钢中非金属夹杂物对疲劳性能的影响

本文研究了38CrMoAlA和30CrMnSiA两种钢中所含夹杂物对疲劳性能的影响。研究结果表明:在夹杂物含量基本相同的条件下,夹杂物的大小、形状及分布特徵对疲劳寿命具有明显的影响。夹杂物的颗粒大小直接支配着裂纹的成核与扩展,当夹杂物的平均直径大于40μm时,由夹杂物引起疲劳失效的比率可达95％以上。因此,在控制夹杂物含量的基础上,通过减小夹杂物颗粒尺寸和改变不利的几何形状及分布,可减缓夹杂物对疲劳性能的有害影响。     

正三棱锥形夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体形核模型研究

通过建立晶内铁素体形核模型,结合数学推导发现,基底相为不规则形状的夹杂物比基底相为球形夹杂物形核功小,易诱导铁素体形核。根据数学模型分析球形夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体形核的影响因素。结果表明:夹杂物尺寸过小时不利于诱导晶内铁素体形核,其尺寸增加到0.15μm后,对铁素体的形核影响反而不大;夹杂物与钢液的润湿角越小,越易诱导铁素体形核;夹杂物与钢液的润湿角为70°~90°时,球形夹杂物易诱导正三棱锥形铁素体析出,而润湿角小于70°时,易诱导球形铁素体析出;析出相为正三棱锥形铁素体形核模型的形核率比析出相为球形铁素体模型的形核率高。通过实验验证了不规则夹杂物可以诱导铁素体形核,且夹杂物尺寸大于0.15μm后,对铁素体的形核影响不大。     

单轴拉伸下AerMet100钢中稀土夹杂物开裂过程的原位观察

扫描电镜观察了AerMet100钢中稀土夹杂物的形貌、尺寸;原位观察了单轴拉伸条件下稀土夹杂物的微观力学行为。结果表明:稀土夹杂物呈球状或椭球状,拉伸过程中稀土夹杂物内部最先萌生裂纹。建立了裂纹萌生的应力判据。裂纹在夹杂物内部扩展,不易向基体延伸。数值模拟单轴拉伸试验和理论计算结果与原位观察基本一致。     

非金属夹杂物对纯镍N6焊接接头组织性能的影响

以纯镍N6为主要研究对象,借助光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及电解萃取装置等手段分析了非金属夹杂物对纯镍N6焊接接头结构及性能的影响.结果表明:纯镍N6试样断裂与非金属夹杂物尺寸、形貌、数量等因素有直接的关系;非正常断裂试样的断口表现为沿晶断裂,断口上夹杂物主要由Al、Si、Ca、Mg、O、Fe等元素组成;对试样的金相组织与夹杂物进行分析发现非正常断裂试样中夹杂物数量及尺寸均大于正常试样,杂物数量大于50个/mm2且夹杂物尺寸大于10 μm的试样均发生断裂;夹杂物主要为氧化铝类(Al2O3、SiO2)、硅酸盐类、氮化物类(AlN、TiN、Ti(C,N))及复相夹杂物;原位拉伸试验表明,断裂的主要原因是在金属基体中存在的夹杂物诱发裂纹源,在应力的作用下裂纹扩展导致断裂.综合分析表明,纯镍N6焊接接头在生产中的断裂是由脆性夹杂物的存在而引起的.     

Zr微合金钢粗晶热影响区韧性和组织分析

为了获得大热输入焊接热影响区,利用实验室25 kg真空感应炉炼制不同Zr含量的实验用钢,在MMS-300型热模拟机上,对其试样进行热输入能量为100 kJ/cm,峰值温度1 400℃的大热输入焊接热模拟实验.借助电子探针(EPMA)等对CGHAZ中形成针状铁素体(AF)的夹杂物进行了微区分析,研究了夹杂物的化学组成和分布形态.结果表明:当Zr含量为0.003%时,焊接CGHAZ区低温冲击韧性最好,当Zr含量大于0.003%时CGHAZ的低温韧性随着Zr含量的增加呈下降趋势;CGHAZ中的奥氏体晶粒尺寸随小尺寸夹杂物数量的增加而降低;形成AF的夹杂物多以Zr的氧化物为核心表面析出MnS的复合氧化物夹杂,尺寸在0.5～3μm.     

