热泵精馏在气分装置丙烯塔中的应用

在气分装置的丙烯精馏中应用热泵精馏技术可以显著降低装置的能耗。本文通过Aspen HYSYS软件,对惠州炼油二期中70万t/年气体分馏装置的丙烯塔进行流程模拟。采用三种不同的蒸汽加压式热泵精馏方式:塔顶气体压缩式,分割式和塔釜液体闪蒸再沸式进行模拟,并将模拟得到的能耗与原有常规双塔精馏的能耗进行比较。结果表明,采用塔釜液体闪蒸再沸式热泵精馏的节能效率最高,经济性最好。     

中间再沸式热泵甲醇精馏节能及经济分析

典型的年产60万t甲醇双效精馏流程能耗较大,为此提出了中间再沸式热泵精馏方案。采用Aspen-Plus化工流程模拟软件,以能耗最低为目标函数,对甲醇中间再沸式热泵精馏进行了模拟与分析,得到了合适的工艺参数。模拟结果表明:在满足生产要求的条件下中间再沸式热泵精馏相比于双效精馏系统,节能48.34%,运行费用节约24.14%。每年可节省运行费用1 056万元。     

MTO丙烯精馏塔能耗与经济性对比分析

MTO丙烯精馏塔的作用是将丙烯和丙烷进行分离,生产聚合级丙烯。该塔系具有如下特点:丙烯和丙烷的相对挥发度很小;塔顶和塔釜温差小;回流比高;塔板数多;塔顶冷凝器和塔釜再沸器的热负荷很大,能耗较高。为降低丙烯精馏塔能耗,可采用热泵精馏流程或常规精馏余热利用流程。采用Pro II9.0流程模拟软件,对丙烯精馏塔常规精馏流程与热泵精馏流程分别进行了模拟,比较分析两种流程的能耗和经济性。结果表明,常规精馏流程采用余热利用后节能91.31%,比热泵精馏流程低52.50%;操作费用节约87.06%,比热泵精馏流程低44.78%;两种流程在设备投资方面较接近。在选择流程时,应根据项目实际情况进行综合比较,并考虑整个装置的能量综合利用。当装置内部或周围副产大量低温热时,可考虑采用余热利用流程;当装置内部或周围无大量低温热时,可考虑采用热泵精馏流程。     

天然气脱水再生方案的优化

本文对分子筛脱水单元的天然气再生方案进行探讨,以对工艺流程进行优化.本文以某终端天然气处理装置的天然气脱水单元为例,在三塔/两塔流程,干气/湿气再生,等压/降压再生等方案中进行分析,通过能耗对比排除了三塔降压再生方案,选出了五种节能效果较好的方案.结合计算方案的全寿命周期得到以下结论:无论采用三塔还是两塔流程,干气等压...     

回收DMF的多效热泵精馏工艺研究

针对传统DMF回收工艺存在的高能耗问题,提出多效热泵精馏回收DMF工艺流程。在建立多效热泵精馏的能量平衡模型的基础上,利用ASPEN PLUS软件中的RADFRAC模块和UNIQUAC热力学计算模型,对该回收工艺进行模拟优化计算,确定各种工艺的最佳操作条件。在计算结果的基础上,对提出的各种工艺过程进行技术经济分析,以综合经济效益最佳为目标函数,确定了DMF回收的最佳多效热泵精馏工艺流程。     

流程模拟技术在甲醇精馏装置上的应用

粗甲醇中除含有甲醇和水外,还含有醇、醛、酮、醚、酸、酯、烷烃、胺及羰基铁等有机杂质。采用精馏方法将粗甲醇精制成精甲醇,利用甲醇、水、有机杂质的挥发度不同、沸点不同,将杂质、水与甲醇分离。一般采用三塔精馏流程,可以利用加压塔的塔顶蒸汽冷凝热作为常压塔再沸器的加热源,不仅节省加热蒸汽,而且节省冷却用水,能量得到有效利用。采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件,建立四川维尼纶厂770kt甲醇精馏装置稳态流程模拟模型,通过对预馏塔、加压塔和常压塔的模拟,研究塔压力、回流量、进料温度、加压塔与常压塔采出比、杂醇油采出量等参数间的相互关系。在保证加压塔和常压塔采出产品质量的前提下,以节能降耗和经济效益最大化为目标,对装置操作参数进行系统优化。经过优化调整,装置蒸汽消耗量下降明显,节约蒸汽5.54t/h,每年实现节能效益709万元,优化效果明显。     

低碳混合醇分离序列的合成与热集成工艺

为降低低碳混合醇的分离能耗,应用探试法、有序搜索法及调优法合成了一系列分离序列,并利用ASPEN PLUS软件中RADFRAC精馏模块,选用NRTL-RK热力学模型,对合成的各种分离序列进行模拟与优化,得到了各分离序列的工艺参数,设备参数及年总费用(ATC)。在此基础上,把塔间热集成精馏应用于以上得到的最优分离序列中,提出了两种热集成分离工艺并进行了优化计算,得到了相关数据。研究结果表明:热集成工艺具有明显的节能效果和显著的综合经济效益,其中热集成工艺2是分离本体系的最优工艺路线。     

变工况下热泵供热及膨胀机供热的热力性能对比分析

通过对各设备进行建模,以某300 MW热电联产机组为例,对热泵供热及利用小型膨胀机发电后排汽供热两种方案进行变工况分析。结果表明,对于热泵供热方案,在不同的主蒸汽流量下,都存在一个最佳出口热网水温,使系统煤耗最低;采用热泵最佳参数与膨胀机方案进行变工况对比,发现在采暖抽汽参数较低时,热泵方案的煤耗高于膨胀机方案,随着采暖抽汽参数的增大,当热泵出口最佳热网水温超过70℃时,热泵方案的煤耗开始低于膨胀机方案;同样,在采暖抽汽参数较低时,热泵供热效率比膨胀机方案低,当热泵出口最佳热网水温超过64℃时,热泵方案供热效率开始超过膨胀机方案;提出等效节能量指标,并通过计算表明该指标可用于对比两方案的节能效益。     

甲苯二胺脱水过程的节能分析

从节能的目的出发,对甲苯二胺脱水过程进行热力学分析,改变工艺流程结构和操作参数,通过模拟优化对不同工艺方案进行比较。得到的单塔改进方案可降低有效能消耗约30％,工艺简单,适合老装置改造,而双效流程方案可降低有效能消耗约60％,比较适合新装置设计。     

多晶硅精馏两塔流程和隔壁塔单塔流程对比

多晶硅生产中尾气回收装置送至精馏的回收料，通常需要经过脱重—脱轻或者脱轻—脱重两个塔精馏才能得到合格的产品。最新的精馏工艺采用隔壁塔，用一个塔实现了二氯二氢硅、三氯氢硅、四氯化硅的分离。应用Aspen Plus软件模拟这三种工艺流程，并从能耗、设备投资等角度进行了对比分析。结果表明,在相同的进料组成、分离要求、操作压力的前提下，隔壁塔流程无论是从能耗方面，还是成本投资方面均是最优方案。研究了隔壁塔流程中回流比、进料位置以及侧采位置对产品质量的影响。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.