尾减输入齿轮疲劳失效分析

对某发动机尾减系统尾减输入齿轮疲劳失效的原因进行了系统的分析。通过宏观检查、断口分析、金相检验以及受力分析等,确认了该齿轮的失效过程为：在大弯曲载荷作用下疲劳裂纹于锥齿中部齿根部位起始,裂纹初期沿径向呈15°左右的小角度疲劳扩展;齿部出现裂纹后,齿轮振动频率发生变化,进而导致齿轮出现节径型振动,使得裂纹逐渐沿径向疲劳扩展;出现径向裂纹后剩余齿由于截面减少以及起始部位已基本无渗碳层其强度较低等原因,导致剩余齿出现弯曲疲劳断裂。     

齿座裂纹分析

采用金相分析方法分析了齿座表面裂纹的性质和产生原因。根据齿座表面裂纹主要呈沿晶扩展,裂纹两侧无脱碳和氧化现象,认为该裂纹为淬火裂纹。渗碳温度过高、晶粒粗大、材质不良是产生淬火裂纹的原因。     

高线3H减速箱小齿轮断裂失效分析

由于齿轮表面的接触应力超过了齿轮的接触疲劳极限,造成了齿面的局部损伤(齿面剥落),裂纹首先在次表层产生,裂纹扩展后齿面被压碎,同时造成齿面渗碳层连同齿顶剥落,同时由于该齿轮没有及时的停机,碎的齿块夹入其余运转的齿中,增加了齿轮的载荷,这样就在比较短的时间内劣化扩展开来,断齿快速增加促使部分齿从根部疲劳断裂.     

齿轮开裂失效分析

采用断口分析、化学成分分析、低倍检验、金相检验和硬度测试等方法对某批经渗碳、淬火热处理及磨齿加工后放置一段时间发生开裂的齿轮的失效原因进行分析。结果表明：齿轮渗碳层碳化物级别过高,加上淬火后齿轮齿部应力集中,磨齿时又产生磨削裂纹,齿轮在放置期间由于应力导致裂纹扩展而开裂。     

涡轮盘篦齿裂纹扩展的有限元数值模拟

为了详细考察篦齿裂纹的扩展规律,对篦齿裂纹从齿尖一直扩展到即将完全穿透篦齿环的过程进行了数值模拟.含篦齿裂纹的涡轮盘有限元模型采用子模型法建立,使用M积分计算裂纹前沿的应力强度因子;在确定篦齿裂纹前沿每一节点处的局部扩展方向及距离后,通过样条曲线拟合出新裂纹前沿,并依靠自适应网格划分实现裂纹区有限元网格的更新.数值模拟结果表明,篦齿根部过渡圆角顶部可以视为裂纹缓慢扩展阶段与快速扩展阶段的分界点,在此之前篦齿裂纹以穿透型裂纹的形态以较低的速度进行扩展,在此之后篦齿裂纹开始向表面裂纹进行转化,并且平均扩展速度大大增加,分界点前的裂纹扩展寿命是之后的数倍.此外,由数值模拟结果还可以发现,增大篦齿根部过渡圆角半径以及减小相邻篦齿的间距,均有助于延缓篦齿裂纹的扩展.     

40Cr钢油缸断裂原因

采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析、显微硬度测试等方法分析了40Cr钢油缸断裂的原因。结果表明：油缸断裂主要与硫元素含量超标、硫化物聚集、表面凹坑缺陷及热处理不均匀有关；硫元素易产生“热脆”,聚集的条状夹杂物破坏了基体的连续性，使油缸产生微裂纹，在表面凹坑处产生应力集中，热处理不均匀使组织产生内应力，萌生的裂纹及表面凹坑在以上因素的作用下不断扩展，最终导致油缸断裂。     

高层建筑用Q345GJC钢板表面裂纹成因分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析等方法对某批轧制后表面存在纵向裂纹的高层建筑用Q345GJC钢板的裂纹形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:钢板表面裂纹在连铸板坯上就已经存在,裂纹产生的主要原因是在连铸过程中结晶器涂层严重磨损致使铜板外露,从而使铜元素渗入到连铸板坯中,降低了钢的热塑性,导致了裂纹的产生;在随后的轧制过程中,裂纹沿轧制方向进一步扩展形成纵向裂纹。     

