激光-电弧复合焊接镁合金过程中匙孔行为与气孔形成的关系（英文）

在激光-电弧复合深熔焊接接头中,气孔是一种对焊接质量影响极大的焊接缺陷。本工作通过实验研究了激光-电弧复合焊接镁合金板过程中匙孔行为与气孔形成的关系。详细研究了激光脉冲对熔池的冲击作用,激光匙孔的动态行为以及焊接接头中的气孔形成规律。结果表明:激光脉冲对熔池的冲击作用有利于抑制气孔的形成,冲击作用的大小取决于给定的激光脉冲参数。激光匙孔的状态决定焊接熔池的行为,匙孔的几何尺寸和开/闭行为直接影响气孔的形成。较高的激光脉冲峰值功率会导致焊后气孔的出现。延长匙孔开口的闭合时间,可以给匙孔中的气体足够的时间逃逸,进而可以抑制残留性气孔的生成。     

铝合金激光焊接熔池中气泡运动与气孔相关性分析

以5052铝合金作为试验材料,通过对焊接过程中熔池流动及生成气孔运动轨迹的观察研究了激光自熔焊、激光填丝焊中气孔的形成过程及其影响因素.结果表明,在激光自熔焊过程中,低速焊时熔池流动紊乱,气泡沿熔池底部边缘向后方运动;高速焊时熔池流动稳定,气泡沿匙孔后壁向上运动.焊丝的送入对熔池和匙孔的稳定性有较大的影响,熔池内液体流动紊乱,阻碍了匙孔末端生成气泡的运动,从而大幅增加焊缝中残留气孔的数量.相对于前送丝方式,后送丝时,送进的焊丝对熔池及其内部匙孔的影响更大,熔池内液体流动紊乱,气泡运动轨迹更长,焊缝中残留气孔数量更多.     

等离子弧焊熔池数值模拟的研究现状

以等离子弧焊熔池为对象,简述了等离子弧焊接数值模拟的发展历程,概括了近年来等离子弧焊接电弧及熔池数值模拟领域的发展情况,分析了现有数学模型中存在的问题。     

脉冲激光-电弧复合焊接镁合金过程中熔池行为与气孔产生的关系研究

激光-电弧复合焊接镁合金过程中气孔是一种重要缺陷。本文针对复合热源焊接过程中熔池行为和激光匙孔引起的气孔之间的关系进行了实验研究。研究中重点考查了激光脉冲对熔池的冲击作用,匙孔的动态行为以及气孔的形成规律。研究结果表明激光脉冲的参数决定其对液态熔池的冲击作用,较强的激光脉冲作用可以有效抑制气孔的形成;液态金属的行为主要有匙孔行为主导;匙孔的尺寸和开-闭状态直接影响焊后气孔的形成;过高的激光脉冲功率会导致焊后气孔的形成;匙孔开口维持时间越长,焊后气孔数量越少。     

焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响,进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响,并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明,电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中,熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大,匙孔较为稳定;激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近,焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比,电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入,与匙孔边缘的距离较远,匙孔稳定性较好,焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时,电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好;而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续,并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

热导型等离子弧焊电弧物理特性和熔池动态行为

基于等离子弧和熔池的数值模拟,研究了热导型等离子弧焊的电弧物理特性和熔池动态行为,并使用光谱诊断、熔池红外热成像和示踪粒子检测对数值模拟结果进行了实验验证.结果表明,在热导型等离子弧焊中,等离子体向下冲击熔池表面后,向熔池边缘流动.在熔池内部存在2个相反的涡流,熔池中心的逆时针涡流由电弧压力、Marangoni力和Lo...     

焊接工艺：熔焊

等离子弧焊对SiCp／6061复合材料颗粒分布的影响；低碳钢熔化极等离子弧焊接工艺；不锈钢活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧；焊剂带约束电弧焊接方法研究；焊条电弧焊时在低频热循环条件下焊接接头的组织和性能[俄].     

等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象的数值模拟

根据流体的质量、动量、能量守恒方程,建立了穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中的等离子电弧三维数学模型,用磁矢量法求解磁场问题.模型包括了一部分喷嘴和钨阴极,小孔也被包含进模型中.利用ANSYS有限元分析软件求解模型,得到等离子电弧的温度分布,以研究等离子弧焊中电弧反翘现象.结果表明,等离子电弧反翘随小孔尺寸的增大而减弱,电弧尾焰随小孔尺寸的增大而增强;而适当的增加焊接速度以使小孔轴线与电弧轴线之间形成一定的偏差是形成等离子电弧反翘现象的必要条件;焊接电流主要是通过改变小孔尺寸而对电弧反翘产生影响.     

