加工参数对微孔PC泡孔性能的影响

采用模压法成功制备了薄型微孔聚碳酸酯（PC）片材,研究了加工参数（发泡时间、发泡压力和发泡温度）对泡孔性能的影响,结果表明：泡孔尺寸随发泡时间的延长先减小后增大,随发泡压力的增加而减小,随发泡温度的增加而增大;泡孔密度的变化趋势随与泡孔尺寸的变化趋势相反;相对密度则随加工参数的增加而降低。通过比较各加工参数对泡孔性能的影响,可以发现发泡时间对微孔PC片材泡孔性能影响最大,且最佳的发泡时间约为8min。     

发泡工艺对超临界CO_2/PLA微孔发泡泡孔形态的影响

研究了超临界CO2/PLA微孔发泡过程中,发泡温度、饱和压力、剪切速率对聚合物PLA泡孔形态的影响。结果表明,发泡温度对泡孔形态影响很大,温度降低,熔体强度增加,泡孔塌陷和合并减少,发泡材料的泡孔密度增大,泡孔尺寸减小,但温度太低时,熔体黏度和表面张力增加,发泡样品泡孔密度较低,泡孔壁较厚;压力对发泡形态的影响也是很显著的,压力太低,CO2的溶解度小,泡孔壁厚,泡孔分布不均匀。随着压力升高,CO2的溶解度增加,发泡样品的泡孔密度增加,泡孔更加均匀;随着转子转速增加,泡孔尺寸减小,气泡成核密度增大。但是转子转速过快,泡孔沿剪切的方向被拉长,泡孔取向严重,泡体质量变差。     

微孔聚碳酸酯的制备工艺与泡孔结构研究

使用超临界CO2流体作为发泡剂在不同条件下制得一系列微孔聚碳酸酯(PC)。通过扫描电子显微镜观察分析了各种制备工艺参数对微孔PC泡孔结构和分布的影响。结果表明,饱和阶段的时间超过3.5 h时,试样中的CO2基本达到饱和;饱和阶段压力的增加会使泡孔直径减小,泡孔密度增大;而发泡温度的增加和发泡时间的延长则会使泡孔直径增大,泡孔密度减小。当完全发泡时,试样的泡孔结构在厚度方向上有明显区别:试样表皮部分未发泡,有致密的表皮结构;试样表层附近泡孔直径较小,泡孔密度较大;试样中心处的泡孔直径较大,泡孔密度较小。     

超临界N_2微孔发泡PA6的制备及性能研究

采用超临界N2微孔发泡注射成型方法制备微孔发泡尼龙(PA)6材料,研究了注射温度、成核剂含量对泡孔密度、直径的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜考察了注射温度对泡孔大小、密度以及分布的影响。结果表明,随着注射温度的升高,泡孔直径变大,泡孔密度减小;成核剂含量增加泡孔密度变大,成核剂到达一定含量后泡孔密度增大不显著,成核剂含量对泡孔直径无显著影响。     

温度与压力对单孔气泡形成过程的影响

温度压力对进气管孔口气泡的生成具有重要影响。以氮气-水、氦气-水、氮气-十四烷为研究体系,采用高速摄像法,观察了恒速流下孔口气泡的形成过程,考察了孔口气速(0～1500 cm/s)、温度(293～393 K)、压力(0～6 MPa)、孔径(1.12, 2.5 mm)、气体类型(N_2、He)对气泡生长过程的影响。实验表明:随着压力增加,气泡直径减小,纵横比增加;温度升高一方面导致黏度、密度和表面张力降低,使气泡直径减小,另一方面加剧了液体汽化,使得气泡直径增大。根据实验结果修正了Gaddis提出的气泡直径模型,引入饱和蒸气压贡献项,得出新的适用于高温高压条件下气泡直径的估算式。     

振动剪切场下超临界CO2／PS微孔塑料气泡成核的研究

以超临界CO2 为发泡剂 ,用自行研制的电磁动态发泡模拟机 ,将机械振动力场引入到PS微孔塑料成型过程中 ,初步研究了稳态剪切力场和动态剪切力场对微孔塑料气泡成核的影响。实验发现 ,提高转速可以提高熔体的剪切应力 ,从而提高气泡成核率 ,但不如施加振动效果明显。施加振动后 ,泡孔直径随振幅和振频的增加而减小 ,泡孔密度随振幅和振频的增加而提高。在低温 (13 0℃ )、低压 (9MPa)下制备出泡孔直径约为 2 0 μm、泡孔密度约为6× 10 7个 /cm3 的微孔塑料。     

ABS微孔发泡材料气体扩散行为分析

采用化学交联模压法制备了丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物(ABS)微孔发泡材料,研究了发泡温度、发泡压力及发泡时间对ABS微孔发泡材料气体的扩散行为及泡孔结构的影响,结果表明:气体吸收量随着发泡温度、发泡压力和发泡时间的增加,先增大后减小;随着气体吸收量的增加,制品的泡孔尺寸逐渐减小,泡孔密度逐渐增大,增加气体吸收量有利于提高发泡效果。当发泡温度为170℃、发泡压力为10 MPa、发泡时间为12min时,泡孔密度约为2.87×108个/cm3,可满足工业上微孔发泡材料泡孔密度的要求。     

