Fracture and fatigue failure in the Spanish codes for design of steel structures

This work describes from a Fracture Mechanics view the failure prevention approaches recently embodied in the European and Spanish codes for the design of steel structures. The codes formulate the design rules to prevent fatigue and fracture failures in terms of engineering practice, with the Fracture Mechanics foundations underlying them not being apparent. The design simplifications assumed are presented in the framework of Fracture Mechanics.     

Corrosion fatigue behaviour and fracture mechanisms in nitrided low alloy steel

Rotary bending fatigue tests have been performed in 3%NaCl aqueous solution using specimens of a low alloy steel (Cr–Mo steel) with different nitride case depths. The effect of case depth on corrosion fatigue strength, the fracture process and mechanisms were studied. The corrosion fatigue strengths of the nitrided materials increased compared with the untreated material and increased with increasing thickness of the compound layer, but tended to saturate above a certain thickness. All the materials showed lower fatigue strength in 3%NaCl aqueous solution than in laboratory air and the reduction of fatigue strength decreased with increasing thickness of the compound layer, but remained nearly constant above a certain thickness. Corrosion pits were seen underneath the compound layer, from which cracks initiated. The corrosion fatigue strengths of the specimens whose compound layer was completely removed by electropolishing were almost the same as that of the untreated material, indicating a very significant role of the compound layer in improving corrosion fatigue strength. Because of the porous nature of the compound layer, particularly in the surface‐adjacent part, the solution penetrated the compound layer and reached the base steel, thus the corrosion fatigue strength of the nitrided materials was controlled by the penetration of corrosive media.     

Creep failure model of a tempered martensitic stainless steel integrating multiple deformation and damage mechanisms

A new model considering both deformation and damage evolution under multiple viscoplastic mechanisms is used to represent high temperature creep deformation and damage of a martensitic stainless steel in a wide range of load levels. First, an experimental database is built to characterise both creep flow and damage behaviour using tests on various kinds of specimens. The parameters of the model are fitted to the results and to literature data for long term creep exposure. An attempt is made to use the model to predict creep time to failure up to 10⁵ h.     

金属-机织复合材料混合结构的三点弯曲力学性能及失效机理EI北大核心CSCD

为解决传统金属与复合材料混合成形方法中存在的分层失效、纤维破坏等问题,设计一种结合金属增材制造、复合材料机织与缝合等工艺的新型混合结构,将金属骨架与机织复合材料法向缝合后共固化成形,增加异质材料之间的结合强度,实现宏观尺度上金属与复合材料的灵活成形与稳定连接。通过三点弯曲实验研究新型混合结构的面内弯曲性能,采用非接触式图像测量手段分析混合结构样件的损伤形貌及失效机理。结果表明:混合结构失效是多种失效模式的组合,包括纤维层上侧压缩/下侧拉伸断裂、异质材料层间失效及金属塑性损伤等;层间分层是由界面旁侧存在基体裂纹和层间剪应力、相邻层间刚度不相容等多因素造成的;随着样件结构厚度增加,其结构弯曲强度和弯曲弹性模量均增大;开孔处引入缝合纤维可以在一定程度上抑制分层裂纹的扩展,提高结构抗分层断裂性能。     

三维C/C复合材料的压缩性能及破坏机制

采用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜观察和力学性能测定的方法,研究了三维C/C复合材料微观结构形貌,以及材料x向、y向和z 向的压缩性能。结果表明,材料内部缺陷明显,纤维束/基体界面结合较弱,材料z向压缩强度和破坏应变均大于x向和y向,压缩应力-应变曲线开始阶段近似线性,随着载荷的增加,曲线表现出明显的非线性特征。从宏观上考察了材料的压缩破坏机制,材料x向、y向和z向破坏模式均为剪切型破坏,纤维/基体界面结合强度对破坏模式影响明显。     

