基于耗能差指数和SIR模型的#br# 结构易损性及可恢复能力评估

传统结构地震易损性中结构地震响应指标对损伤反映不充分,且无法为结构震后可恢复性评估提供准确的初始损伤指标。针对上述不足和结构地震可恢复能力评估的需求,提出运用基于弹塑性耗能差的损伤指数进行结构地震易损性评价的方法。建立可推演出指定地震动强度和超越概率下的损伤指数的计算方法。利用SIR模型能够描述系统损伤和恢复动态演变过程的特点,提出基于该模型的单体建筑结构和区域建筑群的性能水平恢复函数模型及结构的恢复能力计算方法,从而表征建筑结构群体在地震激励下的“直接损伤 间接损伤 恢复”全过程。以单体结构和区域结构为算例进行易损性分析和震后可恢复性评估,结果表明：基于弹塑性耗能差的损伤指数具有真实可靠和机理明确的特点,在离散性和相关性方面均优于传统指标。SIR可恢复性能评估模型较常用恢复函数模型更为精准,简单高效且适合推广到区域建筑集群体当中,是对现有区域恢复性能评估框架的有益补充。     

基于耗能差指数和SIR模型的结构易损性及可恢复能力评估

传统结构地震易损性中结构地震响应指标对损伤反映不充分,且无法为结构震后可恢复性评估提供准确的初始损伤指标。针对上述不足和结构地震可恢复能力评估的需求,提出运用基于弹塑性耗能差的损伤指数进行结构地震易损性评价的方法。建立可推演出指定地震动强度和超越概率下的损伤指数的计算方法。利用SIR模型能够描述系统损伤和恢复动态演变过程的特点,提出基于该模型的单体建筑结构和区域建筑群的性能水平恢复函数模型及结构的恢复能力计算方法,从而表征建筑结构群体在地震激励下的"直接损伤-间接损伤-恢复"全过程。以单体结构和区域结构为算例进行易损性分析和震后可恢复性评估,结果表明:基于弹塑性耗能差的损伤指数具有真实可靠和机理明确的特点,在离散性和相关性方面均优于传统指标。SIR可恢复性能评估模型较常用恢复函数模型更为精准,简单高效且适合推广到区域建筑集群体当中,是对现有区域恢复性能评估框架的有益补充。     

近场地震下混凝土框架考虑不确定性的#br# 抗震风险与恢复性评估

结构的抗震恢复性表征了结构震后维持和恢复其功能的能力,是近年来地震工程学界研究热点之一。文章以我国8度区典型中低层混凝土框架为例进行系统性的抗震恢复性评估。考虑结构设计参数以及震后修复行为的不确定性,探讨混凝土框架在远近场地震下的恢复性差异。通过增量动力分析的方法得到结构的易损性曲线,并在此基础上分析计算结构的经济损失、震后残余功能以及结构功能恢复过程。研究结果表明：相较于远场地震,近场地震对结构的破坏作用显著;近场地震显著增大了结构的易损性,同时造成更大的经济损失,更小的结构震后瞬时残余功能以及更长的功能恢复过程,降低结构的抗震恢复性;忽略结构不确定性会低估经济损失,一定程度上高估震后残余功能和结构抗震恢复性。研究结果可为考虑近场地震的混凝土框架结构的新建设计或者维护加固提供参考。     

基于性能的自复位钢框架震后功能恢复能力量化分析

自复位结构由于具有较好的抗震性能,近年来得到学者的广泛关注。目前对自复位结构体系的抗震性能评估仍然集中在结构的最大层间位移角、楼层的峰值加速度和残余层间位移角等,而对该结构体系的综合抗震性能评估较少,因此基于功能恢复能力的概念,以自复位耗能支撑钢框架和自复位屈曲约束支撑钢框架为例,对两种结构分别进行增量动力分析,得到结构体系的地震易损性曲线。进而计算结构的直接经济损失,基于地震损失评估模型,评估结构体系震后的恢复时间和总损失。最后,采用三种不同的功能恢复函数模型,对比分析了两种自复位结构震后功能恢复能力,为自复位结构体系的抗震性能分析提供参考。     