电子束精炼GH4068高温合金的除杂工艺及机制研究

目的 探究电子束精炼法对GH4068合金中夹杂物去除行为的影响。方法 用电子束熔炼设备对常规冶炼法制备的GH4068高温合金进行了精炼,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的能谱(EDS)功能探究了合金中夹杂物的形貌、成分、数量及尺寸,并用AZtec软件进行了统计分析。结果 在GH4068合金中,含量最多的夹杂物为Al2O3-TiN复合型夹杂物,其次为氧化物、氮化物以及少量的碳氮化物。经电子束精炼后,合金中的O含量、N含量、夹杂物的数量密度和面积密度以及最大夹杂物尺寸均有所降低;当精炼参数为12 kW-30 min时,精炼效果最佳,合金中的氧的质量分数降低到6.50×10⁻⁶(下降了80.06%),氮的质量分数降低到0.13×10⁻⁶(下降了95.00%),夹杂物的数量密度和面积密度分别降低到21.99个/mm²和34.08 μm²/mm²(分别降低了45.62%和52.40%),最大夹杂物面积降低到12.59 μm²(母材面积为50.23 μm²),GH4068的纯净度得到了显著提高。结论 电子束精炼法有良好的除杂效果,且除杂效果随功率的升高呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势,GH4068合金的最佳精炼工艺参数为12 kW-30 min。     

热加工对硫化物及氧化物夹杂的影响

随着制造业的发展,人们对钢材的质量提出了更高的要求,而夹杂物是影响钢材质量十分重要的因素之一.特别是对高强钢而言,夹杂物对其韧性的影响更加敏感.因此,研究冶炼过程中对夹杂物的控制及后续热轧和热处理工艺对钢中夹杂物的影响,是钢铁材料制造和加工过程中的一个重要课题.夹杂物对钢材的强度、塑性、韧性、抗疲劳性能、耐腐蚀性能都会产生重要影响.要减少夹杂物对钢材性能的影响,需从优化冶炼工艺开始.随着气泡去除夹杂物技术、真空碳脱氧技术及中间包电磁搅拌技术在冶炼过程中的应用,钢材中的夹杂物含量明显降低.然而,在目前工业化的生产环境中,仍然无法实现将钢中的非金属夹杂物完全消除.目前的研究已经表明,热轧和热处理过程对夹杂物也有重要影响,这对进一步控制夹杂物的尺寸、分布、形态,达到减轻夹杂物对钢材性能影响的目的具有重要的意义.因此,目前除了发展新的冶炼工艺以进一步降低钢中的夹杂物含量外,研究和阐明热加工工艺对夹杂物的影响也是研究重点.文中归纳了冶炼过程中先进的夹杂物控制技术及其原理,评述了热变形和热处理过程对夹杂物的数量、尺寸、分布、形态特征及类型产生的影响,对研究钢材在制造、加工过程中夹杂物的变化规律及控制具有参考价值.     

浅析硬线钢中非金属夹杂物

硬线盘钢制品对钢的纯净度,夹杂物的尺寸、分布以及形态都有严格的要求,非金属夹杂物又是影响硬线钢质量的主要因素之一。本文通过介绍硬线钢中非金属夹杂物的来源和分类,分析了不同类型夹杂物的形成机理及形貌,指出了非金属夹杂物对硬线钢的影响和危害。     

钢液预处理→120t转炉→钢包精炼→真空脱气→连铸流程生产GCr15轴承钢的纯净度

对7炉采用钢液预处理→120t转炉→钢包精炼→真空脱气→连铸流程生产的GCr15轴承钢进行了氧、氮及残余元素含量分析、非金属夹杂物评级、夹杂物电子探针观察和能谱分析以及电解夹杂物等分析。结果表明:采用该流程生产的GCr15轴承钢的纯净度较高,尤其是氮元素含量和残余元素含量均比电炉流程生产的GCr15轴承钢明显降低;钢中的夹杂物主要是铝酸钙和氧化铝,也有少量的硫化物和氮化物,而且总是以复合夹杂物的形式存在。     

夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响

对洁净车轮钢在不同温度下进行正火处理,得到不同晶粒尺寸的显微组织,然后对车轮钢进行室温冲击试验,利用扫描电镜对冲击试样断口形貌进行观察,研究了夹杂物和晶粒尺寸对洁净车轮钢室温冲击韧度的影响。结果表明：部分车轮钢冲击试样以夹杂物起裂,夹杂物类型为Ti（C,N）,另一部分冲击试样断口起裂源处则未发现有夹杂物,但尺寸在10μm以下的Ti（C,N）夹杂物对车轮钢的冲击韧度没有明显的影响,而晶粒尺寸对车轮钢的冲击韧度有明显影响;其主要原因是室温下车轮钢冲击断裂的临界事件是微裂纹穿过晶界扩展引发解理断裂,因此晶粒尺寸是决定洁净车轮钢冲击韧度的主要因素。     

