GCr15SiMn钢轴承套圈缺陷成因分析

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜等仪器对某GCr15SiMn钢轴承套圈在车加工后出现的表面裂纹缺陷进行了分析。结果表明:缺陷周围无脱碳现象,但缺陷附近存在异于基体的物质,主要为硅、铬、锰的氧化物,为GCr15SiMn钢基体元素的氧化产物,从高温氧化物的成因和机理来看,该缺陷是由锻造过程中产生的表面裂纹引起的基体元素高温氧化形成的,而非原始材料冶金缺陷。     

1000～1400℃下NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金的氧化行为

采用静态氧化实验与XRD,FSEM测试技术对电弧熔炼制备的NbMoTaWV难熔高熵合金的高温氧化行为进行研究。结果表明：1000℃及1200℃下NbMoTaWV由于氧化层开裂严重失去保护性，氧化增重遵循直线氧化规律；1400℃下生成的熔融态氧化物释放氧化层的生长应力，填补Mo, V氧化物挥发留下的孔洞，使氧化层对氧气能够起到一定的阻隔作用，氧化增重遵循抛物线氧化规律。在NbMoTaWV的氧化过程中，氧气扩散进入基体内部后率先与扩散层中的Nb和Ta发生氧化反应，生成针棒状氧化物，之后与其他合金元素发生氧化反应，W的氧化物固溶在Nb和Ta氧化物中，颗粒状的Mo和V混合氧化物在高温下挥发。     

钒钛铁精矿碳热还原制备铁基摩擦材料的热力学分析

利用钒钛铁精矿中的铁和钛元素,以钒钛铁精矿、石墨为主要原料,按铁基摩擦材料的成分添加其他组份,采用原位合成技术,实现合成与烧结一体化,制备铁基摩擦材料。对钒钛铁精矿还原过程中的热力学进行计算和分析,利用TG–DSC检测方法对还原过程中的质量变化进行分析。结果表明:当温度高于979 K时,钒钛铁精矿中Fe氧化物和Ti氧化物相继发生还原反应,其还原过程为:首先Fe3O4被还原,其次是钛磁铁矿和钛铁矿发生反应生成Fe和Ti的氧化物,最后是Ti的各阶氧化物反应生成TiC。本实验根据分析结果,制定了合理的工艺路线,获得了组织致密,结合优良的铁基摩擦材料。     

铝含量对钛铝二元合金MAO涂层结构及亲水性的影响

金属及合金的微弧氧化(MAO)涉及在等离子体高温下电解液与合金表面的交互作用。在此过程中,合金表面的多孔层的形成,不仅与电解液成分密切相关,合金成分对涂层结构及电特性起着重要作用。通过在0.1 mol/L Na₂B₄O₇电解液中加入0.15 mol/L KOH,对不同Al含量的二元Ti-Al合金进行MAO,重点探究微弧氧化过程合金成分对涂层结构的影响。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、3D激光共聚焦显微镜分析了涂层的形貌和氧化物堆积厚度,接触角测试仪测量MAO涂层的亲水性能。结果表明,随着基体Al含量增加,MAO后的表面多孔涂层更加均匀,孔洞尺寸、氧化物堆积及电压值均有所增加。高Al含量的多孔涂层更加均匀,亲水性也更加优异。     

AgSnO_2触头材料电弧侵蚀特征的分子动力学模拟

研究电接触材料电弧侵蚀作用过程中灭弧过程的微观机理,采用分子动力学和实验的方法对反应合成的AgSnO2电接触材料的熔池行为进行模拟。结果表明:根据起弧时的物相所构建的模型,能够准确地模拟熔池特征,熔池内部物质运动和存在状态是决定耐电弧侵蚀的关键因素。可通过增加反应合成AgSnO2电接触材料与基体浸润的氧化物组分,以及氧化物发生物态变化、化学分解过程来达到熄弧的目的。     

哈佛制出新固体氧化物燃料电池 氢耗尽仍可发电

哈佛大学材料科学家通过采用低温运行和使用纳米结构氧化钒作为阳极材料,研发出一种新型固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）,既可发电,也可以存储电化学能量,即使氢燃料耗尽仍可持续运行一段时间。研究人员认为,理论上这种氢燃料电池可用于小尺寸便携式设备,如无人机,     

锅炉HR3C不锈钢末级过热器管泄漏原因

某超超临界锅炉末级过热器管发生泄漏事故,通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、金相检验和能谱分析等方法,对过热器管的泄漏原因进行了分析.结果表明:HR3C不锈钢末级过热器管材料中存在晶间氧化和原始内折叠缺陷,采用水浸法超声波检测未检出,运行过程中在缺陷部位产生应力集中并萌生裂纹源,裂纹在轧制过程中的交变应力作用下沿...     

超临界机组国产和进口T23炉管服役30000h后氧化膜、基材组成及性能对比

为促进T23耐热钢的改性和国产化应用,利用SEM和EDS对某电厂同参数条件下超临界机组服役30000 h后的进口锅炉和国产锅炉T23管末级过热器和末级再热器基体及氧化膜进行了表面和截面形貌及成分对比分析.结果表明,国产和进口锅炉T23管低温时水蒸汽侧氧化物颗粒较高温时粗大,但进口T23管氧化物颗粒没有明显裂纹且氧化内腐蚀较轻微;国产和进口T23钢运行过程中限制氧化进一步发生的是O元素;进口管氧化膜有明显的等轴晶富Cr保护层.     