基于计算机视觉的建筑外墙剥落和裂缝两阶段检测方法

地震灾害中,对建筑物外墙立面损伤状况进行快速检测有利于灾情评估与灾后重建。为实现建筑外墙立面剥落和裂缝的自动化非接触式检测,提出了一种结合深度学习与图像处理的外墙损伤定位与量化评估的两阶段检测方法。通过建立并标定北川老县城地震破坏房屋数据集,采用基于损失函数模型Focal Loss的目标检测网络定位破损区域目标框,并克服小尺度区域的正负样本不均衡问题。根据提取的目标破损区域单幅图像,提出图像滤波、阈值分割和形态学操作的组合处理流程,进行贴面砖墙面下剥落和裂缝的像素级别分割与提取。进一步结合像素尺度与物理尺度的映射关系,完成剥落面积、裂缝宽度等关键破损信息的计算与识别。结果表明,该方法可较好地对震后建筑物外墙立面的墙面剥落和裂缝进行定位和提取,对墙面损伤可实现像素级分割并准确地识别损伤关键物理参数,能实现对建筑物震后损伤的准确和快速检测。     

基于概率的单自由度体系震后残余变形计算

准确预测结构的震后残余变形,对于结构震后性能控制及建立考虑可修复性的抗震设计方法具有重要意义。通过对不同参数的双线性单自由度（SDOF）体系分别在100条标准地震动输入下弹塑性地震反应的统计分析,研究了模型参数和地震动不确定性对SDOF体系残余变形和最大弹塑性变形的影响;建立了双线性SDOF体系震后残余变形的概率计算模型。结果表明：不同地震动输入下SDOF体系的残余变形与最大弹塑性变形之比（dR/dm）存在明显的离散性,且离散程度与结构的刚度比、自振周期、相对屈服荷载系数及峰值地面加速度相关;dR/dm的统计分布规律服从对数正态分布,基于该分布函数建立的计算模型可对给定超越概率条件和地震水平下SDOF体系的震后残余变形进行预测。通过典型算例分析认为,可以采用所建议的模型进行SDOF体系震后残余变形分析及可修复性评估。     

应变硬化率对屈曲约束支撑框架残余变形影响的概率评估

采用概率地震需求分析(PSDA)方法,评估核心型钢应变硬化率对屈曲约束支撑框架(BRBFs)残余侧移的影响。结果表明,应变硬化率变化仅为1%时,框架低层和中间层的残余侧移显著增加,BRBFs的恢复能力显著减小。另一方面,最大侧移与应变硬化率近似相互独立。震后出现较大永久侧移会对结构的性能带来严重影响,因此,准确的材料试验对结构安全十分重要。     

破坏性地震建筑物应急评估方法及对策研究

首先,针对城市发生破坏性地震后建筑物的应急评估方法及对策进行阐述和研究,认为:震后建筑物的应急评估结果应根据建筑地震破坏等级和建筑应急危险等级综合判定,并制作不同颜色的安全警示牌张贴于受灾建筑上,同时规定限定人员进入的权限。震后建筑应急危险等级包括可以使用(绿色)、限制使用(黄色)和危险(红色)3个等级。随后,对建立震后建筑物的应急评估体系和对策提出了相应的建议。     

单自由度体系地震残余变形分析及计算

地震残余变形是结构可修复能力的重要指标,准确分析结构的残余变形对于震后结构性能的评估与控制具有重要意义。基于对不同单自由度(SDOF)体系的弹塑性地震响应的统计分析,研究了不同参数对地震残余变形的影响,其中滞回特性、屈服后刚度、地面峰值加速度(PGA)以及最大弹塑性变形对残余变形的影响较大;同时结合理论分析提出了分别适用于弹塑性Kinematic滞回模型和Takeda滞回模型的残余变形简化计算方法。该方法是以先获得结构的最大弹塑性变形为基础的,能与传统的确定结构最大变形性能的抗震分析方法(Pushover方法)较好地结合。最后,以一钢筋混凝土单柱桥墩为例,详细阐述了所提出的方法进行单自由度体系结构的地震残余变形计算及震后结构性能评估的过程,分析表明基于Takeda模型的结构残余变形的计算结果偏于安全。     

