缺陷类型对FGH95粉末高温合金界面开裂行为影响的模拟

为了研究缺陷类型对粉末高温合金缺陷处应力应变分布的影响,通过弹性模量表征,将缺陷分为硬夹杂(弹性模量大于基体)、软夹杂(弹性模量小于基体)、孔洞(弹性模量为0)。用有限元模型模拟了弹塑性条件下不同类型缺陷对缺陷/基体界面应力应变分布的影响。结果表明,缺陷类型对界面附近应力应变分布影响明显。在该研究的基础上,分析了不同类型缺陷的致裂机制,即:当界面粘接强度较低时,界面应力是评价界面附近破坏的主要参量,当界面粘接强度较高时,基体最大主应力和基体最大塑性应变是评价界面附近破坏的主要参量。分析了当界面结合强度较强、较弱(相对于基体)两种情况下,硬夹杂和软夹杂的界面裂纹在外加载荷作用下的演变过程。从断口上观察分析了源区含不同类别夹杂开裂形貌,其开裂行为与模拟结果一致,验证了模拟的有效性。     

界面拉伸强度对含夹杂粉末高温合金断裂性能的影响

采用GURSON本构方程对粉末冶金材料Ⅰ型裂纹紧凑拉伸试样进行了有限元分析，模拟了夹杂与基体之间的不同界面拉伸强度对基体的损伤及裂纹扩展性能的影响。夹杂与基体间的界面不产生开裂，基体材料的损伤及微裂纹源集中于切口区域。且有最小值；当夹杂从基体上沿界面逐渐脱落时，基体损伤及微裂纹源集中于夹杂周围区域，且在界面拉伸强度等于基体材料的屈服强度时，基体损伤最小，对大多数夹杂，基体最大等效塑性应变也最小。     

夹杂物对无缝钢管裂纹形核和长大的力学影响

内外折是无缝钢管生产过程中常见的缺陷,管坯中的夹杂物对上述缺陷的形成具有重要影响。采用有限元方法,分析含条形MnS夹杂物的16Mn钢受力后的应力、应变分布情况,以期得出夹杂物对钢管内折的影响。分析认为:MnS夹杂物与基体的边界处存在应力、应变集中,而且夹杂物与基体的结合力又比较弱,导致裂纹形核在此处开始;裂纹尺寸越大,应力、应变越严重,裂纹扩展越快,越易达到扩展失稳的临界尺寸,从而形成内折缺陷;长条形夹杂物的端部存在较高的应力、应变集中,应严格控制长条形夹杂物的产生。     

16Cr3NiWMoVNbE齿轮钢的疲劳性能与裂纹萌生

采用真空感应熔炼+真空自耗重熔(VIM+VAR)工艺制备16Cr3NiWMoVNbE齿轮钢。测定了试验钢的疲劳极限和S-N曲线。通过观察断口,分析疲劳萌生类型和影响因素。结果表明:疲劳极限强度达到773 MPa,疲劳裂纹萌生于表面驻留滑移带、表面缺陷、近表面夹杂物和次表面夹杂物。表面驻留滑移带萌生疲劳裂纹占13%,表面缺陷萌生裂纹占33.3%,近表面夹杂物萌生占40%,次表面夹杂物萌生占13%。当疲劳裂纹萌生于内部夹杂物时,疲劳寿命随应力的增大而减小;在一定实际应力作用下,疲劳寿命随夹杂物尺寸的增大而减小。随着实际应力增加,疲劳裂纹萌生的夹杂物临界尺寸减小。     

夹杂物对FGH96合金低周疲劳寿命的影响

通过人工植入夹杂物的方法,制备含不同尺寸Al_2O_3和SiO_2夹杂物的FGH96合金低周疲劳试样,在650℃下进行不同应变幅的低周疲劳试验,对试样断口进行观察、统计分析,定量研究了夹杂物的尺寸、位置、种类和外加载荷应变幅对低周疲劳寿命的影响,建立了低周疲劳寿命与夹杂物特性的关系。结果表明,应变幅为0.8%时,疲劳源区以内部夹杂物为主;当应变幅为0.9%时,疲劳源区内部夹杂物占比降低,而表面夹杂物和不含夹杂物的试样表面的占比增大;当应变幅为1.0%和1.2%时,疲劳源区全部为不含夹杂物试样表面;随应变幅自0.8%增至1.2%,源区位置逐渐由内部夹杂物向表面夹杂物、不含夹杂物的试样表面转移。在较低应变幅下,随夹杂物面积的增大,低周疲劳寿命降低。在一定夹杂物尺寸范围内,SiO_2夹杂物比Al_2O_3夹杂物对低周疲劳寿命危害更大,其原因在于SiO_2夹杂物周围由于γ'相贫化区的存在而产生的粗大晶粒降低了合金的低周疲劳寿命。当不考虑夹杂物面积时,夹杂物距试样表面距离对低周疲劳寿命的影响无明显规律;当夹杂物面积相同时,低周疲劳寿命随夹杂物距试样表面距离的增大而线性增大。其影响相对较小。     