熔焊

20093106小孔等离子弧焊接能量分配及损失分析/董晓强…//电焊机.-2008,38(12):77~79通过公式计算对小孔等离子弧焊的等离子弧功率损失进行分析。等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失包括等离子弧通过喷嘴的功率损失、喷嘴出口到小孔的等离子弧功率损失、等离子弧穿过小孔的功率损失等。通过定量计算,研究了等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失以及在穿孔焊接过程中形成小孔所需要的等离子弧功率大小等问题。图2参720093107空心螺柱旋弧焊接方法/王克鸿…//焊接学报.-2008,29(12):101~103,108基于纵向发散型磁场迫使电弧沿螺柱壁旋转的思路,提出了空心螺柱旋弧焊接新工艺。针对外径12mm、壁厚3mm的空心螺柱,实现了螺柱焊电弧绕螺柱四周壁的均匀旋转。焊接工艺试验表明,旋弧螺柱焊工艺参数明显大于同外径实心螺柱,焊接工艺有较大的规范窗口,但相对实心螺柱窗口变窄,最佳旋弧电流参数范围为1~2A,焊接时间为600~700ms,焊接电流为800~900A。接头性能检测表明,旋弧螺柱焊获得了饱满美观的螺柱焊成形,宏观组织检测未发现未熔合、夹渣、气孔等焊接缺陷,界面焊合率达到了100%,接头强度可保持在330...     

熔焊

20093106小孔等离子弧焊接能量分配及损失分析/董晓强…//电焊机.-2008,38(12):77~79通过公式计算对小孔等离子弧焊的等离子弧功率损失进行分析。等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失包括等离子弧通过喷嘴的功率损失、喷嘴出口到小孔的等离子弧功率损失、等离子弧穿过小孔的功率损失等。通过定量计算,研究了等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失以及在穿孔焊接过程中形成小孔所需要的等离子弧功率大小等问题。图2参720093107空心螺柱旋弧焊接方法/王克鸿…//焊接学报.-2008,29(12):101~103,108基于纵向发散型磁场迫使电弧沿螺柱壁旋转的思路,提出了空心螺柱旋弧焊接新工艺。针对外径12mm、壁厚3mm的空心螺柱,实现了螺柱焊电弧绕螺柱四周壁的均匀旋转。焊接工艺试验表明,旋弧螺柱焊工艺参数明显大于同外径实心螺柱,焊接工艺有较大的规范窗口,但相对实心螺柱窗口变窄,最佳旋弧电流参数范围为1~2A,焊接时间为600~700ms,焊接电流为800~900A。接头性能检测表明,旋弧螺柱焊获得了饱满美观的螺柱焊成形,宏观组织检测未发现未熔合、夹渣、气孔等焊接缺陷,界面焊合率达到了100%,接头强度可保持在330...     

Problems and solutions in deep penetration laser welding

Abstract

Keyhole dynamics in the high power continuous wave laser welding of aluminium alloys, in particular the role of keyhole instability in porosity formation, is discussed on the basis of high speed X-radiography observations. Motion in the weld pool was observed by introducing fine tungsten particles into the weld pool. A depression which moved periodically up and down the back wall of the keyhole gives rise to porosity, through bubbles formed at the bottom of the keyhole. The depression appears to be related to non-uniform evaporation on the front wall of the keyhole; both the keyhole and the weld pool are strongly disturbed by the dynamic pressure of the metallic vapour jet. The characteristic spherical and elongated pores were found to contain predominantly metal vapour and entrained shielding gas. Keyhole fluctuation in continuous wave laser welding can be suppressed by controlled pulse modulation, provided a suitable pulse frequency and duty cycle are selected.     

Plasma welding of thin plate

The plasma arc has a large arc force (regarded as the plasma force) and keyhole welding is generally performed by the formation of a small hole at the weld pool of a butt joint by making use of this plasma force. Under these circumstances, due to the small footprint area of the plasma heat source and welding by the formation of a keyhole, there is little melting at the joint zone and welding with a narrow bead width becomes feasible. Recently, a new type of plasma welding process has been proposed such that the welding tungsten electrode tip is brought close to the tip of the cooling chip and keyholeless welding is performed, similarly to TIG welding and this process has been made practicable.¹ This process solves the disadvantages of keyhole welding while retaining the advantages of plasma welding and is capable of meeting the requirements of high speed welding. However, it is difficult to apply either method to fillet joints where keyhole formation is difficult due to the problems of the large plasma force and the torch structure. In either case, the large plasma force due to the plasma passing through the cooling chip small hole is surmised to be intimately associated with the weld morphology due to plasma welding.     

Process control based on double-side image sensing of keyhole puddle for the VPPA welding of aluminum alloys

The double-side image sensing of the keyhole puddle in the variable polarity plasma arc welding of aluminum alloys has been investigated in this paper, to extract the characteristically geometrical size of the keyhole and to realize the feedback controlling for weld formation in the welding process. Some geometrical sizes of the visible keyhole in the front and back images such as the width, height, area, etc. can be used to monitor both the keyhole puddle and the weld formation in the welding process. Under the condition of the varied heat sink, varied gap and misalignment, the trend from normal welding to cutting can be reflected from the variations of geometrical sizes of the keyhole puddle respectively. The keyhole area, the keyhole height and the shape parameters of the keyhole puddle are the key parameters which reflect the trend from normal welding to cutting when meeting the condition of the varied heat sink, varied gap and misalignment respectively. The algorithm for the image processing of the keyhole puddle and the periphery extracting of the visible keyhole developed in the paper can be used to determine real-timely the geometrical sizes of the visible keyhole. Artificial neural network is applied to establish the model for predicting the geometrical sizes of the back keyhole puddle. The inputs of the model are the geometrical sizes of the front keyhole puddle and the weld parameters, the outputs of the model are the geometrical sizes of the back keyhole puddle. The model can be used to control the stability of keyhole and the weld formation.     