工字形钢柱的爆炸作用分布特征与计算研究

为研究工字形钢柱上的爆炸荷载特征,明确在不同爆炸条件下工字形钢柱的破坏形式,通过数值计算和试验数据相结合,在三种不同爆炸类型条件下,对钢柱不同位置测点的冲击波曲线形式进行分析,并对钢柱不同翼缘的爆炸荷载水平及竖向分布形式进行总结,给出工字形钢柱上爆炸作用的确定方法。研究结果表明：当爆炸作用沿钢柱强轴时,荷载在翼缘宽度上可按均匀分布,而随近、中、远爆炸类型的变化,荷载沿钢柱竖向分别呈双曲线、梯形和矩形分布特征,而荷载峰值可按TM5-855中试验数据确定;当爆炸作用沿钢柱弱轴时,荷载在腹板上可按均匀分布,而在翼缘上呈三角形分布特征,荷载峰值可按TM5-855中试验数据值乘以相应的放大系数得到;爆炸荷载对钢柱响应形式影响显著,随着爆炸距离的增大,钢柱由局部破坏向整体破坏转变。     

不锈钢基Al2O3/SiC双层薄膜的制备和性能

用磁控溅射法在奥氏体不锈钢上分别制备了SiC单层膜和Al2O3/SiC双层膜,研究了溅射气压,溅 射功率以及退火温度对性能的影响.对比了二者的结构、硬度以及耐腐蚀性.结果表明,Al2O3缓冲层降低了SiC薄膜与奥氏体不锈钢基底的热失配和晶格失配,减少了因其而产生的缺陷,从而改善了奥氏体不锈钢上SiC薄膜的结晶质量.     

碳纤维表面改性增强Fe3Al-Al2O3复合材料的制备及组织性能

采用溶胶-凝胶分散和热压烧结制备了短切碳纤维（CF_s）/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料。分别通过电化学镀Cu和化学气相沉积SiC对CF_s表面修饰和改性,研究了Cu镀层和SiC涂层对CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料显微组织、相组成、力学性能及断裂行为的影响。结果表明,未修饰的CF_s在Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃基体中受到严重侵蚀,CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料致密度低,抗弯强度仅为239.0 MPa,与Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃强度相当;表面镀Cu可有效保护CF_s不被侵蚀,同时提高了CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料的烧结致密性和界面结合强度,从而明显提高了复合材料的断裂强度,但断裂过程中纤维拔出较短;CF_s表面沉积SiC的CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料组织均匀致密,表面涂层完整,且与纤维及基体之间结合力相当,断裂过程中,涂层既可随纤维一起拔出基体,也可与CF_s分离而留在基体之中,SiC涂层与纤维及基体之间的弱相互作用很大程度上促进了纤维脱黏和拔出,从而促进CF_s/Fe₃Al-Al₂O₃复合材料韧化所需的渐进破坏机制。      

三维编织碳/环氧复合材料力学性能测试及破坏机制

通过宏观拉压试验, 研究了三维正交编织碳/环氧复合材料的拉伸和压缩力学性能。对试验过程进行了声发射分析, 对断口进行了扫描电镜观察分析, 给出了该类材料的拉伸和压缩破坏机制。结果表明: 三维正交编织碳/环氧复合材料有良好的拉伸和压缩力学性能; 三维正交编织复合材料在拉伸和压缩载荷作用下的断裂均为脆性断裂, 拉伸试验的主要破坏现象是纤维断裂拔出, 而压缩试验则是纤维剪切破坏; 通过声发射参数分析可以基本判定该类材料损伤过程中的损伤类型。     

三维五向炭纤维/酚醛编织复合材料的压缩性能及破坏机制

针对不同编织角、 不同纤维体积分数的三维五向炭纤维/酚醛编织复合材料在不同温度下进行了纵向(编织方向)压缩和横向压缩试验 , 获得了其主要压缩力学性能 , 分析了编织参数、 温度对材料压缩力学性能的影响。对试件断口进行了宏观及扫描电镜观察 , 从宏、 细观角度研究了材料的变形及其破坏机制。结果表明 , 三维五向炭纤维/酚醛编织复合材料的压缩应力2应变曲线呈现明显的非线性特征 , 且温度效应明显; 编织角和纤维体积分数是影响材料压缩性能的主要参数。三维五向炭纤维/酚醛编织复合材料的纵向压缩与横向压缩具有完全不同的破坏机制。      