温度与压力对单孔气泡形成过程的影响

温度压力对进气管孔口气泡的生成具有重要影响。以氮气-水、氦气-水、氮气-十四烷为研究体系,采用高速摄像法,观察了恒速流下孔口气泡的形成过程,考察了孔口气速（0~1500 cm/s）、温度(293~393 K)、压力（0~6 MPa）、孔径（1.12, 2.5 mm）、气体类型（N₂、He）对气泡生长过程的影响。实验表明：随着压力增加,气泡直径减小,纵横比增加;温度升高一方面导致黏度、密度和表面张力降低,使气泡直径减小,另一方面加剧了液体汽化,使得气泡直径增大。根据实验结果修正了Gaddis提出的气泡直径模型,引入饱和蒸气压贡献项,得出新的适用于高温高压条件下气泡直径的估算式。     

增塑聚碳酸酯片材的模压法微孔发泡研究

采用磷酸三甲酚酯(TCP)对聚碳酸酯(PC)片材进行增塑,并采用模压法对所增塑的PC片材进行微孔发泡,探讨了加工参数和TCP用量对PC片材泡孔结构的影响。结果表明:TCP对PC具有良好的增塑效果,制得的微孔塑料具有理想泡孔结构,且拓宽了发泡温度范围;增塑PC片材的泡孔结构随发泡压力、发泡时间、发泡温度的变化趋势与未增塑PC片材的变化趋势保持一致,只是泡孔尺寸、泡孔密度发生了一定程度的变化;随TCP含量的增加,泡孔尺寸先减小后增大,泡孔密度的变化趋势则相反。     

振动力场作用下温度对超临界CO2/PS微孔塑料气泡形态的影响

以超临界CO2为发泡剂,用自行研制的动态发泡模拟机将机械振动力场引入到PS微孔塑料成型过程中,初步研究了振动力场作用下温度对微孔塑料气泡形态的影响.实验发现,发泡温度越高,气泡核长大的速度越快,导致气泡合并甚至破裂.但发泡温度过低时,超临界CO2在PS熔体中的扩散速率较低,最终制品的泡孔密度小,气泡分布也不均匀.在微孔塑料成型过程中施加振动,有利于发泡剂在熔体中的分散和混合,从而在较低的温度(130℃)下制备出泡孔直径为18μm、泡孔密度为7×107个/cm3的微孔塑料.     

微孔塑料成型技术及关键步骤

微孔塑料的成型方法主要包括间歇成型法、连续挤出成型法、注射成型法和相分离法等,并且各有优缺点.其中,连续挤出成型法及注射成型法适合工业化生产.微孔塑料的成型过程包括聚合物 /气体均相体系的形成、气泡成核和气泡长大及定型高的三个步骤,与常规泡沫塑料相比较,其加工过程的要求非常高,必须有高的气体浓度、高的成核速率、成核密度和短的长大定型时间.     

Effect of the pressure drop rate on cell nucleation in continuous processing of microcellular polymers

Microllular plastics are cellular polymers characterized by cell densities greater than 10⁹ cells/cm³ and cells smaller than 10 μm. One of the critical steps in the continuous production of microcellular plastics is the promotion of high cell nucleation rates in a flowing polymer matrix. These high nucleation rates can be achieved by first forming a polymer/gas solution followed by rapidly decreasing the solubility of gas in the polymer. Since, in the processing range of interest, the gas solubility in the polymer decreases as the pressure decreases, a rapid pressure drop element, consisting of a nozzle, has been employed as a continuous microcellular nucleation device. In this paper, the effects of the pressure drop rate on the nucleation of cells and the cell density are discussed. The experimental results indicate that both the magnitude and the cell density are discussed. The experimental results indicate that both the magnitude and the rate of pressure drop play a strong role in microcellular processing. The pressure phenomenon affects the thermodynamic instability induced in the polymer/gas solution and the competition between cell nucleation and growth.     