PAW+TIG电弧双面焊接小孔形成过程的数值模拟

综合考虑影响等离子弧小孔形成的等离子流力、重力、表面张力等力学因素，建立了等离子电弧＋钨极电弧（PAW＋TIG）双面焊接时小孔形成过程的数学模型，并与焊接传热的控制方程耦合，采用数值模拟技术，定量分析了小孔形成的动态过程，根据数值分析结果，将小孔的形成过程分为开始焊接到熔透，熔透到开始穿孔，开始穿孔到小孔形态稳定三个阶段，熔池的最小跨距可作为小孔建立的评价指标。小孔的形成是热、力共同作用的结果。     

Modeling the keyhole shape and dimension in plasma arc welding

It is of great significance to model the keyhole shape and dimensions to optimize the plasma arc welding process parameters. In this study, through employing a combined volumetric heat source mode, the weld pool in keyhole plasma arc welding is determined firstly, and then the dynamic force-balance condition on the interface between the plasma jet and the molten metal is dealt with in describing the keyhole formation inside the weld pool. The effects of welding current on the shape and size of keyhole are numerically analyzed. The sharp transformation from a partial keyhole to a full-penetration keyhole is quantitatively demonstrated.     

激光-电弧复合焊接过程中等离子体的耦合行为

激光-电弧复合热源可以形成3种焊缝横截面的形貌,根据焊接参数对焊缝横截面形貌的影响建立了激光和电弧等离子体相互作用的物理机制.通过考察复合焊接过程中电弧等离子体中原子分布状态、电弧辐射光谱信息以及激光"匙孔"的行为对机制进行了验证.结果表明,激光对电弧等离子体的作用是通过激光形成的"匙孔"及其内部等离子体实现的,在适当参数下,电弧等离子体弧柱会进入激光"匙孔"内部,并与"匙孔"等离子体发生耦合放电,最终形成复合等离子体.电弧等离子体和"匙孔"等离子体的耦合作用有利于提高热源的能量密度.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊焊缝成形规律分析

以穿孔等离子弧焊接过程中形成的穿孔熔池为研究对象,根据熔池热源形态的特点,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的手段研究横焊位置下的铝合金变极性等离子弧焊缝成形.由于焊接速度波动和工件厚度的影响,体热源作用下的穿孔熔池背面存在最高温度点和最大熔宽截面相背离的现象;因此通过对穿孔熔池背面进行分区和定义,提出温宽偏离度概念,即熔池背面最高温度点和最大熔宽截面的偏离程度,用以描述穿孔熔池状态及焊缝成形;通过调节焊枪角度来改变焊接过程中的温宽偏离度,在其它参数不变的情况下减轻重力在焊接过程中对焊缝成形的影响,实现变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接在横焊位置上的良好成形.     

小孔等离子弧焊接能量分配及损失分析

通过公式计算对小孔等离子弧焊的等离子孤功率损失进行分析.等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失包括等离子弧通过喷嘴的功率损失、喷嘴出口到小孔的等离子弧功率损失、等离子弧穿过小孔的功率损失等.通过定量计算,研究了等离子弧在焊接过程中的功率损失以及在穿孔焊接过程中形成小孔所需要的等离子孤功率大小等问题.     

Keyhole formation and its characteristics in laser welding mode transition

Keyhole is the most important characteristic for laser deep penetration welding, and its formation indicates the beginning of laser deep penetration welding mode. The keyhole developing process was analyzed and the keyhole formation time was calculated according to welding speed and the length of weld bead formed in the keyhole formation process. The results showed that the keyhole forms in 40-70 ms at different rate of change of laser power. In laser deep penetration welding process, the variation of light intensity radiated by laser induced plasma can identify the keyhole formation, but it can not be used to estimate the keyhole formation time because of delay effect.     

Measurement method of the arc welding current and voltage

Plasma arc welding can realize high-speed welding, deeper weld penetration and, furthermore, smaller thermal distortion. For these reasons, plasma arc welding is employed for keyhole welding. However, it has been pointed out that it is difficult to obtain the stability of the welding. In this study, we have developed a unified plasma arc welding model for analysing the welding mechanism and influence of the torch design and operation conditions of the arc on the welding process. In this paper, the keyhole welding of a thick aluminium plate employing the plasma arc was numerically analyzed for clarifying the mechanism determining the keyhole size which is important for improving the stability of the process. As a result, it was found that the keyhole size is determined mainly by a force balance between the surface tension of a weld pool and metal vapour pressure.