球阀表面渗碳凹坑及黑斑产生原因

某火电厂用316L钢球阀在表面渗碳热处理后产生凹坑及黑斑现象，严重影响了球阀使用过程中的密封效果。采用宏观观察、扫描电镜及能谱分析等方法，分析了该凹坑及黑斑的产生原因。结果表明：球阀在渗碳过程中，温度和热处理时间控制不当，导致表面碳元素形成局部偏聚，形成了局部黑色区域；Cr元素在表层区域形成短程扩散，并覆盖于表层，渗碳后以M₂₃C₆和Fe-Cr-C化合物相形式析出，M₂₃C₆以球状形式偏聚，随着运行过程发生脱落，并形成凹坑，元素在凹坑边缘偏聚并析出有害相，析出和脱落交替作用，最终导致凹坑加速形成。     

喷丸改性对7050铝合金FSW接头性能的影响

对5 mm厚的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行喷丸表面改性处理,并对喷丸前后的接头进行残余应力测量、低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究喷丸改性对焊接接头残余应力分布和焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,喷丸处理提高了接头表面粗糙程度,但接头表层及近表层产生硬化层,二次喷丸处理后的表层硬度值达198HV。二次喷丸最高硬度值比焊接态高33.1%。喷丸引入的残余压应力随喷丸次数增加而增大,最大压应力值位置也移向板材更深处。焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对焊接态均降低,表明喷丸改性提高了接头两微区抗疲劳断裂的能力。     

坦克扭力轴表面缺陷对疲劳寿命的影响

为探求坦克扭力轴过早产生疲劳断裂的原因,应用弹性有限元方法模拟了坦克扭力轴表面各种形状、尺寸的凹坑处产生的应力集中现象,结合坦克在某一训练科目下的载荷谱,使用疲劳分析软件计算了具有不同形状和尺寸缺陷的扭力轴的疲劳寿命(存活率为99%).结果表明:一旦扭力轴表面出现了凹坑,尤其是出现了狭长的裂纹状凹坑时,其疲劳寿命会急剧下降;当出现狭长的裂纹状凹坑时,将其扩展成等径凹坑(不增大凹坑深度),可使凹坑对扭力轴疲劳寿命的影响降至最低.     

中锰铁基合金激光熔覆层组织和接触疲劳性能

为了探讨齿类零件表面接触疲劳损伤后的修复技术,在45钢表面激光熔覆了一层中锰铁基合金。分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、HVS-1000型显微硬度计和JPM-1型接触疲劳试验机分析了中锰铁基合金熔覆层的显微组织,测试了其显微硬度和接触疲劳性能。结果表明:中锰铁基合金熔覆层与基体间形成了冶金结合,且其熔覆层无裂纹、气孔等缺陷;中锰铁基合金熔覆层的显微硬度为500~600HV,比渗碳层具有较高的抗接触疲劳性能,能够满足齿类零件的性能要求。     

Brittle Cracking of Flanks of a Big Gear

Several teeth of a big helical gear were found cracked following coarse-grinding teeth after the gear was carburized. Visual observation shows that cracks are present only on the flanks at one side having an acute angle to the gear end. The cracks propagated from the flanks toward the gear end. SEM observation on the fracture surfaces reveals that intergranular and quasi-cleavage brittle fracture is the cracking mechanism of the flanks. The cracked flanks at the ??acute angle?? side have a weak ability to support the grinding stress induced by grinding tooth operation, which is mainly responsible for cracking of the flanks. The thick case-harden depth and weak inter-crystalline strength nature of the carburized layer facilitate the initiation and propagation of crack. Unsuitable grinding operations probably aggravate cracking of the flanks.     

