基于无线信道的冲突分解算法仿真研究

目前,无线局域网(WLAN)中的媒体接入控制层(MAC)广泛采用基于IEEE802.11的二进制指数回退算法(BEB)的DCF协议.当WLAN中的节点数目迅速增加时,该协议存在系统吞吐量会急剧降低,网络性能变差的缺点.详细分析了无线局域网中IEEE 802.11MAC层的二进制退避协议,指出原协议在进行冲突处理上的不足,并结合树型分解算法(TSA)和快速分解算法(FCR),提出一种改进的树型冲突分解算法(ITSA).并用MATLAB仿真了CSMA/CA协议和ITSA算法.分析和仿真结果证明,与IEEE 802.11等协议采用的二进制指数退避算法相比,该算法能较大的提高系统吞吐量.     

一种适用于无线传感器网络的功率控制MAC协议

功率控制技术通过减少节点的发射功率来降低能耗,但节点间不对称的发射功率会增加网络的冲突概率并降低吞吐量.根据实际环境中的节点部署情况,引入了基于Pareto分布的系统模型.研究了传感器网络中功率控制技术在节省能量方面的性能,提出了一种基于SMAC(sensor-MAC)可适用于无线传感器网络的功率控制MAC(media access control)协议.此协议使用功率控制调度算法选择最优相邻节点,使网络中节点的拓扑连接得到优化,在保证网络连通性的同时,降低通信的冲突率,扩大网络的吞吐量.信息的传递以最优功率发射,并使通信节点具有反作用冲突节点的能力,从而在降低网络能耗的同时保证了节点间通信的公平性.实验仿真结果显示,与现有的几种重要方案相比,新的功率控制MAC协议使网络具有了更大的有效吞吐量及更长的生存时间.     

基于信道占用及优先级的MAC协议退避算法

针对Ad Hoc网络MAC协议（SPMA协议）的退避时间问题,为降低包与包之间的冲突并提高信道利用率,提出了一种基于信道占用及优先级的自适应退避算法（A-COP算法）。分析了退避时间对系统性能的影响以及现有退避算法的不足;根据SPMA协议的特点以及初等函数模型建立退避算法模型;基于OPNET对该模型进行系统仿真,并与原算法协议模型进行比较。仿真结果表明,基于该算法的SPMA协议通过对低优先级业务的接入控制,可使系统吞吐量更加稳定,并且可满足高优先级业务高通信质量的要求。     

一种基于预约的无线传感器网络MAC协议

无线传感器网络要求的能量高效,低延时,使得MAC协议的设计充满挑战.近来已经提出了很多基于簇的MAC协议,为减少冲突在簇内部采用TDMA方式来协调簇内各个节点的传输.本文提出了一种在采用簇结构的基础上,使用预约方式来发送数据的R-MAC(Reservation-MAC)协议.当争用节点少的时候,采用随机争用方式来预约数据的发送;在争用节点多的时候,采用时隙争用方式来预约数据的发送.分析表明,R-MAC能够有效的降低能耗和减少延迟.     

认知无线电网络双天线多信道MAC协议

在认知无线电网络中,媒体接入控制(MAC)协议的主要功能包括信道感知、选择和接入控制,其中感知时间和传输时间的长度对网络的性能有着重要的影响。在动态无线网络环境下,如何合理分配感知时间和传输时间是个挑战性问题。提出了一种双天线多信道分布式认知无线电MAC（TM-MAC）协议,不需要在传输之前对信道进行感知。节点可以在其它节点传输数据的同时对频谱资源进行检测,然后利用空闲的频谱资源通信。建立了数学模型分析在饱和网络状况下MAC协议的吞吐量。仿真分析表明TM-MAC协议能够有效提高网络的吞吐量。     

基于有序竞争的传感器网络MAC协议

在定向扩散路由无线传感器网络中,为减轻竞争型MAC协议CSMA/CD的碰撞冲突问题,以及减小MAC协议引入的时延,对CSMA/CD协议进行改进,提出基于定向扩散与有序竞争的传感器网络MAC协议,即CSMA/CD-DDOC,通过将同跳梯度层次内的转发节点进行分组后实施各分组对共享信道的有序竞争,减少同时争用信道的节点数目,以达到减少碰撞和减小时延的目的。理论分析和仿真结果表明,CSMA/CD-DDOC协议具有优于CSMA/CD协议的时延性能。     

