一种镍基第三代单晶高温合金的横向拉伸性能

在760℃到1100℃条件下,研究了一种镍基第三代单晶高温合金的横向拉伸性能。采用光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)与扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)观察了合金的显微组织与断口形貌。结果表明：随着温度的升高,合金的拉伸强度降低,而拉伸延伸率增加。在760℃与850℃条件下的拉伸断裂均为类解理断裂。在980℃,1070℃和1100℃条件下,试样断口出现了反映凝固方向的枝晶形貌特征,且随着温度的升高枝晶形貌在断口上的面积增加。在980℃条件下,拉伸断裂为类解理断裂与韧窝断裂的混合断裂。在1070℃与1100℃条件下,拉伸断裂均为韧窝断裂。随着温度的升高,塑性变形过程中开动了更多滑移系,导致形成了不同的位错形貌。760℃拉伸,合金中出现了高密度大致平行分布的a/2<110>位错;980℃拉伸,合金中出现了位错缠结;1100℃拉伸,合金中形成了位错网络。     

In situ analysis of the tensile and tensile-creep deformation mechanisms in rolled AZ31

A rolled AZ31 alloy was tensile tested in a scanning electron microscope at 323 K (50 °C), 423 K (150 °C), and 523 K (250 °C) in order to analyze the deformation mechanisms in situ. Electron backscatter diffraction was performed both before and after straining. There was a significant difference in the activity of the various deformation modes at the three test temperatures and the mechanical anisotropy was considerably reduced with temperature. At 323 K (50 °C) extension twinning, basal, prismatic 〈a〉, and pyramidal 〈c+a〉 slip were active. Twinning disappeared above 323 K (50 °C), suggesting that the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of non-basal systems becomes less than that of twinning at T < 423 K (150 °C). Plasticity was controlled at high temperature by a combination of basal and prismatic 〈a〉 slip. From 423 K (150 °C) to 523 K (250 °C), a transition occurs in the dominant deformation mechanism from basal + prismatic 〈a〉 to mainly prismatic 〈a〉 slip. This is consistent with a decrease of the CRSS of non-basal slip systems with increasing temperature. These results suggest that the observed drop in normal anisotropy with increasing temperature is likely to be the consequence of an increase in non-basal slip activity. In situ tensile-creep experiments, performed at approximately the yield stress at 423 K (150 °C), indicated that less slip and more grain boundary cracking occurs during creep deformation compared with the higher-stress tensile experiments.     

In situ neutron diffraction investigation of the collaborative deformation–transformation mechanism in TRIP-assisted steels at room and elevated temperatures

The deformation behaviour of two transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted steels with slightly different microstructures due to different thermo-mechanically controlled processing (TMCP) was investigated by the in situ neutron diffraction technique during tensile straining at room temperature and two elevated (50 and 100 °C) temperatures. The essential feature of the TRIP deformation mechanism was found to be significant stress redistribution at the yield point. The applied tensile load is redistributed within the complex TRIP-steel microstructure in such a way that the retained austenite bears a significantly larger load than the ferrite–bainite α-matrix. The macroscopic yielding of the steel then takes place through the simultaneous cooperative activity of the austenite-to-martensite transformation in the austenite phase and plastic deformation in the α-matrix. It is concluded that, although its volume fraction is small, the martensitically transforming retained austenite phase dispersed within the α-matrix governs the plastic deformation of TRIP-assisted steels.     

TG6钛合金的热稳定性及其在高温下的部分恢复

Thermal Stability of TG6 Titanium Alloy and Its Partial Resumption at High Temperature     

Plastic deformation of single crystals of TiSi2 with the C54 structure

The deformation behavior of single crystals of TiSi₂ with the orthorhombic C54 structure has been investigated as a function of crystal orientation in the temperature range from room temperature to 1400 °C in compression. Plastic flow is possible only when slip along <110> on (001) is operative and no other slip systems are observed in the whole temperature range investigated. While plastic flow is observed above 300 °C for as-grown crystals, the onset temperature for plastic flow is lowered considerably down to room temperature when the crystal is prestrained at 1300 °C and then re-deformed at low temperatures. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for (001)<110> slip decreases with increasing temperature, exhibiting a moderate peak (or plateau) in the temperature range from 800 to 1100 °C. The deformation mechanism of TiSi₂ is discussed in comparison with those reported for other transition-metal disilicides with the C11_b and C40 structures, which are closely related to the C54 structure of TiSi₂.     

