unexpectedly, the highest values of microindentation hardness were obtained in the coarse-grain zone. Consequently, the interaction between the grain-size gradient induced by thermal kinetics of cooling and the local hardening governed by dislocation kinetics was studied by means of microindentation hardness inspections. Analysis of stress–strain curves confirmed that while forging enhances mechanical strength, it has a detrimental effect on ductility of steel.     

喷射成形高强铝合金包套多向锻造工艺研究

目的 研究包套对喷射成形高强铝合金多向锻造变形行为的影响规律。方法 采用Deform-3D软件对喷射成形高强铝合金包套多向锻造成形过程进行模拟,分析不同包套材料和包套厚度下坯料的等效应力和等效应变的变化规律,并用优化后的参数进行物理实验,测量试样的力学性能变化。结果 当选用45#钢作为包套材料,并且包套厚度为5 mm时,坯料的等效应力、等效应变分布最均匀,成形效果最好。一道次包套多向锻造后,坯料的硬度、抗拉强度和伸长率均得到了提升;经过T6热处理后,坯料的抗拉强度得到进一步的提高,由397.71 MPa提升至561.16 MPa,伸长率有所降低,由8.2%降低为4.6%。结论 包套材料和包套厚度对喷射成形高强铝合金包套多向锻造的变形行为有显著影响,选用合适的包套参数可以有效改善坯料的变形均匀性,提高坯料的力学性能。     

XM—19不锈钢锻造开裂的研究

研究了ＸＭ－１９不钢锻造开裂的原因,实验结果表明,钢锭加热温度过高,从而极大地降低了晶界塑性,晶界强度低于晶内强度,造成锻造开裂。锻造时,裂纹起地晶界和表面初始缺陷处,并沿晶界扩展,向纵深发展,断口显示出典型的沿晶断裂。     

带径向扭曲叶片转子精密塑性成形技术的研究

设计了一套带有组合凹模的等温闭塞式成形试验模具，利用模拟试验方法研究了模具形状、坯料形状和成形力等对金属变性流动规律的影响。研究结果表明；采用等温成形和闭塞式成形复合技术可以整体精密成形带径向扭曲叶片的转子锻件；利用组合凹模结构能够解决转子锻后的顺利脱模问题，等温变形条件使薄而长的铝合金叶片的成形性大大提高，而锥底凸模和分流原理可以有效地降低模压力和提高金属充填模腔能力，所成形的锻件的叶片部分接近零件的形状和尺寸，金属的流线方向完全沿零件的几何外形分布，可以有效地提高构件的强度。     

高纯铝多向锻造大塑性变形过程的数值模拟及实验研究

采用多向锻造的方法研究室温下锻造道次对高纯铝组织的影响,并用三维DEFORM软件对实验过程进行模拟。结果表明:经3次多向锻造后,高纯铝试样横截面上形成1个X形的细晶区及4个粗晶区,随锻造道次增至9,细晶区的面积不断扩大,粗晶区的面积不断缩小,但细晶区与粗晶区的晶粒尺寸差异并未消除。当高纯铝试样心部的等效应变量达到2.5时,心部再结晶晶粒尺寸达到70μm,继续增加心部的等效应变至6.0,心部的晶粒不再随等效应变量的增加而细化,达到晶粒细化的极限。而当试样边部难变形区和自由变形区的等效应变量增至4.0时,其再结晶晶粒仍随等效应变量的增加而细化,未达到晶粒细化极限。这表明局部等效应变量及局部变形方式均是影响高纯铝晶粒细化的重要因素。     

支承架数值模拟应用

利用Pro/e对毛坯、模具进行三维造型,利用模拟软件DEFORM-3D对支承架等温锻造成形过程进行数值模拟,得到成形过程中锻件的填充情况以及成形载荷、应变场和应力场的场量分布。通过对比实际零件生产情况再次证明了该软件模拟的可行性及有效性。基于模拟结果,对锻造缺陷的成因进行了初步分析,并提出了成形工艺及模具设计的改进建议。     

石油钻杆接头模锻工艺研究

介绍了石油钻杆接头采用自由锻造的工艺方式存在毛坯余量大、材料利用率低、生产成本较高等缺点.为了提高钻杆接头毛坯精化程度和降低生产成本,提高市场竞争力,需要更高效的加工方式.通过对钻杆接头模锻工艺参数摸索,合理地选择了钢坯感应加热、毛坯加工率、加工设备选择、模具设计、锻后缓冷等工序工艺参数,最终实现了钻杆接头一次模锻成形的工艺.石油钻杆接头模锻后,降低了毛坯的下料质量,减少了机械加工余量,提高了材料利用率,降低了生产成本.     