移动自组网媒体接入控制协议吞吐量与公平性均衡设计

针对移动自组网媒体接入控制(MAC)协议高吞吐量、低公平性的失衡问题,提出一种基于最优接入概率的简化协议MAC-FT.首先推导公平条件下最优吞吐量与节点数、节点数与空闲接入概率的定量关系,设计空闲接入概率评估模型,利用李雅普诺夫漂移函数证明模型的可行性和稳定性;其次利用自回归滑动平均(ARMA) 模型滤波实现空闲时隙接入概率的计算,并通过比例积分控制器(PIC)完成动态控制;最后综合分析吞吐量和公平性等性能.实验结果表明MAC-FT公平索引值为0.98,吞吐量为6.15 Mb/s,接近最优值1和5.85 Mb/s,比渐进最佳回退(AOB)、空闲感知(IS)、协议分布式协调(DCF)、改进协议启发式缓变协议(GDCF)性能更优,实现吞吐量和公平性的均衡.     

一种无线网络中有效的MAC层信道竞争方案

在研究IEEE802．11DCF的基础上．提出了一种简单有效的无线局域网MAC层冲突解决机制（PBCR）．主要通过均匀分布站点的退避计数器值来达到减少冲突的目的．建模的计算结果和仿真的统计结果都表明PBCR在性能上，包括吞吐量，公平因子以及发送延迟等方面比DCF有显著的提高．     

基于蚁群优化的AdHoc网络生存时间和其他网络性能平衡路由协议

本文提出了基于蚁群优化(ACO)算法的Ad Hoc网络生存时间和其他网络性能平衡路由协议(ABEAR)。协议按需发送人工蚂蚁进行路由发现,综合节点残留的信息素浓度、下一跳节点剩余能量、节点周围链路质量和拥塞情况选择下一跳节点来转发数据包,尽量避开信道使用频率较高的路径,减少了因信道冲突、数据包丢失和数据包重传所造成的能量损失,还缩短了网络传输时延,提高了网络吞吐量。协议还采用跨层机制根据MAC层通信活动情况,在保证网络连通性的前提下使部分空闲节点转入睡眠状态来节省能量消耗。仿真表明,与AODV协议相比,ABEAR协议在网络生存时间、数据包交付率和端到端平均时延方面均有较大改善。     

基于时分复用的车载自组织网多信道MAC协议

为解决车载自组织网络负载较重时控制信道拥塞和IEEE1609.4标准中信道利用率低的问题,提出一种使用时分复用机制的VANET多信道MAC协议。协议采用节点分时段接入控制信道的机制来降低冲突概率,规定每个节点使用两部收发机来避免数据信道空闲;使用一个优化模型确定退避过程参数,以最大化饱和吞吐量。仿真结果表明该协议具备优良的吞吐量性能,能给出较低的,稳定的安全信息时延。     

Efficient contention-based MAC protocol using adaptive fuzzy controlled sliding backoff interval for wireless networks

Efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol should be able to provide high throughput performance and efficient share of the medium. In this paper, a new contention-based MAC protocol based on adaptive fuzzy controlled sliding backoff interval is proposed to maximize the channel throughput and improve the fairness of random access channels. In the proposed protocol, every node that experiences packet collisions increases its sliding backoff interval (SB) range by a forward sliding factor (FSF). In case of successful transmission the node decreases its SB range by a backward sliding factor (BSF). Forward and backward sliding factors are controlled by the channel offered traffic using a fuzzy controller. Furthermore, the operation of the proposed backoff algorithm does not depend on the knowledge of the number of active nodes. A computer simulation is developed using MATLAB to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm and compare it with other backoff schemes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms other backoff schemes, such as binary exponential backoff (BEB) and the fast collision resolution (FCR) scheme. It provides a significant efficient fair sharing performance improvement which converges to the ideal fairness performance while providing high throughput performance.     