The temperature influence on the microscopic characteristics of plastic deformation morphologies in nanocrystalline Ni–Fe investigated with atomic force microscopy

The microscopic characteristics of compressive deformation morphologies in nanocrystalline Ni–20Fe alloy were investigated using atomic force microscopy. The results indicate that in room temperature compression, nanograin alignments and displacements are the observed main deformation events. Compression at 600 °C leads to development of sub-microscopic deformation lines formed through gliding in-between nanograin-clusters.     

Relationship among microstructure,mechanical properties and texture of TA32 titanium alloy sheets during hot tensile deformation

The relationship among microstructure, mechanical properties and texture of TA32 titanium alloy sheets during hot tensile deformation at 800 °C was investigated. In the test, the original sheet exhibited relatively low flow stress and sound plasticity, and increasing the heat treatment temperature resulted in an increased ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and a decreased elongation (EL). The deformation mechanism of TA32 alloy was dominated by high angle grain boundaries sliding and coordinated by dislocation motion. The coarsening of grains and the annihilation of dislocations in heat-treated specimens weakened the deformation ability of material, which led to the increase in flow stress. Based on the high-temperature creep equation, the quantitative relationship between microstructure and flow stress was established. The grain size exponent and α phase strength constant of TA32 alloy were calculated to be 1.57 and 549.58 MPa, respectively. The flow stress was accurately predicted by combining with the corresponding phase volume fraction and grain size. Besides, the deformation behavior of TA32 alloy was also dependent on the orientation of predominant α phase, and the main slip mode was the activation of prismatic 〈a〉 slip system. The decrease of near prism-oriented texture in heat-treated specimens resulted in the enhancement of strength of the material.     

Deformation and fracture of a Zr-Al-Cu metallic glass ribbon under tension near glass transition temperature

The high temperature tensile and fracture behavior of Zr_(50)Al_(40)Cu_(10) metallic glass at the temperature range in the vicinity of glass transition were investigated. Tensile tests were carried out at room temperature, 350-420 ℃, and in the supercooled liquid region temperature range, respectively. Obvious plastic deformation was initiated at temperature about 80 ℃ lower than the glass transition temperature. The ultimate tensile strength decreases with the increase of testing temperature and the ductility increases with temperature. At temperature higher than Tg, viscous fl ow of Non-Newtonian fl uid led to super plastic deformation behavior. The deformation process under tension was inhomogeneous, and remarkable serrations were observed on the stress-strain curve near glass transition temperature.     

Superplasticity in fine-grained AZ61 magnesium alloy

The effect of grain refinement on the superplasticity of ingot-processed magnesium alloy was investigated. From the AZ61 material with a linear intercept grain size of 5 μrn, which was obtained by the multi-rolling process at an elevated temperature, tensile elongation over 400% could be achieved at 10^-3s^-1 at 400°C with a maximum value of 560% at 2x10^-4s^-1 at the same temperature. It was found that grain boundary diffusion controlled grain boundary sliding and pipe diffusion controlled slip creep govern the plastic flow at low and high strain rate ranges, respectively. A deformation map for pure magnesium was constructed to examine the effect of grain size and flow stress on deformation behavior at elevated temperature. The superplastic formability of Mg alloys was demonstrated by forming an AZ61 sheet into a hemi-sphere.     

Microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of near net shaped Ti−45Al−7Nb−0.3W alloy by hot isostatic pressing process

Near net shaped Ti−45Al−7Nb−0.3W alloy (at.%) parts were manufactured by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that at a temperature of 700 °C, the peak yield stress (YS) and ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of alloy are 534 and 575 MPa, respectively, and the alloy shows satisfactory comprehensive mechanical properties at 850 °C. The alloy exhibits superplastic characteristics at 1000 °C with an initial strain rate of 5×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. When the tensile temperature is below 750 °C, the deformation mechanisms are dislocation movements and mechanical twinning. Increasing the tensile temperature above 800 °C, grain boundary sliding and grain rotation occur more frequently due to the accumulation of dislocations at grain boundary.     

Tensile behaviour of gas pressure sintered silicon nitride in the 1600–1700°C temperature range

The tensile behaviour of a silicon nitride ceramic has been studied between 1600 and 1680°C under strain rates from 6×10⁻⁶ to 1.2×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. At low temperature and/or high strain rate, the behaviour was essentially brittle: failure occurred by cavitation along boundaries of acicular grains lying normal to the tensile axis and linking of these cavities by interfacial debonding. At 1650°C, the deformation started to be ductile: a stress peak was observed in the tensile curve and cavities formed at multigrain junctions while grain boundary sliding began to occur. As the temperature increased, the contribution of grain boundary sliding to deformation increased at the expense of the cavitational component. The stress peak is interpreted in terms of a relaxation effect that governs the competition between cavitation and grain boundary sliding.     

Methodology for estimating the critical resolved shear stress ratios of α-phase Ti using EBSD-based trace analysis

A novel method for calculating the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) ratios of different deformation system types in polycrystalline non-cubic metals has been developed. The mean CRSS ratios between different deformation systems were calculated for both commercially pure (CP) Ti and Ti–5Al–2.5Sn (wt.%) tensile deformed at ambient temperature and 455 °C using an in situ scanning electron microscope-based testing technique combined with electron backscattered diffraction. It was found that the relative activity of the different deformation systems changes as a function of alloying composition and deformation temperature. Prismatic slip was the most active deformation mode for CP Ti. CP Ti exhibited a lower resistance to prismatic slip at both ambient and elevated temperatures compared with Ti–5Al–2.5Sn. For Ti–5Al–2.5Sn, prismatic slip was the most active deformation system at ambient temperature although the basal slip activity significantly increased compared to CP Ti, mostly likely due to an increased c/a ratio resulting in a closer packed basal plane. At 455 °C, basal slip exhibited a lower CRSS than prismatic slip for Ti–5Al–2.5Sn. The relative activity of other deformation systems was also affected by alloying and temperature. The statistical resampling technique of bootstrapping was used to generate multiple equivalent data sets from which mean CRSS ratios between different deformation systems, and associated confidence intervals, could be deduced. It was found that the mean CRSS ratios at low and high strains varied slightly for the same testing conditions. Moreover, lesser activated slip systems resulted in relatively larger confidence intervals for the CRSS means. This variability may be attributed to a number of potential factors, including measurement errors, rotations of grains during deformation, local stress state variations, and work hardening. The analysis further suggests that awareness of the intrinsic statistical variability in CRSS ratios should be considered when formulating crystal plasticity constitutive models.     

Deformation mechanism temperature-dependence of AZ31 magnesium alloy

The deformation behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy is studied here in relation to the temperature. A rolled plate with a thickness of 50 mm was first homogenized at 400 °C for 4 h before preparing test specimens with the tensile axis parallel to the rolling direction (RD). A series of tensile tests was then carried out at a strain rate of 10⁻²/s together with load relaxation tests to obtain flow curves in terms of the stress and strain rate at room temperature (RT), 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C. The flow curves were found to represent the usual grain matrix deformation (GMD) behavior, consisting of the accumulation and relaxation of glide dislocations at temperatures of less than 100 °C. At temperatures greater than 200 °C, grain boundary sliding (GBS) was found to play an important role, as described in theories related to an internal variable. The GBS could be characterized as a non-Newtonian viscous flow with a power index value of M _g = 0.5.     