径锻压下率对镁棒热力参数及组织演变的影响

目的 通过径向锻造工艺制备大尺寸镁合金棒料,并研究ZK60镁合金稳定变形区轴向截面边部位置的组织演变规律.方法 基于轴对称模型,利用数学解析方法建立不同压下率下的镁棒应变分量数学模型;使用弹塑性有限元分析软件对不同压下率下的镁棒径锻过程进行热力耦合分析;采用GFM-SSP32径锻机对铸态ZK60镁合金棒材进行阶梯锻造实验.结果 随着径向压下量的增大,晶粒细化明显.当压下率达到62.29％时,孪生动态再结晶机制开动;与模拟结果相比,数学模型预测的平均相对误差约为8.4％,可较准确表征径锻镁棒的应变分布情况.结论 径向锻造工艺完全可以制备ZK60镁合金棒材,并可有效解决镁合金塑性变形过程中的易开裂、散热快等问题.     

阀盖模锻成形模拟分析与试验验证

目的 某型号不锈钢阀盖是一种典型的长肋条内空型零件,在模锻制造过程中,阀盖锻件容易出现不同程度的折叠和裂纹缺陷,亟需改进成形工艺以提升合格率.方法 采用有限元方法分析坯料在制坯/预锻/终锻全流程的金属流动规律和终锻件成形质量,得到最佳成形工艺方案.结果 方坯在后续成形时易产生横向流动,且局部充型不饱满;六边型坯在预成形和终成形时流动均匀、横向流动小,且有效抑制了充型不饱满缺陷;预制坯在过渡区长度过短,产生了折叠缺陷;采用六边形坯料和增加过渡区长度可以获得无缺陷阀体锻件.结论 采用新工艺制备的阀盖锻件合格率达到了100％,通过全流程工艺分析,能够得到金属流线规律,进而优化模锻成形方案,改善成形质量.     

Micropore Evolution and Damage Behavior of Rapid-Solidified Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy during Hot Plastic Forming

Rapid-solidified Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys possess widespread application prospects owing to their excellent properties, particularly high specific strength. Nevertheless, their further development for use as advanced structural parts is significantly limited by their intrinsic porosity. Herein, the flow stress subroutine and micropore evolution model are combined to predict the cracking and damage behavior of a rapidly solidified Al–Zn–Mg–Cu disk-shaped part during hot forging. The results reveal that the damage to the part during plastic forming is inversely proportional to the relative density. Reasonable matching between the height-to-diameter ratio (H/D) and the initial relative density is the key factor in avoiding cracking and damage to the part. The closure sequence of the micropores is from the center to the outside of the billet. A billet with an H/D of 1 and initial relative density of 0.95 can reach full density after forming, and a damage-free part can be obtained. These simulation results are verified by analyzing the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the actual forged part.     

热模压Nd-Fe-B磁体变形过程及其模拟研究

Nd-Fe-B快淬磁粉在真空中热压,继续进行不同变形温度和不同应变率的热模压处理.通过分析不同变形温度下的热变形过程中应力一应变率关系,对热模压Nd-Fe-B磁体的热变形行为进行了研究并由此得到了描述热变形过程的关键参数.为了清楚理解晶粒边界滑移和各向异性晶粒长大在变形过程中所起的作用,利用三维有限元软件(DEFORM...     

6700 转向直臂成形过程设计及微观组织预测

通过对锻件结构的分析,设计了辊锻制坯+终锻的生产工艺。 运用有限元分析技术,通过对比分析,重点研究了新过程终锻成形时金属流动情况、等效应力应变分布,并对锻件的晶粒度进行了预测。 通过对锻件成形、载荷及质量等的综合评定表明,新的生产工艺在改善锻件质量、提高材料利用率与模具寿命等方面具有明显优势。     