某历史保护建筑抗震性能提升的探索和研究

对于建造年代较早的优秀历史建筑,由于早期材料强度低以及理论认知的局限性,结构整体抗震性能较差,使用传统加固方法提高建筑物的抗震性能与文物保护存在较大冲突。结合结构顶升工艺恢复建筑历史原貌,通过增设隔震支座,显著提高历史保护建筑的整体抗震性能,并通过有限元软件对增设隔震支座后的结构进行了罕遇地震下的非线性动力时程分析,分析结果表明:隔震后的各部分构件均未发生严重破坏,满足罕遇地震下不超过"中度损伤"的抗震性能目标。大幅减少结构加固对重点保护区域的影响,使文物建筑重焕光彩,满足现有使用功能的需求。     

Framework for city‐scale building seismic resilience simulation and repair scheduling with labor constraints driven by time–history analysis

A city‐scale time–history analysis‐driven framework is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of building seismic resilience and repair scheduling with repair resource constraints. First, a calculation method for the post‐earthquake residual functionality of buildings based on engineering demand parameters is proposed. Second, the repair‐scheduling unit (RSU) concept is proposed for city‐scale repair scheduling. Moreover, two repair priority indices are introduced to evaluate the repair priority of each RSU. Next, the concept of job block is proposed to compute the repair time of an RSU with insufficient repair resources. Subsequently, the workflow of repair simulation is presented to calculate the community recovery curve and resilience index quantitatively. Finally, 68,930 residential buildings of Beijing City's 16 administrative districts are simulated to demonstrate the proposed method. The outcomes of this work are expected to be a useful reference for building seismic resilience evaluation and repair scheduling of communities. Consequently, it could be an aid to pre‐earthquake disaster risk reduction planning and post‐earthquake rapid recovery of building functionalities.     

四川灾区砌体结构房屋震害与中小学建筑的抗震设计

5.12汶川8.0级特大地震造成了巨大的损失,房屋震害严重。应住房和城乡建设部的要求,同济大学组成了房屋应急评估专家组赶赴四川灾区,本文作者参加了第一批房屋应急评估工作。本文介绍了在房屋应急评估工作中所收集到的砌体结构房屋震害情况,并进行了初步分析。结合中小学砌体建筑的抗震设计,对现行规范的若干条文进行了讨论,从提高结构抗震性能的角度提出了一些建议,重点在于保证结构在大震作用下的抗倒塌能力。     

砌体结构地震破坏程度的估计研究

砌体结构房屋的设计表现为建筑布置决定结构墙体的数量及面积。在地震作用下,基底剪力由地震方向的墙体承担,墙体数量越多,墙体面积越大,房屋抗震能力就越强,墙体面积对砌体结构抗震研究有着至关重要的影响。研究这一问题的主要途径之一就是从地震震害中找出墙体面积与结构破坏之间的规律,通过对2008年汶川地震中大量震损房屋震害的分析,研究了墙体面积与结构破坏程度之间的关系,以及在现有砌体结构抗震性能评估理论的基础上,提出了一个基于墙体面积大小的指标来估计砌体结构的在地震下的破坏程度。将该指标应用于一幢多层砌体结构房屋的抗震性能评估中,并通过与现场震害的对比说明了该指标的合理性,结果表明,该评估指标可以用于估计砌体结构的破坏程度。     

Seismic performance assessment of highway bridge networks considering post-disaster traffic demand of a transportation system in emergency conditions

Highway bridge networks (HBN) are one of the critical components of a transportation system that supports the operation of modern society. The traffic-carrying capacity of a transportation system is essential for emergency responses in a catastrophic seismic hazard. In this article, a methodology is proposed to assess the regional seismic performance of HBN considering the post-disaster traffic demand of a transportation system in emergency conditions. First, the framework of the methodology is introduced. Then, topological properties and vulnerability analyses are conducted to understand the connectivity of the HBN and the traffic-carrying capacity of the damaged bridge networks. In addition, traffic flow analysis is employed to consider the traffic situation in an emergency condition. Then, the entropy-right method is adopted to integrate these factors and to assess the importance of each bridge link in an emergency condition. Last, the seismic performance of HBN is also evaluated considering the decrease in the traffic-carrying capacity and the increase in traffic cost after earthquake events. The methodology is demonstrated using a HBN located in San Jose, California.     