3Cr低合金钢在含饱和CO_2的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为

研究了含饱和CO2的NaCl溶液pH值对3Cr低合金钢腐蚀及其电化学行为的影响。结果表明: 当NaCl溶液的pH值较低(2, 3.9)时, 腐蚀产物膜为单层结构, 呈龟裂状; 当pH值较高(6.5)时, 腐蚀产物具有三层结构, 外层腐蚀产物为颗粒状, 内层仍呈龟裂状。NaCl溶液的pH值对3Cr低合金钢的腐蚀电化学行为也有显著影响。 NaCl溶液的pH值升高能改变电极过程中的主要阴极反应, 使腐蚀电位逐渐负移, 且电荷转移电阻的增大使腐蚀电流密度减小。     

Microstructure and mechanism of damage tolerance for Ti3SiC2 bulk ceramics

 Titanium silicon carbide (Ti₃SiC₂) is a damage tolerance material that is expected to be used in a number of high temperature applications. In this work, the microstructure and damage tolerance mechanism of Ti₃SiC₂ was investigated. The result demonstrated that the Ti₃SiC₂ ceramics prepared by the in-situ hot pressing/solid-liquid reaction process had a dual microstructure, i.e., large laminated grains were distributed within small equiaxial grains. This microstructure is analogous to that of platelets reinforced ceramic matrix composites. The bending test using single-edge-notched-beam specimens revealed that Ti₃SiC₂ was a damage tolerance material. The damage tolerance mechanisms for Ti₃SiC₂ are basal plane slip, grain buckling, crack deflection, crack branching, pull-out and delamination of the laminated grains. Received: 7 December 1998/Reviewed and accepted: 15 December 1998     

Cutting performance and failure mechanisms of a pure WC cutting tool in dry cutting of Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al stainless steels and HT200 grey cast iron

A pure WC cutting tool material was fabricated by hot pressed sintering and treated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The cutting performance, failure modes and mechanisms of the pure WC cutting tools were investigated via dry cutting Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al stainless steels and HT200 grey cast iron in comparison with those of YW2 cemented carbide tools. General view of the worn tool face was observed by light optical microscopy. Worn and fractured surfaces of the cutting tools were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results of cutting process revealed that the wear mechanisms and failure modes of the pure WC cutting tool in cutting various workpiece materials were totally different due to the discrepant adhesion tendency of the workpiece materials to the pure WC material. The different wear behaviors of the pure WC cutting tools in cutting Cr12Mn5Ni4Mo3Al stainless steels and HT200 grey cast iron result in the completely opposite cutting performance and tool life.     

含界面相三维全五向编织复合材料拉伸行为模拟及失效机制研究

基于三维全五向（Q5D）编织复合材料的细观结构模型,通过引入界面相单元,建立了含界面相Q5D编织复合材料单轴拉伸损伤失效分析模型。应用Python语言实现对ABAQUS的二次开发,将Linde等提出的失效准则和Von-Mises应力准则分别用于纱线和基体的渐进损伤判断,并确定材料的整体失效模式;对于界面相,采用Quads准则进行损伤判断。利用周期性位移边界条件,对含界面相Q5D编织复合材料的纵向拉伸应力-应变行为进行了渐进损伤数值模拟,详细讨论了在纵向拉伸载荷作用下材料的细观损伤起始、扩展和最终失效的演化过程,分析了材料的细观损伤失效机制,预测了材料的极限破坏强度,并研究了界面相性能对材料整体力学行为的影响规律。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验值吻合较好,验证了渐进损伤模型的有效性,为该类材料的力学分析和优化设计奠定了基础。     

静电纺丝技术制备NiOZnTiO3TiO2同轴三层纳米电缆及其形成机制

采用静电纺丝技术, 通过改进实验装置, 在最佳的纺丝条件下制备了 [Ni(CH₃COO)₂+PVP]-[Zn(CH₃COO)₂+PVP]-[Ti(OC₄H₉)₄+CH₃COOH+PVP] 前驱体复合电缆, 在600℃下将其进行热处理, 制备出了NiO-ZnTiO₃-TiO₂同轴三层纳米电缆。采用热重-差热 (TG-DTA)、 X射线衍射(XRD)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分析技术对样品进行了表征。对NiO-ZnTiO₃-TiO₂ 同轴三层纳米电缆的形成机制进行了讨论。结果表明, 所得产物为NiO-ZnTiO₃-TiO₂同轴三层纳米电缆。芯层为NiO, 直径大约为(42.024±4.405) nm; 中间层为ZnTiO₃, 厚度大约为(55.385±7.681) nm; 壳层为TiO₂, 厚度大约为(70.747±7.373) nm。