Effects of Pack Rolling Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgical Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W Alloy

Powder metallurgical Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W (at.%) alloys were pack rolled at temperatures of 1240°C, 1255°C, 1270°C, and 1285°C. The microstructures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties were tested at room temperature and 800°C. After rolling, the sheets exhibited duplex microstructures with refined grains. The tensile test results showed the sheet rolled at 1270°C displayed excellent room temperature tensile properties with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 782 MPa and an elongation of 1.95%. When tested at 800°C, all sheets showed UTS of over 600 MPa and elongations of around 50%. The dislocation movements and mechanical twinning played important roles at the initial stage of rolling deformation. However, during the subsequent deformation process, the deformation mechanism should mainly be the result of dynamic recrystallization.     

Mechanism of Plastic Flow in Titanium at Low and High Temperatures

An investigation was made of the mechanism of plastic flow in coarse grained specimens of both sponge and iodide titanium at low (?196°C) and high (500° and 800°C) temperatures. Deformation by slip occurs predominantly on a {1010| plane and in a <1120> direction over this entire temperature range, and secondary slip on 1011 planes becomes more prevalent with increasing temperature. The crystallographic habit of the predominant twin type is temperature-dependent, and deformation by twinning increases as the temperature of testing is lowered. Kink bands were not observed at —196°C and rarely at the high temperatures.     

Effect of T6-treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of forged Al-4.4Cu-0.7Mg-0.6Si alloy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hardness tests and tensile tests were performed to investigate the effect of aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of forged Al-4.4Cu-0.7Mg-0.6Si alloy. The results show that the alloy exhibits splendid mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 504 MPa and an elongation of 10.1% after aging at 170 °C for 16 h. With tensile testing temperature increasing to 150 °C, the strength of the alloy declines slightly to 483 MPa. Then, the strength drops quickly when temperature reaches over 200 °C. The high strength of the alloy in peak-aged condition is caused by a considerable amount of θ′ and AlMgSiCu (Q) precipitates. The relatively stable mechanical properties tested below 150 °C are mainly ascribed to the stability of θ′ precipitates. The growth of θ′ and Q precipitates and the generation of θ phase lead to a rapid drop of the strength when temperature is over 150 °C.     

基于VPSC仿真的ZK60镁合金拉伸变形行为

通过实验和粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,研究了在室温下挤压态ZK60镁合金沿不同方向拉伸时的变形机制开动情况,及其与流动曲线、织构演变和显微组织的对应关系。通过调节VPSC模型的参数,建立了滑移和孪生耦合的晶体塑性力学模型。比较了不同方向拉伸过程中织构演变的差异,分析了变形机制对屈服不对称性的影响。实验和模拟结果表明：当沿垂直于挤压方向（PED）拉伸时,由于｛102｝孪晶开动,大部分晶粒发生大角度旋转（约90°）。柱面<a>滑移是导致ZK60合金沿不同方向拉伸时出现明显屈服不对称的主要变形机理。当ZK60合金沿挤压方向（ED）拉伸时,由于晶粒的择优取向分布,｛101｝孪晶难以开动,导致ZK60挤压态镁合金拉伸屈服强度较高。ZK60镁合金沿着与ED成45°的方向拉伸时,屈服应力高于沿PED拉伸,但随着拉应力逐渐增大,由于沿PED拉伸时柱面<a>滑移逐渐开动,沿PED应变后期的应力曲线逐渐高于沿与ED成45°方向应变的应力曲线。     

Superplastic deformation mechanisms of high Nb containing TiAl alloy with (α2 + γ) microstructure