Brittle Cracking of a Cylindrical Spiral Gear of Axle Gearbox

A cylindrical spiral gear of locomotive axle gearbox failed after standing in site for 10 days. The failed gear had been assembled with the spiral gear-shaft. Inspection in site found that cracking occurred on the spoke plate between the shaft bore and the oil-pressed hole. The gear teeth are required to be carburized, but the surfaces of the shaft bore and the oil-pressed hole of gear are surface-coated to prevent carburizing. The crack initiated from the surface of oil-pressed hole and propagated along the radial of the oil-pressed hole. Metallurgical examination reveals that anti-carburizing measure was not conducted on the surface of oil-pressed hole as the specification. A simplified evaluation of the maximum hoop tensile on the wall of oil-pressed hole subjected to internal pressure for swelling bore is far insufficient to lead to brittle fracture. Delayed fracture of gear, the predominance of intergranular fracture micro-mechanism, and the presence of several secondary micro-cracks in the depth of case layer on the oil-pressed hole surface are a clear indication of hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen absorption occurred during gas carburizing process.     

六方轴表面裂纹成因分析

材料为20CrMnTi钢的六方轴渗碳淬火后,在磨削时其表面产生了严重的裂纹。采用宏观检验、金相检验以及硬度测试等方法,对六方轴表面裂纹产生的原因进行了分析。结果表明:六方轴表面裂纹是因为砂轮修理不平整以及磨削工艺参数选择不合理,使工件表面产生了严重的磨削烧伤,当磨削形变应力、热应力和组织应力综合作用超过材料的抗断强度时,就形成了裂纹。最后提出了改进措施。     

支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响研究

支承刚度对自动变速器齿轮副的啮合质量有着重要影响,研究支承刚度及齿面涂层对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响具有重要意义。以某七挡双离合自动变速器的一挡斜齿轮副为研究对象,建立了2种不同支承刚度的齿轴系统刚柔耦合模型,分析了不同工况下支承刚度对斜齿轮副啮合特性的影响规律;通过FCL-250H齿轮精测试验台得到有/无磷酸锰转化涂层齿轮的齿形齿向参数,并将其代入有限元模型进行仿真分析;进行齿轮接触疲劳点蚀实验,对比齿面涂层处理前后齿轮的接触疲劳寿命,并从齿轮表面形貌、动力性能及跑合性能等角度进一步揭示了涂层的强化机理。研究结果表明：齿轴跨度增大,支承刚度减小,则齿轮单位长度所受最大载荷和啮合错位量对输入扭矩的变化更为敏感;有涂层齿轮跑合后更有利于啮合,其疲劳寿命得到提高。研究结果为汽车自动变速器齿轮传动系统的结构优化和齿轮疲劳寿命的提高提供了参考。     

减速箱齿轮轴断齿失效分析

减速箱齿轮轴在运行使用过程中发生了断齿失效,通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、力学性能测试和金相检验等手段分析了轮齿断裂的原因。结果表明:由于机加工不当,在齿面与齿槽交接处留下的加工台阶,加大了齿根部的应力集中程度,使齿轮轴的疲劳强度大大降低,在循环应力的作用下,沿齿根处开裂折断,造成早期疲劳失效。     

3D modeling of subsurface fatigue crack nucleation potency of primary inclusions in heat treated and shot peened martensitic gear steels

A computational strategy is developed to characterize the driving force for fatigue crack nucleation at subsurface primary inclusions in carburized and shot peened C61^® martensitic gear steels. Experimental investigation revealed minimum fatigue strength to be controlled by subsurface fatigue crack nucleation at inclusion clusters under cyclic bending. An algorithm is presented to simulate residual stress distribution induced through the shot peening process following carburization and tempering. A methodology is developed to analyze potency of fatigue crack nucleation at subsurface inclusions. Rate-independent 3D finite element analyses are performed to evaluate plastic deformation during processing and service. The specimen is subjected to reversed bending stress cycles with R = 0.05, representative of loading on a gear tooth. The matrix is modeled as an elastic–plastic material with pure nonlinear kinematic hardening. The inclusions are modeled as isotropic, linear elastic. Idealized inclusion geometries (ellipsoidal) are considered to study the fatigue crack nucleation potency at various subsurface depths. Three distinct types of second-phase particles (perfectly bonded, partially debonded, and cracked) are analyzed. Parametric studies quantify the effects of inclusion size, orientation and clustering on subsurface crack nucleation in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) or very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regimes. The nonlocal average values of maximum plastic shear strain amplitude and Fatemi–Socie (FS) parameter calculated in the proximity of the inclusions are considered as the primary driving force parameters for fatigue crack nucleation and microstructurally small crack growth. The simulations indicate a strong propensity for crack nucleation at subsurface depths in agreement with experiments in which fatigue cracks nucleated at inclusion clusters, still in the compressive residual stress field. It is observed that the gradient from the surface of residual stress distribution, bending stress, and carburized material properties play a pivotal role in fatigue crack nucleation and small crack growth at subsurface primary inclusions. The fatigue potency of inclusion clusters is greatly increased by prior interfacial damage during processing.     