超临界CO2发泡微孔塑料的研究进展

介绍了超临界CO2 的特性及作用,从微孔塑料成型过程中的气体溶解、气泡成核、气泡长大、泡孔定型4个阶段出发,阐述了超临界CO2发泡微孔塑料的机理。还综述了微孔塑料的间歇成型、挤出成型、注射成型等3种常用成型方法,重点讨论了温度、压力、时间及外力场对微孔塑料泡孔结构的影响,并对微孔塑料的未来发展趋势作出展望。     

微孔塑料成型过程中进气流量的确定

在微孔塑料的连续成型过程中，一般是采用CO2、N2等惰性气体作为发泡剂，因此，进气流量是微孔塑料成型过程中的一个重要的工艺参数，气体注入过多或过少都不能得到微孔塑料。基于Henry定律和理想气体状态方程推导了微孔塑料成型过程中气体进气流量的计算公式，为确定微孔塑料成型过程中的气体进气流量提供了依据。     

微孔塑料成型加工的研究

对微孔塑料成型过程中关键步骤——气体／聚合物均相体系的形成、气泡成核、气泡长大的影响因素进行了详细评述,对主要成型技术进行了简介。     

微孔塑料挤出成型中气泡成核的聚合物刷子模型

气泡成核是微孔塑料连续挤出成型中的关键步骤之一，临界气泡核直径是影响制品中泡孔直径的主要因素，成核密度则是影响制品泡孔密度的主要因素，但现有的成核理论大都是以经典成核理论为基础的，而经典成核理论虽然人出了临界气泡核及成核速率的计算公式，但并没有考虑到聚合物的物性参数，并且不能计算临界气泡核半径的具体数值，所以其应用有很大的局限性，从聚合物刷子模型出发建立气泡成核的刷子模型，从而得出临界气泡核半径的计算公式，并分析温度，压力，聚合物相对分子质量等对临界气泡核半径的影响。     

Microcellular extrusion of PLA utilizing solid‐state nucleation in the gas‐saturated pellet extrusion process

In this study, we explore the use of solid‐state nucleation in polymer pellets as a means to create microcellular PLA foams in extrusion. This is achieved by using gas‐saturated PLA pellets as input to the extruder. Foam density, bubble size, and bubble density is reported and compared with microcellular foams created in the gas‐injection extrusion process. PLA pellet gas concentrations between 17 and 29 mg CO₂/g PLA was found to produce quality microcellular foams in this process. Gas concentrations within this range were achieved by varying methods that included partial saturation, desorption from full saturation, and blending saturated with unsaturated pellets. This gas concentration window that produced microcellular foams was found to be independent of the saturation and desorption process used to achieve the desired concentration. We further compare the pressure drop and pressure drop rate of the gas‐saturated pellet extrusion process showing that similar foams can be produced at pressures orders of magnitude lower than the alternative gas‐injection extrusion processes. Investigations into extrusion pressures support the hypothesis that the gas‐saturated pellet extrusion process utilizes solid‐state nucleation in the feed section of the extruder to achieve high bubble density foams. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

超临界CO2发泡微孔塑料挤出成型中气泡核自由长大过程的数学模型和数值模拟研究

利用CO2超临界法进行发泡是目前塑料发泡研究和应用领域中较为热门的一个方面.研究探讨了超临界CO2/PS微孔塑料挤出成型中气泡核自由长大的机理,选用球形模型为表征气泡长大的物理模型,利用Dewitt本构方程、守恒定律和理想气体状态方程,研究探讨了气泡核自由长大阶段的数学模型,并对数学模型进行了求解和实验验证.     

Filamentary extrusion of microcellular polymers using a rapid decompressive element

An extrusion process for manufacturing microcellular plastics is presented. In the past, microcellular structures have been produced in batch processes by using a thermodynamic instability of a polymer/gas system. In order to utilize such a thermodynamic instability in a continuous extrusion process, a large amount of gas must be dissolved quickly in a molten plastic flowing in the machine, and a rapid drop in the gas solubility must be induced in the flowing polymer/gas solution. Since the solubility of a gas in a polymer is a sensitive function of pressure, a thermodynamic instability for producing a microcellular structure can be induced by rapidly lowering the pressure. This paper presents a means for continuously forming the polymer/gas solution at an industrial processing rate and a means of nucleating microcells in the polymer/gas solution using a nozzle. Finally, a process model for controlling the cell morphology is presented by identifying the key parameters that control microcellular foaming in a continuous process. The experimental results agree with theoretical analyses, confirming the fact that the processing pressure strongly affects the microcellular foaming process through its effects on the amount of gas dissolved in the polymer and the magnitude of the pressure drop in the nucleation device.     

Morphology and physical properties of closed-cell microcellular ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) rubber vulcanizates: Effect of blowing agent and carbon black loading

The morphology of the microcellular ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) vulcanizes of both an unfilled and filled compound was studied from SEM photomicrographs. Carbon blacks adversely affect the average cell size, maximum cell size, and cell density. Enclosed gas pressure in a closed cell increases the relative modulus at higher strain. Tensile strength decreases more steeply than the expected value obeying the additive rule. At higher temperature, tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus values decrease. The stress-relaxation behavior is independent of blowing agent loading, i.e., the density of closed-cell microcellular rubber. The elastic nature of the closed cell, i.e., the gas bubble in the microcellular rubber, reduces the hysteresis loss compared to solid rubber vulcanizates. Theoretically calculated flaw sizes are found to be about 3.4 times larger than the maximum cell sizes observed from SEM photomicrographs. It reveals that tear path deviates from the linear front and gives an effective larger depth of the flaws. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.