中温SOFC金属连接体材料的氧化规律和导电行为

系统地研究了SUS 430铁素体不锈钢在中温SOFC阴极气氛(空气)中的氧化动力学、表面氧化物特征以及表面氧化对导电行为的作用.通过750℃静态空气中的氧化实验得出氧化增重与氧化时间的动力学关系;采用"4点法"测量合金表面氧化膜的面比电阻(ASR);利用XRD和SEM表征表面氧化物的相结构、微观形貌及成分.实验发现,氧化动力学符合抛物线规律,并呈现出多级氧化现象;所生成的表面氧化物主要为Cr2O3和MnCr2O4;表面氧化物的ASR与测量温度之间的关系满足Arrhenius方程,并且在600～700℃之间,其斜率发生改变.结合氧化过程中的阳离子扩散、氧化物形成热力学以及半导体的导电机理对多级氧化动力学机制、氧化物相形成规律以及面比导电行为进行了理论分析.在此基础上,对SUS 430作为中温SOFC金属连接体材料的可能性做出了合理的评估.     

表面包覆氧化镧的富锂锰基正极材料的制备及性能研究

通过溶液法在富锂锰基0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2(简称LLO)正极材料前驱体表面包覆了一层稀土氧化物--氧化镧,制备了表面包覆氧化镧的LLO正极材料。采用X射线衍射仪、能量色散谱仪、扫描电子显微镜以及电池测试仪对材料进行表征和电化学性能测试,考察表面包覆氧化镧对LLO正极材料性能的影响。研究结果表明,用摩尔分数1%的氧化镧包覆LLO正极材料,极大地改善了材料的电化学性能。电化学性能的改善归因于包覆氧化镧后有效地稳定了材料的表面结构,避免了材料在循环过程中的分解。     

Super austenitic stainless steels — a promising replacement for the currently used type 316L stainless steel as the construction material for flue-gas desulphurization plant

Potentiodynamic anodic cyclic polarization experiments on type 316L stainless steel and 6Mo super austenitic stainless steels were carried out in simulated flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) environment in order to assess the localized corrosion resistance. The pitting corrosion resistance was higher in the case of the super austenitic stainless steel containing 6Mo and a higher amount of nitrogen. The pit-protection potential of these alloys was more noble than the corrosion potential, indicating the higher repassivation tendency of actively growing pits in these alloys. The accelerated leaching study conducted for the above alloys showed that the super austenitic stainless steels have a little tendency for leaching of metal ions such as iron, chromium and nickel at different impressed potentials. This may be due to surface segregation of nitrogen as CrN, which would, in turn, enrich a chromium and molybdenum mixed oxide film and thus impedes the release of metal ions. The present study indicates that the 6Mo super austenitics can be adopted as a promising replacement for the currently used type 316L stainless steel as the construction material for FGD plants.     

Tensile and Impact Properties of Shielded Metal Arc Welded AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The present study is concerned with the effect of filler metals such as austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel on tensile and impact properties of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, microhardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the joints fabricated by austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel filler metals were evaluated and the results were reported. From this investigation, it is found that the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal showed higher tensile strength and hardness compared to the joints fabricated by austenitic and ferritic stainless steel filler metals. Joints fabricated by austenitic stainless steel filler metal exhibited higher ductility and impact toughness compared with the joints fabricated by ferritic stainless steel and duplex stainless steel filler metals.     

Weld decay-resistant austenitic stainless steel by grain boundary engineering

This paper presents an example of grain boundary engineering (GBE) for improving intergranular-corrosion and weld-decay resistance of austenitic stainless steel. Transmission and scanning electron microscope (TEM and SEM) observations demonstrated that coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries possess strong resistance to intergranular precipitation and corrosion in weld decay region of a type 304 austenitic stainless steel weldment. A thermomechanical treatment for GBE was tried for improvement of intergranular corrosion resistance of the 304 austenitic stainless steel. The grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) was examined by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The sensitivity to intergranular corrosion was reduced by the thermomechanical treatment and indicated a minimum at a small roll-reduction. The frequency of CSL boundaries indicated a maximum at the small roll-reduction. The corrosion rate was much smaller in the thermomechanical-treated specimen than in the base material for long time sensitization. The optimum thermomechanical treatment introduced a high frequency of CSL boundaries and the clear discontinuity of corrosive random boundary network in the material, and resulted in the high intergranular corrosion resistance arresting the propagation of intergranular corrosion from the surface. The optimized 304 stainless steel showed an excellent resistance to weld decay during arc welding.     