纯锡晶粒细化效果及机理研究

通过光学金相组织观察、SEM和EDS、EPMA分析、硬度测试,研究了不同含量的TiC和TiB2对纯锡微观组织和性能的影响,并初步探讨了细化机理,为细化剂的制备和细化工艺提供了理论依据。结果表明,加入不同含量的TiC和TiB2对纯锡有不同程度的细化效果,并且随着细化剂加入量的增加,细化效果不断增强。当TiC的加入量为0.8%时,纯锡的晶粒尺寸由135μm减小到43μm;当TiB2的加入量为0.6%时,纯锡的晶粒尺寸减小到57μm。纯锡的硬度也随着晶粒尺寸的减小呈增大趋势。     

低合金高强钢焊缝金属中AF的研究进展

综述了国内外对于低合金高强钢(HSLA,High Strength Low Alloy)焊缝金属中针状铁素体(AF,Acicular Ferrite)的最新研究进展得出,要想获得较多的AF,主要从3个方面加以有效控制:①合金元素中含0.05%～0.10%C,且C当量小于0.39,合理控制Mn,Ni,Ti,B之间的相互比例,保持硼氮比(B/N)在0.6～0.8之间,铝氧比(Al/O)在0.43～0.73之间,降低N,S,P含量;②夹杂物尺寸为0.5～0.8μm,表面富10～20 nm TiO薄层且呈球形,促使生成更多的第Ⅲ、Ⅳ类夹杂物;③较低热输入(HI,Heat Input)时合金元素烧损较少,冷却速率较快,焊缝组织得以细化。     

Effects of inclusions on formation of acicular ferrite and propagation of crack in high strength low alloy steel weld metal

Abstract

High strength low alloy steel was welded by gas shielded arc welding process without preheating. Microstructural characteristics of the weld metal, morphology of inclusions and crack propagation paths were investigated by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the inclusion and element distribution across the inclusion were analysed via energy dispersive spectroscopy system. Results indicated relatively large inclusions with diameters of about 0·6–0·8 μm are much more effective in providing nucleation sites for acicular ferrite transformation and refining the microstructure within austenite grain than small ones with diameters of about 0·3–0·5 μm. When the main crack tip encountered inclusion, more crack paths would be initiated from the interface between inclusion and acicular ferrite plates.     

MgCO3在AZ31镁合金中的细化效果及机理

为改善AZ31镁合金铸态组织,用MgCO3对其进行细化,采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和金相显微镜研究了细化工艺参数对AZ31镁合金显微组织及其物相组成的影响.结果表明:在AZ31中添加质量分数为0.6%的MgCO3,于760℃保温10 min细化效果最佳,α-Mg晶粒的尺寸由基体合金的570μm降至100μm,降幅约82.5%.少量多次添加MgCO3的细化效果明显优于单次添加MgCO3的细化效果.研究认为,细化机理是MgCO3反应后生成的部分Al4C3质点作为异质核心细化晶粒,多余的Al4C3质点钉扎晶界阻碍晶粒长大.Al元素随固/液界面前沿被快速推至晶界,生成沿晶界生长的β-Mg17Al12相,起到进一步固定晶界的作用.合金元素的分布均有改变.     

电渣重熔连续定向凝固FGH96合金非金属夹杂物研究

本文通过真空感应熔炼+惰性气氛保护电渣重熔连续定向凝固制备FGH96合金,对FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物进行对比研究。结果表明,活泼元素Al、Ti、Zr、Ce、B等有轻微的烧损,主要元素含量都在合金要求的范围之内,氧含量略有降低,达到了真空熔炼的水平,氮含量有较大幅度的降低,主要存在两种类型的夹杂物,呈球形的夹杂物是Al、Ti、Mg的复合氧化物和TiN。图像统计分析结果表明,和传统电渣重熔相比,电渣重熔连续定向凝固工艺重熔后FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物面积百分比、100个视场中的夹杂物个数降低了50%以上,夹杂物的最大尺寸由16μm降低到5.5μm,这主要是与熔池的形状、深度和结晶方式有较大关系,传统电渣重熔过程中金属熔池的形状是V字形,深度约占铸锭直径的50%左右,而电渣重熔连续定向凝固过程中形成的熔池呈扁平状,深度占直径10-20%。     

Characterization of inclusions in clean steels: a review including the statistics of extremes methods

The application of new secondary refining techniques and non-metallic inclusion reduction techniques in steel production processes has greatly reduced the size and amount of non-metallic inclusions remaining in molten steels and steel products. This makes the inspection of inclusions difficult. Here the main methods used for the characterization of inclusions in clean steels are reviewed. The influences of inclusions on the properties of steels are discussed. Statistical methods for the prediction of the maximum inclusion size in a large volume of steel are introduced. Methods based on the statistics of extremes are described in detail. The methodology for the practical application of these methods is described and the factors affecting the precision of the estimation are discussed.     