Ad Hoc网络中增强TCP性能的MAC退避算法

针对TCP在Ad Hoc网络环境中性能急剧下降的问题,提出一种基于侦听信道连续空闲时隙数的负载自适应退避（LAB）算法。LAB算法通过测量无线信道连续空闲时隙数自适应调节退避窗口,达到优化网络吞吐量的目的。共享一条信道的各节点能在侦听连续空闲时隙数后,收敛到一致的退避窗口。仿真结果表明,与BEB等算法相比,该算法具有更高的网络吞吐量和流间公平性。     

竞争窗口线性变化的分级冲突解析算法

设计合理的冲突解析机制可有效提高无线信道利用率。针对二进制指数退避（Binary Exponential Backoff,BEB）算法及其各种改进算法中普遍存在的节点间交叉冲突问题,提出一种竞争窗口线性变化的分级冲突解析算法（Staged Collision Resolution algorithm with Linearly Varying contention window,LV-SCR）。它通过使处于不同退避阶段节点的退避时隙互相隔离,彻底消除了节点间的交叉冲突;为降低信道空闲概率,还采用了一种竞争窗口的线性调节机制。仿真结果表明,与BEB算法相比,在网络吞吐量和数据帧平均接入时延未明显恶化的情况下,LV-SCR算法可使节点间的碰撞次数减少10%至50%以上。     

无线传感器网络动态占空比MAC协议

提出一个能量高效的传感器网络MAC协议(EMAC协议)。传感器节点在空闲时进入睡眠状态,大大减少了空闲侦听,采用可变占空比工作方式降低能量消耗。仿真实验显示EMAC协议大大降低了节点的能量消耗,明显提高了网络的生命期。     

无线传感器网络S-MAC协议的分析与算法改进

无线传感器网络（WSN）使用灵活,移动性强,架设便捷,应用范围非常广泛。媒体访问控制（MAC）协议是保证无线传感器网络高效通信的关键网络协议之一。重点分析了WSN中基于竞争的典型MAC协议——S-MAC协议。针对S-MAC协议中采用的退避算法不能良好地解决节点通信公平性等问题,提出了BDQR退避算法。实验结果表明,该算法有效地提高了节点通信公平性,降低了信道的碰撞,延长了网络的生命周期。     

Differentiation, QoS guarantee, and optimization for real-time traffic over one-hop ad hoc networks

Nodes having a self-centrically broadcasting nature of communication form a wireless ad hoc network. Many issues are involved to provide quality of service (QoS) for ad hoc networks, including routing, medium access, resource reservation, mobility management, etc. Previous work mostly focuses on QoS routing with an assumption that the medium access control (MAC) layer can support QoS very well. However, contention-based MAC protocols are adopted in most ad hoc networks since there is no centralized control. QoS support in contention-based MAC layer is a very challenging issue. Carefully designed distributed medium access techniques must be used as foundations for most ad hoc networks. In this paper, we study and enhance distributed medium access techniques for real-time transmissions in the IEEE 802.11 single-hop ad hoc wireless networks. In the IEEE 802.11 MAC, error control adopts positive acknowledgement and retransmission to improve transmission reliability in the wireless medium (WM). However, for real-time multimedia traffic with sensitive delay requirements, retransmitted frames may be too late to be useful due to the fact that the delay of competing the WM is unpredictable. In this paper, we address several MAC issues and QoS issues for delay-sensitive real-time traffic. First, a priority scheme is proposed to differentiate the delay sensitive real-time traffic from the best-effort traffic. In the proposed priority scheme, retransmission is not used for the real-time traffic, and a smaller backoff window size is adopted. Second, we propose several schemes to guarantee QoS requirements. The first scheme is to guarantee frame-dropping probability for the real-time traffic. The second scheme is to guarantee throughput and delay. The last scheme is to guarantee throughput, delay, and frame-dropping probability simultaneously. Finally, we propose adaptive window backoff schemes to optimize throughput with and without QoS constraints.     