Reliability-based service life assessment for deteriorating reinforced concrete buildings considering the effect of cumulative damage

Most engineering systems used in maintenance strategies must consider deterioration and seismic structural damage. To identify the effects of deterioration and earthquakes simultaneously on structural performance, this study applies an integral simulation method. Compared with that of previous studies, the feature of the proposed method is its analysis of the time-dependent structural capacity of a deteriorating reinforced concrete (RC) building and the simulation of life-cycle earthquake events within a specified service period, while considering cumulative damage induced by deterioration and earthquakes. In addition, the proposed assessment method is applied to derive the reliability-based service life of a deteriorating RC building located in a region with high seismic hazard. Briefly, for deteriorating RC buildings, the proposed reliability-based service life assessment method provides useful information related to maintenance based on both serviceability and safety.     

Post-disaster damage classification based on deep multi-view image fusion

This study aims to facilitate a more reliable automated postdisaster assessment of damaged buildings based on the use of multiple view imagery. Toward this, a Multi-View Convolutional Neural Network (MV-CNN) architecture is proposed, which combines the information from different views of a damaged building, resulting in 3-D aggregation of the 2-D damage features from each view. This spatial 3-D context damage information will result in more accurate and reliable damage quantification in the affected buildings. For validation, the presented model is trained and tested on a real-world visual data set of expert-labeled buildings following Hurricane Harvey. The developed model demonstrates an accuracy of 65% in predicting the exact damage states of buildings, and around 81% considering ±1 class deviation from ground-truth, based on a five-level damage scale. Value of information (VOI) analysis reveals that the hybrid models, which consider at least one aerial and ground view, perform better.     

Post-earthquake loss assessment based on structural component damage inspection for residential RC buildings

There is substantial evidence showing that the seismic performance of many existing buildings may be inadequate to resist another strong earthquake. The losses from a devastating earthquake are always huge. In order to prevent damage extension and to restore the damaged community as quickly as possible, immediate post-earthquake damage assessment is always conducted through site inspection on structural components within a restricted short period of time to screen buildings that are damaged to certain levels or in danger of collapse. Without detail financial loss estimation, engineers have to face the challenge to decide whether a badly damaged building is worth retrofitting for sustainability, or needs to be demolished because existing loss estimation models are not based on the post-earthquake damage rating system. Based on some post-earthquake damage data of RC residential buildings, this paper aims to link inspected component damage level, building damage state and direct financial loss in terms of repair to replacement cost ratio. Damage of structural components are quantified by a set of damage factors and finally integrated as a building damage indicator. Building repair to replacement cost ratio and storey repair to replacement cost ratio corresponding to various damage levels of RC residential buildings have been estimated. With these statistical data, relationships of building damage indicator to repair to replacement cost ratio has been built from regression analysis.     

某高层建筑震害调查与分析

汶川地震后,西安的高层建筑业受到地震波影响,某高层建筑填充墙发生较大损坏,从地震能量、建筑结构设计和施工等方面分析震害原因,提出高层建筑抗震设计和施工的建议,并对抗震理论研究也提出了见解。     

Computer-Aided Pre- and Post-Earthquake Assessment of Buildings Involving Database Compilation, GIS Visualization, and Mobile Data Transmission

Abstract:   The aim of this article is to present a computer-aided comprehensive strategy for the rapid visual inspection of buildings and the optimal prioritization of strengthening and remedial actions that are necessary prior to, and after, a major earthquake event, respectively. Based on the visual screening procedures used in the United States and past experience in seismic assessment of buildings in Greece and Turkey (the two countries with the highest seismic risk in Europe), a building inventory is first compiled; then a vulnerability ranking procedure that is specifically tailored to the prevailing construction practice in Southeast Europe is implemented into a multi-functional, georeferenced computer tool, that accommodates the management, evaluation, processing and archiving of the data stock gathered during the pre- and post-earthquake assessment process, and the visualization of its spatial distribution. The methodology proposed and the computer system developed is then applied to the city of Düzce, Turkey, a city strongly damaged during the devastating 1999 earthquake.