17CrNiMo6齿轮轴断裂原因分析及改进

目的研究常用的减速机高速工作中,材料为17CrNiMo6齿轮轴断齿现象的原因以及改进措施。方法通过化学成分分析、硬度检测、显微组织分析等方法,研究分析17CrNiMo6齿轮轴断齿现象的原因,并根据产生断齿的原因提出改进措施。结果 17CrNiMo6齿轮轴断裂为疲劳断裂,断齿的主要因素为调制热处理工艺不当、非金属杂物超标产生应力集中现象等。结论通过改进热处理工艺、优化结构设计、提高加工精度等措施可改善17CrNiMo6齿轮轴的断齿现象。     

Material influence on mechanical properties of gears with alternative microstructures

Case hardening represents the most important heat treatment process to increase the load carrying capacity of gear components. Beside predominantly martensitic surface layers with low proportion of retained austenite, there were investigated material structures with differing properties in preceding research work.

In a previous publication, the results of three variants made of the material 20MnCr5, which is typically used for gears, were presented. The reference heat treatment was a conventional carburizing with subsequent case hardening. The second variant was also gas carburized, but with a high proportion of retained austenite. The last presented variant had a bainitic structure in the surface layer. The second and the third variant showed a similar tooth root bending strength compared to the reference. The numbers of the pitting resistance were significantly higher than for the reference variant.

This paper presents the results of further investigations on the influence of different microstructures on the gear load carrying capacity. For this purpose, gears made of 18CrNiMo7‑6 were tested with regard to their load carrying capacity. 18CrNiMo7‑6 is a case hardening steel like 20MnCr5, too, which is often applied in big gear components. The tooth root bending strength was approximately constant, whereas the pitting resistance decreased compared to the corresponding variants of the material 20MnCr5. In comparison to the carburized 20MnCr5 reference variant, only the 18CrNiMo7‑6 variant with a large proportion of retained austenite showed a higher pitting resistance.

The tooth root bending strength investigations took place in the cycle regime of limited life as well in the high cycle fatigue regime. The pitting resistance was only determined in the cycle regime of limited life.

     

HXD1机车牵引电机转轴组件断裂失效分析

HXD1型电力机车的牵引电机转轴和小齿轮轴采用圆锥过盈配合传动结构(下称转轴组件),使用中该组件出现了早期断裂失效.本文通过理化检测、断口和配合面宏/微观形貌观察等失效分析技术对失效组件进行了分析.结果表明,材料成分、组织和显微硬度正常,小齿轮轴和电机转轴的失效形式分别为高周疲劳断裂和微动疲劳断裂.造成组件失效的原因和过程是,小齿轮轴近齿端油槽-油孔交界线处有较大的结构应力集中,油槽底部周向加工刀痕造成附加应力集中,在应力集中和旋转弯曲疲劳载荷作用下油孔边两个应力集中点萌生了疲劳裂纹并扩展;随小齿轮轴裂纹的不断扩展转轴组件结构刚度减小,继而诱发了与小齿轮轴匹配的电机轴配合面的微动疲劳,电机轴疲劳裂纹萌生于微动区的边缘处;电机转轴先于小齿轮轴完全断裂.基于本文的分析结果提出了提高组件抗疲劳断裂的技术措施.