新型耐空蚀Cr-Co-Ni-Mn奥氏体不锈钢研究

制备了一种Cr-Co-Ni-Mn含钴奥氏体不锈钢。与304不锈钢比较,研究了其抗空蚀性能,用TEM观察了空蚀试样的组织结构,并测定了该钢种的强度,利用时效处理研究其组织稳定性。结果表明Cr-Co-Ni-Mn含钴奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度、抗拉强度比常用的304不锈钢高,奥氏体组织稳定,空蚀孕育期长,耐空蚀效果好。TEM观察到试样空蚀作用层有ε马氏体组织,这些形变组织有利于吸收应变能,提高材料耐空蚀能力。综合该钢的性能,在耐空蚀领域有潜在的应用前景。     

Liquid metal induced embrittlement in fuel line braze joints

This paper documents an instance of liquid metal induced embrittlement (LMIE) that occurred during the manufacture of automobile engine fuel lines. The fuel lines were constructed of low-carbon steel fittings press fit onto 304 stainless steel tube. The joints were subsequently furnace brazed with copper braze paste. The carbon steel fittings were occasionally observed lying separately as the part exited the brazing furnace. Failure analysis using metallographic techniques, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy indicated that the fractures were intergranular with no observable ductility. Copper from the braze filler metal was observed on the stainless steel tube fracture surfaces and within the tube wall grain boundaries. Copper and austenitic stainless steel are a well-known LMIE couple. Subsequent investigation indicated the stress required for rapid fracture was due to impacts of the parts against one another and the brazing furnace stationary components while the braze metal was liquid.     

不锈钢管冷旋压成形试验

介绍了3种奥氏体不锈钢材料的特性,主要旋压工艺参数对旋压成形的影响.在不同工艺参数下,采用三旋轮错距、无中间退火、直接强力冷旋压工艺,对3种奥氏体不锈钢管材料进行反旋压成形,分析了不同参数下奥氏体不锈钢管旋压成形的特点,提出了针对3种奥氏体不锈钢管冷旋压的合理工艺参数.     

不锈钢母材及其焊缝金属材料单拉本构关系研究

为研究国产双相型S22053和奥氏体S30408不锈钢母材及其焊缝金属材料的单拉本构关系和破坏模式,对4组共12个材性试样进行了单向拉伸试验,并对其破坏截面进行了电镜扫描。基于试验曲线,利用修正的Ramberg-Osgood （R-O）模型对材料本构关系参数进行了拟合,进而对不锈钢母材和焊缝金属的单拉本构关系进行了对比分析。结果表明:不锈钢母材和焊缝金属材料均发生韧性破坏,其本构关系都表现出明显的非线性;焊缝金属材料的屈服强度和极限强度均高于不锈钢母材,而延性低于母材;修正的R-O模型与母材和焊缝金属材料试验曲线吻合良好;在焊缝连接承载力精确分析中,应考虑焊缝金属材料与母材本构关系的差异,分别使用相应的本构关系模型。     

奥氏体不锈钢滞回本构模型研究

准确的材料滞回本构模型是保证弹塑性地震反应预测准确性的基本前提,如果本构模型选取不当,会对计算结果产生较大影响。为此该文提出了奥氏体不锈钢考虑循环强化作用的单轴滞回本构模型,包括骨架准则及滞回准则。建立数学模型描述奥氏体不锈钢在循环荷载作用下的受力性能。根据提出的理论模型并利用ABAQUS用户材料子程序UMAT,采用Fortran语言二次开发了能够进行循环荷载下奥氏体不锈钢计算分析的程序。通过与试验结果进行对比,表明提出的模型能够准确描述奥氏体不锈钢材料的滞回行为,兼顾计算精度和效率,为奥氏体不锈钢结构体系强震分析提供有力工具。     

Characterization of Al rich oxide layers on austenitic stainless steels by fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract

An Al rich oxide passivation technique has been developed to improve the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel to ozone added ultra-pure water. Fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to the study on the selective oxidation of aluminum containing austenitic stainless steel in low oxygen atmosphere at 1,353K. It was found that in the thermal oxidation under low oxygen pressure, the minor alloying constitution of Al resulted in the formation of thin oxide layers. The frequency shifts of fluorescence spectra show that the compressive stresses exist in the oxide layers as a result of the difference of the thermal expansion coefficients between substrate steels and α-Al₂O₃, and depends on the thickness of the oxide layers. It is confirmed that pure α-Al₂O₃ protective layers grown on the stainless steels, which remain stable and attached to the stainless steels in ozone added ultra-pure water. These act as a diffusion barrier and protect the stainless steels from the metal dissolution.     

Mechanical,electrochemical and magnetic behaviour of duplex stainless steel for biomedical applications

Mechanical, electrochemical and magnetic properties of duplex stainless steel were analysed to evaluate its use as biomaterial, comparing the results with those obtained for austenitic stainless steel. Yield and ultimate tensile strengths are almost twice in duplex stainless steel, being the values 870?MPa and 564?MPa, respectively. The electrochemical test revealed that this material has lower susceptibility to localised corrosion because of its greater passive range, 1?V from the open circuit potential, while the austenitic stainless steel exhibited a passive region of 0.370?V. Both steels behave as soft magnetic materials, however, duplex stainless steel has higher magnetic saturation and remanence, while austenitic stainless steel is more prone to heating when exposed to a magnetic field.