夹杂物尺寸及分布对FGH97高温合金低周疲劳性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、金相显微镜、低周疲劳试验机研究了镍基粉末高温合金FGH97材料650℃低周疲劳性能与断口夹杂物尺寸、面积及分布的关系。结果表明:FGH97热等静压材料低周疲劳裂纹源主要由非金属夹杂物引起。非金属夹杂物尺寸小于临界值(约80μm)时,夹杂物尺寸和位置对650℃最大应力980 MPa低周疲劳寿命无明显影响,疲劳寿命均值达到190 992周次。当夹杂物尺寸超过临界值(约80μm)时,则夹杂物尺寸越大,越靠近表面,低周疲劳寿命越低。因此,控制夹杂物尺寸是提高FGH97高温合金低周疲劳寿命的有效方法。     

ZM6镁合金铸件夹杂物表征及其对拉伸力学性能的影响

夹杂是影响ZM6镁合金铸件力学性能的重要因素。通过拉伸试验测试含有夹杂缺陷ZM6镁合金的力学性能,对试样断口宏观形貌和微观形貌进行观察,测量夹杂物尺寸,定量研究夹杂物的等效直径对抗拉强度和伸长率的影响,建立抗拉强度和伸长率分别与夹杂物等效直径之间的函数关系,并采用ANSYS软件建立含有不同夹杂物尺寸的ZM6镁合金有限模型。结果表明：ZM6合金中的夹杂物主要为氧化镁;等效直径能够很好的表征夹杂物尺寸,随着夹杂物等效直径的增大,抗拉强度和伸长率会随之降低;有限元模拟表明夹杂物和基体界面位置存在明显应力集中,且位于基体较薄界面位置,可较准确预测含不同尺寸夹杂物的合金拉伸性能,拉伸应力应变曲线偏差5%之内,抗拉强度预测误差小于10%。     

基于内聚力模型的单胞颗粒复合材料损伤行为研究

基于材料的细观结构等效颗粒相、基体相以及界面相,采用非线性有限元软件建立了复合材料的三相单胞模型,模拟了界面从出现初始损伤到裂纹完全扩展、界面脱粘的全过程。借助数值模拟,探讨了界面初始线性模量、界面结合强度和界面能量释放率对材料损伤演化规律的影响。结果表明,当载荷较小时,界面完好结合,可以起到在颗粒与基体间很好地传递应力的作用;当载荷达到界面的最大应力时,界面无法继续承载,开始出现初始损伤;当载荷继续增大时,界面承载能力下降,界面进入损伤扩展阶段直至界面应力为零,界面完全脱粘失效。在静水拉力的作用下,当界面能量释放率较大时,界面发生完全脱粘所需的分离位移也随之增加,脱粘的时间较晚。     

MnS高温应力-应变曲线及其在有限元分析中的应用（英文）

设计一种非金属材料高温应力-应变曲线测试方法,并对所获得的Mn S高温应力-应变曲线数据进行摩擦修正。在此基础上利用有限元分析技术,研究变形参数对Mn S夹杂物演变的影响,并设计相应物理实验进行对比分析。结果表明:实验方法获得Mn S高温变形数据有较高的可靠性。在基体变形过程中,Mn S夹杂物形状由球状逐渐变为椭球体形、直至圆薄片状,且基体不同位置处夹杂物变形后的形貌不同。随着Mn S夹杂物初始尺寸的增加,探伤检测不通过风险增大,锻件质量亦随之变差。     

镦粗过程中锻件内孔洞缺陷邻域应变分布的模拟研究

本文通过塑泥试样的物理模拟与刚塑性有限元的数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了镦粗过程中的锻件内部孔洞缺陷的变形过程，并着重研究了内部孔洞尺寸与摩擦条件对孔洞闭合的影响，绘制出应变分量、应力分量、等效应力和等效应变的等值线图。通过对孔洞邻域的应变分布的分析，指出孔洞周围存在一个应力、应变集中区域。孔洞尺寸越小，应变集中程度越大。增大摩擦，有利于中心部位孔洞的闭合。     

Influence of Microstructural Inhomogeneity and Residual Stress on Very High Cycle Fatigue Property of Clean Spring Steel

