两种炸药材料本构行为的应变率效应分析

对PBX和B炸药两种压装炸药进行了应变率为10-4～102s-1的压缩实验,得到了两种炸药材料在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线;通过回收试样的SEM观测,对材料的破坏模式进行了细观考察;初步建立了材料在高应变率下的本构模型;对两种炸药力学行为的特征和应变率效应得到了较系统的认识.     

三种含能材料力学行为应变率效应的实验研究

利用分离式霍普金森杆和万能材料试验机对复合固体推进剂(CSP)、高聚物粘接炸药(PBX)和B炸药(Comp．B)三种材料进行了高应变率和准静态压缩实验,得到了常温常压下,不同应变率的材料应力一应变曲线,对这三种材料本构行为的应变率效应进行了研究。     

海绵橡胶非线性静动态力学特性和本构关系

针对海绵橡胶的物理特性展开了准静态单轴压缩实验和分离式Hopkinson压杆动态压缩实验,得到海绵橡胶材料的应力-应变曲线,并对材料的应变率效应及材料的变形和破坏特性进行深入分析,在此基础上给出材料的动静态本构关系。结果表明：海绵橡胶材料在准静态加载下,应变大于0.3时,应力-应变曲线才开始偏离坐标轴,表现出非线性特征;在冲击载荷下,海绵橡胶的应变率效应并不明显。     

浇注PBX炸药的准静态压缩力学性能

利用材料实验机进行了PBX-1炸药准静态压缩实验,获得PBX-1炸药真应力——应变曲线和表观应力——应变曲线,分析了应变速率和温度对炸药力学性能的影响。结果表明:与表观应力——应变曲线相比,真应力——应变曲线所测的抗压强度值下降了0.09MPa,屈服应变也降低了0.8%,ε=7%时压缩模量降低了1.0MPa。PBX-1炸药的抗压强度随着应变速率增加而增高,随温度的增高而降低;屈服应变并没有随应变速率和温度发生变化。PBX-1炸药在71℃固化75d内,抗压强度没有随时间降低。     

海绵橡胶非线性静动态力学特性和本构关系

针对海绵橡胶的物理特性展开了准静态单轴压缩实验和分离式Hopkinson压杆动态压缩实验,得到海绵橡胶材料的应力-应变曲线,并对材料的应变率效应及材料的变形和破坏特性进行深入分析,在此基础上给出材料的动静态本构关系。结果表明:海绵橡胶材料在准静态加载下,应变大于0.3时,应力-应变曲线才开始偏离坐标轴,表现出非线性特征;在冲击载荷下,海绵橡胶的应变率效应并不明显。     

2,4-二硝基苯甲醚基不敏感熔注炸药动态力学性能

炸药动态力学性能是影响其安定性的重要因素。为揭示2,4-二硝基苯甲醚（DNAN）基不敏感熔注炸药的动态力学性能特征,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）实验对DNAN基不敏感抗过载熔注炸药的动态力学性能进行研究。通过入射波整形技术,实现了低阻抗、低强度的熔注炸药材料在SHPB实验中的应力平衡和恒应变率加载,得到65 s^-1、130 s^-1和200 s^-1等3种应变率下炸药的应力应变曲线;基于炸药应力应变数据,利用改进的Lesuer标定方法,获得该炸药的Johnson- Cook本构模型参数。结果表明：随着应变率的提高,该炸药失效应力逐渐增加,具有明显的应变率效应;拟合得到的Johnson-Cook动态本构模型能较好地预测该炸药在冲击载荷作用下的力学响应。     

中高应变率条件下TC18钛合金动态力学行为的实验研究

应变和应变率是影响材料力学行为的两个重要因素,分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）技术是实现不同应变和应变率加载的有效途径之一。为研究室温下TC18钛合金的塑性变形和破坏行为,采用SHPB,通过调节子弹长度和速度实现对TC18钛合金圆柱试样不同应变和应变率的加载。实验得到了TC18钛合金在不同应变率下的真应力-真应变曲线和同一应变率不同应变下的真应力-真 应变曲线,并分别分析了应变硬化和应变率强化效应对TC18钛合金的动态力学性能的影响。实验结果表明：TC18钛合金压缩试样破坏时断口与加载方向（轴线）之间的夹角约为45°,其压缩破坏形式为典型的剪切破坏,与应变和应变率相关;应变率越高,TC18钛合金的流动应力和屈服强度越高,故该材料具有明显的应变率强化效应;绝热剪切带是裂纹形成和试样发生宏观剪切破坏的先兆。     

SHPB实验加载方式对PBX炸药力学响应的影响研究

高聚物粘结剂炸药(PBX)炸药的损伤本构关系是炸药安全性研究的重要基础课题之一。研究PBX炸药的损伤本构关系需要建立在准确获取和认识PBX炸药的动态力学响应基础之上。为此,针对某PBX炸药的SHPB实验,详细探讨加载方式的细节设计对PBX炸药力学响应的影响。通过采用不同应变加速度、不同加载脉宽以及重复加载等方法,分析了不同加载条件对PBX炸药力学响应的影响,并获得了一系列不同加载脉宽、不同加载应变率的应力应变曲线。采用扫描电镜观察回收试样最终损伤形态,分析了PBX炸药动态单轴压缩下的损伤发展过程及其在应力应变关系上的表现。结果表明:应变加速度过大仍会对PBX炸药形成一定的冲击加载,造成额外损伤;经历动态单轴压缩后破坏的试样表现为晶体多次穿晶断裂甚至碎裂;典型PBX炸药的损伤本构关系可从微裂纹的产生、稳定扩展,穿越晶界失稳扩展来描述。     

含钨活性材料动态压缩力学性能

为了研究活性材料的动态压缩力学性能,利用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对材料进行单轴压缩加载,获得了材料在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线。将应力时程曲线和高速摄影拍摄结果对比,得到材料的屈服应力和临界反应应力。基于修正后的Johnson-Cook本构模型拟合材料参数,代入有限元计算软件LS-DYNA,计算结果和实验结果吻合较好,表明获得的模型参数可以较好地反映该材料的力学性能。     

锆基非晶活性材料动态力学性能及本构关系

为了获得新型锆基非晶活性材料在动态加载条件下的力学性能及本构关系,采用压力渗透铸造法制备得到锆基非晶活性材料样品,借助分离式霍普金森压杆实验测量系统对其进行了不同应变率加载条件下的动态压缩实验,获得了应变率在300～1600 s-1范围内材料的应力-应变曲线,利用高速摄影观察记录了不同应变率条件下试件的破碎以及释能过程.结果表明:锆基非晶活性材料性能表现为脆性材料特征,应力-应变曲线不存在屈服阶段,且当应变率由947 s-1上升至1587 s-1时,材料抗压强度由2.71 GPa上升至2.78 GPa,增幅较小,约为2.6％,而断裂应变由0.032下降至0.028,下降12.5％;材料的破碎程度以及释能反应现象随应变率增加较为明显,当加载应变率较大时,材料破碎过程中存在应变软化现象;根据实验数据,拟合得到了锆基非晶活性材料断裂失效前的一维弹脆性损伤动态本构方程.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.