退避算法在Ad hoc网络中的吞吐量性能评估*

针对现有的主要退避算法,通过一维马尔可夫链分析了指数退避算法、线性退避算法和多项式退避算法以及各自对应的有最大重传次数限制的退避算法在饱和Ad hoc网络中的吞吐量性能,为无线Ad hoc网络的MAC机制的性能优化提供了理论依据。分析表明,对重传次数进行限制会减小吞吐量,同时导致丢包率的增加。三种退避算法中,多项式退避算法的吞吐量最大,而冲突概率最小,指数退避算法的吞吐量和冲突概率在三种退避算法中均居于中间;此外,吞吐量随着竞争节点的个数增加而减小,其中线性退避算法减小的速度最快,指数退避算法次之。     

SEEL:无线传感器网络下自适应、低延迟的节能媒质接入控制协议

无线传感器网络有着广泛的应用前景,然而由于传感器节点能量有限,因此传感器网络上运行的协议必须具备能量有效性以获得较长的生命周期.而媒质接入控制子层是节点能量消耗的主要所在,因此无线传感器网络设计的关键问题之一是媒质的接入控制.提出了一种自适应低延迟的节能MAC协议——SEEL协议,根据当前的网络负载自适应地调节竞争窗口的大小,从而减小节点数据传送的碰撞几率和由于碰撞而导致的能量消耗;采用了快速退避机制,减少了节点在退避过程中的空闲监听时间;扩展了RTS/CTS消息机制,可减少节点在每帧活动阶段的时间以及减小数据的延迟,两者都能节约能量的使用.实验结果显示,SEEL协议具有比S-MAC和TEEM协议更好的性能.     

DLSOMAC:一个面向分布式无线链路调度技术的MAC协议

无线网络分布式链路调度技术通过发掘无线传输间的复用达到提高吞吐量的目的. 链路调度策略的形成需要节点间公平地交互含有如节点ID、队列长度等信息的短报文,并且这些短报文同步传输,导致信道拥挤.由于存在信道空闲侦听开销,在拥挤信道中频繁后退,以及隐藏终端和暴露终端的问题,传统的CSMA/CA (Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance)协议传输性能低下,难以为分布式无线链路调度技术服务. 针对链路调度策略形成期间报文短、信道拥挤以及公平性要求的挑战.提出了一个简单的随机MAC (Media access control)协议DLSOMAC (Distributed link scheduling oriented MAC). DLSOMAC协议没有信道侦听过程,以降低短报文的传输延迟开销;基于分布式息票收集算法,均匀分散传输时刻来降低冲撞概率和提高公平性,以满足分布式链路调度技术对MAC层的需求.用排队论分析了DLSOMAC的报文传输延迟性能.仿真实验表明, 在短报文情况下,无论网络负载轻重与否, DLSOMAC协议的报文传输延迟明显优于CSMA/CA,并且报文越短,性能相对越好.即使在长报文的情况下,当网络负载很重时, DLOSMAC协议也稍优于CSMA/CA协议,适合于为自组织网络的分布式链路调度技术服务.     

Energy and delay optimized contention for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor network (WSN) studies, the main objective is minimizing the energy consumption so that the lifetime is maximized under the limited battery capacity constraints. Additionally, in most event-driven WSN applications, the end-to-end delay, and hence, the medium access delay should be minimized. Majority of the WSN MAC protocols are contention-based wherein contention window size setting involves an important trade-off between the collision probability and idle listening durations in contentions where both are aimed to be lowered for efficient network operation. In this paper, the energy optimizing and the delay optimizing contention window sizes are derived as a function of the number of contending nodes. For this purpose, we present separate analyses for the contention delay and for the energy consumed which are verified with detailed simulations. In order to obtain close to optimal performance values in a distributed manner, we propose a method for estimating the number of contending nodes since the individual wireless sensor nodes do not have this information readily. Simulations of an event-driven WSN application verify that the proposed method successfully improve both delay and energy efficiency of the contention-based medium access. The end-to-end network performance is also investigated by employing a geographical routing protocol. Results show that using the heuristic method proposed that use the optimum contention window size analyses presented, the overall network performance can be improved without incurring any overhead to the system.