The present study investigated the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) properties of a spring steel SUP7-T386 under the conditions of surface grinding and electro-polishing by performing the axial loading test at a stress ratio of ?1. The influence of the microstructural inhomogeneity (MI) generated in the process of heat treatment and the residual stress induced by surface grinding on the VHCF properties was discussed. This steel with surface grinding exhibits the continuously descending S-N characteristics, corresponding to the surface flaw-induced failure at high stress level and the interior flaw-induced failure at low stress level. Otherwise, with surface electro-polishing, it exhibits continuously descending S-N characteristics with lower fatigue strength, but only corresponding to the surface flaw-induced failure even at low stress level. Compared with the evaluated maximum inclusion size of about 11.5 μm, the larger MI size and the compressive residual stress play a key role in determining fatigue failure mechanism of this steel under axial loading in the VHCF regime. From the viewpoint of fracture mechanics, MI-induced crack growth behavior belongs to the category of small crack growth, and threshold stress intensity factors controlling surface and interior crack growth are evaluated to be 2.85 and 2.51 MPa m^1/2, respectively. The predicted maximum MI size of about 27.6 μm can be well used to evaluate surface and interior fatigue limit of this steel under axial loading in the VHCF regime, combined with the correction of residual stress.     

Synergistic Effects of Temperature,Oxidation and Stress Level on Fatigue Damage Evolution and Lifetime Prediction of Cross-Ply SiC/CAS Ceramic-Matrix Composites Through Hysteresis-Based Parameters

The damage development and cyclic fatigue lifetime of cross-ply SiC/CAS ceramic-matrix composites have been investigated at different testing temperatures in air atmosphere. The relationships between the fatigue hysteresis-based damage parameters, i.e., fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy, fatigue hysteresis modulus and fatigue peak strain and the damage mechanisms of matrix multicracking, fiber/matrix interface debonding, interface sliding and fibers failure, have been established. With the increase in the cycle number, the evolution of the fatigue hysteresis modulus, fatigue peak strain and fatigue hysteresis dissipated energy depends upon the fatigue peak stress levels, interface and fibers oxidation and testing temperature. The fatigue life S-N curves of cross-ply SiC/CAS composite at room and elevated temperatures have been predicted, and the fatigue limit stresses at room temperature, 750 and 850 °C, are 50, 36 and 30% of the tensile strength, respectively.     

硫对超高强度钢300M高周疲劳性能的影响

对高硫和低硫300M钢的显微组织和力学性能进行了系统研究,重点分析了硫含量对300M钢中夹杂物特征及高周疲劳寿命的影响机理。研究发现,硫含量的增加会大大降低300M钢的高周疲劳寿命。硫含量的增加会提高MnS夹杂物的析出温度及析出数量,提高试样次表层出现大尺寸MnS夹杂物的概率,大大降低高周疲劳裂纹萌生的难度,进而降低300M钢的高周疲劳寿命。     

Fatigue-life prediction of SiC aluminum composite using a Weibull model

The feasibility of the acoustic emission technique in predicting the residual fatigue life of 6061-T6 aluminum matrix composite reinforced with 15 vol.% SiC particulates (SiC_p) is presented. Fatigue damages corresponding to 40, 60 and 80% of total fatigue life were induced at a cyclic stress amplitude. The specimens with and without fatigue damage were subjected to tensile tests. The acoustic emission activities were monitored during tensile tests. The number of cumulative AE events increased exponentially with the increase in strain during tensile tests. This exponential increase occurred when the material was in the plastic regime and was attributed mainly to SiC particulate/matrix interface decohesion. Cumulative events during post fatigue tensile tests reduced with a decrease in the residual fatigue life. Based on the high cycle fatigue damage accumulation model, a Weibull probability distribution model is developed to explain the post fatigue AE activity of specimens during tensile tests. Using the model, the residual fatigue life can be predicted by testing the specimen in tension and monitoring the AE events. In high cycle fatigue, it was observed that the residual tensile strengths of the material did not change significantly with prior cyclic loading damages since the high cycle fatigue life was dominated by the crack initiation phase.     