异形环件多步辗扩模拟

目的采用多步辗扩工艺模型虚拟生产异形环件,研究环件多步辗扩过程中环件的成形规律,为实际生产提供工艺参数。方法利用Gleeble-3500D热模拟实验机对Q345E钢进行单道次热压缩实验,建立环件用钢的流变应力模型,在Simufact中建立大型锻坯外凹槽内台阶环件多步辗扩三维数值稳定辗扩模型,对环件辗扩过程进行数值模拟。结果在双件辗扩内台阶环件和外凹槽环件的过程中,在与成形辊的接触部位应变场呈现较大值,环件的温度分布从心部到外逐渐降低,环件的应变与温度分布极为不均匀,辗扩过程需要对芯辊分级降速。结论通过所建立的多步辗扩模型,可以利用矩形锻坯虚拟生产异形环件。     

Effects of Process Parameters on the Temperature Field in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Blade Precision Forging Process

Blade precision forging is a high temperature and large plastic deformation process. Process parameters have a great effect on temperature distribution in billet, so in this paper, by taking a Ti-6Al-4V alloy blade with a tenon as an object, the influence of process parameters on the temperature distribution in precision forging process was investigated using 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FEM （finite element method） code developed by the authors. The results obtained illustrate that： （1） the gradient of temperature distribution increases with increasing the deformation degree; （2） with increasing the initial temperature of the billet, the zones of high temperature become larger, and the gradient of temperature distribution hardly has any increase; （3） friction factors have little effect on the distribution of temperature field; （4） with increasing upper die velocity, temperature of the billet increases while the temperature gradient in billet decreases. The results are helpful to the design and optimization of the process parameters in precision forging process of Ti-alloy blade.     

身管径向精密锻造的塑性应变分析与锻造比研究

目的研究身管径向精密锻造中,不同变形阶段的锻造比与塑性应变的关系,以及内膛成形的条件。方法提出了局部锻造比的概念,推导了整体锻造比和局部锻造比的关系。基于局部锻造比,给出了单次锻打所产生的塑性应变增量,求出了径向锻造过程的全场塑性应变的解析解。将弹线膛同时锻造成形的过程分为下沉段和锻造段,探讨了下沉段和锻造段的锻造比对各自塑性变形的影响,提出了内膛成形的必要条件,并用实际身管锻打进行了试验验证。结果每个截面沿轴向的变形都是均匀的拉应变,其值和锻造比成正比;径向和周向应变随着径向位置而变化,且和半径的平方成反比。结论下沉段的锻造比过大对内膛成形不利,增大锻造段的锻造比有利于内膛的成形。     

钛合金多向锻造数值模拟

目的研究TC4钛合金在多向锻造过程中的变形行为。方法基于Deform-3D模拟软件平台,对钛合金的多向锻造变形过程进行有限元模拟分析,研究不同工艺参数(锻造温度、锻造速度、锻造工步)下合金最大主应力、等效应变和载荷最大值的变化规律。结果多向锻造的每工步锻造为典型的镦粗过程,坯料中心部位一直受压应力作用,鼓肚处则出现最大拉应力。随着锻造温度的升高和锻造速度的减小,最大压应力和拉应力均减小,多工步锻造之后合金主应力场分布更加均匀。随着锻造工步的增加,坯料等效应变增大且中心大变形区域体积分数增加。最大载荷随锻造温度的升高和锻造速度的降低而减小,相同参数下不同锻造工步的载荷最大值变化不大。结论锻造温度、锻造速度、锻造工步对TC4钛合金多向锻造变形行为有显著的影响,适当选择多向锻造工艺参数,可以降低载荷并获得均匀性较好的坯料。     

Effects of Process Parameters on the Temperature Field in Ti-6A1-4V Alloy Blade Precision Forging Process

Blade precision forging is a high temperature and large plastic deformation process. Process parameters have a great effect on temperature distribution in billet, so in this paper, by taking a Ti-6Al-4V alloy blade with a tenon as an object, the influence of process parameters on the temperature distribution in precision forging process was investigated using 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FEM (finite element method) code developed by the authors. The results obtained illustrate that: (1) the gradient of temperature distribution increases with increasing the deformation degree; (2) with increasing the initial temperature of the billet, the zones of high temperature become larger, and the gradient of temperature distribution hardly has any increase; (3)friction factors have little effect on the distribution of temperature field; (4) with increasing upper die velocity,temperature of the billet increases while the temperature gradient in billet decreases. The results are helpful to the design and optimization of the process parameters in precision forging process of Ti-alloy blade.