微量稀土元素对Q235B钢组织和性能的影响

为研究微量稀土元素对Q235B钢的夹杂物形态转化和细晶化及钢材强韧性能的影响,用真空感应炉熔化、精炼、制备了不同微稀土质量分数的钢样,用成分、OM、SEM、EDS和图像分析仪等方法,分析研究了微量稀土元素对Q235B钢微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明：在本研究条件下,随稀土量的增加,铁素体晶粒由24μm减小至12μm...     

High-cycle Fatigue Fracture Behavior of Ultrahigh Strength Steels

The fatigue fracture behavior of four ultrahigh strength steels with different melting processes and therefore different inclusion sizes were studied by using a rotating bar two-point bending fatigue machine in the high-cycle regime up to 107 cycles of loading. The fracture surfaces were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）. It was found that the size of inclusion has significant effect on the fatigue behavior. For AtSI 4340 steel in which the inclusion size is smaller than 5.5 μm, all the fatigue cracks except one did not initiated from inclusion but from specimen surface and conventional S-N curve exists. For 65Si2MnWE and Aermet 100 steels in which the average inclusion sizes are 12.2 and 14.9 μm, respectively, fatigue cracks initiated from inclusions at lower stress amplitudes and stepwise S-N curves were observed. The S-N curve displays a continuous decline and fatigue failures originated from large oxide inclusion for 60Si2CrVA steel in which the average inclusion size is 44.4 pro. In the case of internal inclusion-induced fractures at cycles beyond about 1×10^6 for 65Si2MnWE and 60Si2CrVA steels, inclusion was always found inside the fish-eye and a granular bright facet （GBF） was observed in the vicinity around the inclusion. The GBF sizes increase with increasing the number of cycles to failure Nf in the long-life regime. The values of stress intensity factor range at crack initiation site for the GBF are almost constant with Nf, and are almost equal to that for the surface inclusion and the internal inclusion at cycles lower than about 1×10^6. Neither fish-eye nor GBF was observed for Aermet 100 steel in the present study.     

微量Ce元素对0.23C-0.36Si-0.56Mn钢显微组织和力学性能的影响

为研究Ce元素对钢筋力学性能的作用机制,用中频感应熔炼炉制备含不同微量Ce的0.23C-0.36Si-0.56Mn钢样.通过OM、SEM及EDS等分析测试手段,研究微量Ce对钢材微观组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:当钢液中Ce含量在0~0.010%时,钢液洁净度提高;铁素体晶粒尺寸由19.65μm减小到9.65μm;夹杂物面积由0.058%减小到0.028%,10μm左右带尖角的Al2O3和长条状Mn S的夹杂物变为1μm左右球形86.72%Al2O3-13.28%Ce2O3和Ce固溶Mn S复合夹杂物;试样力学性能随微Ce量的增加而明显改善,当Ce含量为0.01%时,钢材的抗拉强度、屈服强度和冲击功比不加Ce时分别提高了16.95%、20.81%和91.94%,断后延伸率(21.85%)超过HRB400国标要求(17%).     

Effect of Binder Level and Granulating Liquid on Phenylbutazone Pellets Prepared by Extrusion-Spheronization

Abstract

The effects of type and amount of binding agent and different amounts of granulating liquid on the physical properties of uncoated beads of phenylbutazone were investigated. The binders used were polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and gelatin/starch (G/S) at two levels, and each formulation at two percentages of granulating liquid; water/ethanol at 60/40 ratio. The ability of these binders to produce pellets of phenylbutazone by the extrusion-spheronization method was evaluated by two criteria. The first was physical properties such as particle size, yield between 710 and 1400 μm, friability, and density. The other criterion was the drug release profile. Generally 5% of gelatin/starch with 80% of solvent produced more uniform pellets with a narrower particle size range and a high yield of spheres between 710 and 1000 μm. Changing the type of the binder, its percentage, and the amount of granulating liquid had no significant effect on the pellet density. Changing the type of the binder or/and its percentage and also the effect of granulating liquid in combination with the other mentioned variables had significant effects on the friability of the pellets. The results show that the amount of granulating liquid and binder amount have the same influence on the drug release from pellets. A slower release rate was observed with increased amounts of these two variables. These differences in the release profiles were parallel to the differences in hardness and structure of the pellets. The difference between particle diameter and the percentage of drug released within 30 min was significant in all formulations.