INFLUENCE OF TOP TEMPERATURE OF THERMAL CYCLE ON THERMAL STRESS/STRAIN AND THERMAL FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF PURE IRON

１．ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＦｉｇ．１　ＴｈｅｒｍａｌｆａｔｉｇｕｅｔｅｓｔｍａｃｈｉｎｅｗｉｔｈＯｕｔｅｒｃｉｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔＴｈｅｄａｍａｇｅｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｒｍａｌｆａｔｉｇｕｅｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｉｎｆａｉｌｕｒｅｆｏｒｍｓｏｆｍｅｔａｌｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｐｉｅｃｅｓｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ａｌｏｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｍａｌｆａｔｉｇｕｅｔｅｓｔｓｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｆａｉｌｕｒｅｗｅｒｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｖａｒｉｏｕ…     

气缸盖蠕变-疲劳寿命预测

气缸盖在工作中受到低周热疲劳损伤、高周热疲劳损伤和蠕变损伤,其寿命和可靠性是发动机的重要指标。用热瞄构顺序耦合分析方法计算了气缸盖的温度场和应力场,分析了气缸盖上危险点在10个启动-工作-停车循环的弹性应变、塑性应变和蠕变应变,从理论上证明了影响气缸盖寿命的主要因素是低周热疲劳损伤,启动次数是其最主要的寿命指标。蠕变不影响低周热疲劳的应力幅,只是使循环中的平均应力增加。高温下松弛与蠕变同时发生,降低了平均应力的增长速度。经历有限个循环,平均应力基本稳定。因此,把发动机气缸盖的蠕变-低周热疲劳等效为一定应力幅和平均应力的热-机械疲劳,并用标准试样的热-机械疲劳试验预测了发动机气缸盖的使用寿命（可承受的最大启动次数）。     

690 MPa级齿条钢板高周疲劳行为研究

由于加工过程中热输入历史的影响,在切割及焊接过程中会形成热影响区。热影响区和基体组织性能的差异导致海洋平台用特厚齿条钢板在长期服役过程中的疲劳寿命和疲劳极限不同。为探究热输入历史对材料基础疲劳性能的影响,研究了690 MPa海洋平台用齿条钢板火焰切割和焊接热影响区的高周疲劳行为,并与基体疲劳性能进行了对比。结果表明,切割热影响区和基体的疲劳强度分别为520 MPa和560 MPa,焊接热影响区和基体的疲劳强度分别为640 MPa和660 MPa。切割区基体和焊接区基体的平均有效晶粒尺寸分别为6.9 μm和5.6 μm,晶粒细化提高疲劳强度。由于热输入的影响导致组织不均匀,热影响区晶粒粗化,晶粒尺寸增加,在疲劳载荷作用下,晶界处应力集中增大,易在晶界处萌生裂纹源,使得试样在相同应力水平下,疲劳寿命和疲劳极限降低。     

Cyclic deformation of ultrafine-grained aluminum

Cyclic deformation of ultrafine-grained (UFG) Al with different grain sizes has been studied. It was found that UFG Al had shorter fatigue life than its coarse-grained counterparts. For UFG Al, the fatigue life decreases with decreasing grain size. Shear bands (SBs) shorten fatigue life. SBs are always inclined at 45° to the loading axis, and extend across the whole specimen. A SB is a thin sheet of tangled dislocations that have different Burgers vectors; its thickness is much less than the grain size. The strain–stress field inside a SB is very high. SBs produce shear steps, but not surface extrusions/intrusions, on the specimen surface. Thick shear bands (TSBs), about 200–300 μm, were found in the 6.36 μm grain size specimens, which also inclined 45° to the loading axis. TSBs consist of dislocation cells. The formation of TSBs does not reduce the fatigue life.     

Low cycle fatigue behavior of zirconium–titanium–steel composite plate

The low cycle fatigue behavior of zirconium–titanium–steel composite plate under symmetrical and asymmetric stress control was studied. The effects of mean stress and stress amplitude on cyclic deformation, ratcheting effect and damage mechanism were discussed in detail. The results show that under symmetric stress control, the forward ratcheting deformation is observed. Under asymmetric stress control, the ratcheting strain increases rapidly with mean stress and stress amplitude increasing. Under high stress amplitude, the influence of mean stress is more significant. In addition, by studying the variation of strain energy density, it is found that the stress amplitude mainly promotes the fatigue damage, while the mean stress leads to the ratcheting damage. In addition, fracto- graphic observation shows that the crack initiates in the brittle metal compound at the interface, and the steel has higher resistance to crack propagation. Finally, the accuracy of life prediction model considering ratcheting effect is discussed in detail, and a high-precision life prediction model directly based on mean stress and stress amplitude is proposed.     

8090Al—Li合金的低周疲劳行为

研究了不同热处理状态８０９０Ａｌ－Ｌｉ合金的循环疲劳与断裂行为。结果表明，相同时效状态合金的循环应力随应变幅的增加而提高，低应变幅下时效状态影响较小；随应变幅的提高，时效状态的影响增强，合金出表现出的循环硬化，软化以及低周疲劳性能与位错组态，沉淀相的尺寸，晶界ＰＦＺ的形成和断口形貌密切相关。