In this paper, superplastic deformation behaviour of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy with fine (α₂ + γ) microstructure, Ti–43.5Al–8Nb–0.2W–0.2B (at.%), has been examined and studied by means of hot tension from 850 °C to 1050 °C under an initial strain rate of 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. The mechanical behaviour and microstructure evolution have been characterized and analyzed. Besides, to gain insight into deformation mechanisms, the texture evolution during deformation at ordinary (non-superplastic) and superplastic conditions has been systematically studied. The results showed that, the alloy exhibited impressive superplastic elongation at 1000 °C with a strain-rate sensitivity exponent (m) of about 0.5 and an apparent activation energy (Q_app) value of about 390 kJ/mol. The microstructural characterization showed that, when the alloy was deformed at ordinary condition (850 °C), severe grain refinement occurred and the fraction of low-angle grain boundary notably increased. Meanwhile, the textures were characterized by <100> and <111> double-fiber components parallel to the tensile direction. All these observations suggested a dislocation slip and twinning mechanism. However, if deformed at the superplastic condition (1000 °C), it was found that the microstructure was fairly stable in terms of grain size, morphology and grain boundary characteristics during tension, but a continuous weakening of the initial <110> fiber texture (resulted from canned-forging) was observed. This was believed to be an indication of grain boundary sliding mechanism. Moreover, the deformation texture (<100> + <111>)—though is very weak—was simultaneously appeared. According to a detailed discussion on the deformation kinetics and microstructure evolution, it was believed that the slip/twinning-accommodated grain boundary sliding was responsible for superplastic deformation and the dislocation climb inside of γ grains was the rate-controlling step.     

Effect of preliminary plastic deformation on the structure and physicomechanical properties of aging invar alloy N30K10T3

The invar alloy N30K10T3 after water quenching from 1150°C (austenite, γ phase) has the temperature of the start of martensitic transformation M _s ≈ ?80°C and the Curie temperature T _C ≈ 200°C. The effect of aging-induced phase decomposition in a deformed supersaturated solid solution on its hardness HV, electrical conductivity σ, magnetic permeability μ, and linear expansion coefficient β has been studied. It has been shown that cold plastic deformation of the alloy (at 20°C) to 30–50% increases its hardness, virtually does not change the conductivity, and decreases permeability. Aging of the deformed invar results in increasing HV and σ and decreasing μ. At room temperature, the deformed invar has a low linear expansion coefficient; its magnitude grows the faster, the greater the aging temperature T _a. Plastic deformation increases the density of dislocations, which form a banded substructure in austenitic grains. Besides, a metastable martensitic phase has been observed, which undergoes a reverse martensitic transformation into austenite upon heating in the temperature range from 550°C to 650°C. This transformation causes a decrease in the linear expansion coefficient β(T) of the deformed material. In samples aged at T _a = 700°C (after deformation), an athermal aging-induced martensite (α_a phase) appears after cooling them to 20°C. The appearance of the α_a phase is due to an increase in the temperature of the start of the martensitic transformation to above the room temperature caused by aging. In the samples containing the α_a phase, there is observed a decrease in β in the temperature range from 350 to 670°C, which is due to the reverse transformation of the aging-induced martensite into austenite (α_a → γ).     

Correlation of the aging characteristics and deformation behavior of A357 alloy

The mechanical properties, microstructures, and deformation behavior for a cast Al-7Si-Mg casting alloy A357 under various aging conditions have been investigated in the present paper. It is shown that the combination of strength properties and elongation varies with aging parameters. Aging at 165 °C gives the optimum balance of strength and ductility. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation shows that, in the underaged conditions in which Guinier-Preston (GP) zones are formed, the tensile deformation involves dislocations, which cut through the GP zones. Planar slip bands can be seen in the deformed substructures, and the slip bands coarsen with increasing aging temperature or time. In the overaged conditions in which β phases precipitate, the dislocations bypass precipitates and distribute uniformly, except some dislocation tangles around coarser precipitates. When the interaction mode between dislocations and particles changes from shearing to bypassing, the deformation homogeneity greatly increases for the castings with fine β precipitates, which may explain the significant secondary elongation behavior. Based on these studies, a step overaging treatment has been used to improve the overall tensile properties.