抑压水池淹没射流图像自动处理与分析

抑压水池中淹没射流导致的喘振现象对抑压系统的可靠性有较大影响,而气泡行为直接关系到喘振的机理。为更好地识别喘振现象中的气泡行为,本文提出了一种基于改进的分水岭图像分割算法的蒸汽淹没射流图像自动处理方法。基于像素矩阵建立微分模型,提取气泡二维信息并近似估计三维信息,进而获取射流体积变化情况。借助图像灰度方差信息,提取气泡冷凝周期。算法提高了射流气泡的识别精度。通过与人工标定比对,图像区域识别误差控制在10%以内;经验证,简化椭圆模型计算图像投影面积的相对误差较小;气泡参数与冷凝周期提取结果符合实验表征与理论规律。     

利用数字图像识别技术的两相流参数检测研究

气液两相流的研究在核反应堆工程中具有重要的应用价值。文章以处理高温颗粒沉降冷池实验图像为例，介绍基于数字图像识别技术的气液两相流参数检测方法。通过利用差影算法减少背景噪声、图像的二值化处理和填充处理、气泡特征分析、气泡中心坐标的确定等得到两相流中气泡、液滴和颗粒的尺寸和运动速度以及气膜分布等两相流重要参数。     

静水中较大气泡运动特性实验研究

对较大气泡在静水中的水力学特性、气泡上升速度、气泡形状与曳力系数等进行研究。气泡的产生是通过将特定体积的气泡存放在倒置的球帽杯中,然后释放到静水中。气泡的运动特性通过高速摄像仪捕捉,气泡相关运动参数通过数字图像处理程序得到。实验得到不同尺寸气泡在静水中上升的特性,并将实验结果与现有的曳力模型进行比较,表明Tomiyama等关系式对于曳力以及气泡最终上升的预测比Ishii-Chawa模型好,较大气泡的形状具有一定的相似性。实验结果对存在较大气泡的两相流动特性以及相间交换特性有重要意义。     

基于MPS方法的液态铅铋合金内气泡上升流数值模拟

移动粒子半隐式(MPS)方法捕捉多相流体动力学相界面的能力比传统网格方法具有明显优势.本研究采用MPS方法,使用FORTRAN语言自编程序,对单个氩气气泡在液态铅铋合金内从静止到充分发展整个过程中的瞬态动力学行为进行二维数值模拟,得到气泡变形特性与上升速度的关系.结果表明:在气泡上升过程中,气泡由球形先变成酒窝形状,最...     

竖直矩形窄缝通道内静水条件下气泡运动特性实验研究

基于图像自动识别方法对矩形窄缝通道(2 mm×60 mm×790 mm)内常温常压静态流体中的气泡运动特性进行可视化实验研究,获得不同气泡当量直径对应的气泡形态和运动速度;定量分析气泡运动速度与气泡当量直径间的关系,并基于本研究获得的实验数据对现有关于气泡运动速度的预测关系式进行定量评价。     

定位格架搅混翼附近气泡运动特性可视化实验研究

针对3×3棒束采用可视化实验技术研究棒束通道内气-液两相流动过程,获得了定位格架搅混翼附近的气泡行为特性。通过实验发现在搅混翼背流面存在气泡滞留的现象。在稳定工况下,滞留气泡的高度基本不变,滞留气泡相界面在流动、来流气泡合并过程中存在波动,并在液相的夹带下从滞留气泡末端分裂成多个小气泡。滞留气泡末端被液相夹带分裂是棒束通道中气泡尺寸变化的主要原因之一,并且分裂后的气泡尺寸小于来流气泡尺寸。在相同空泡份额条件下,随着液相流量的增加,滞留气泡高度增加,从滞留气泡上分裂的气泡尺寸相比来流气泡减小、数量增加;在相同液相流量条件下,随着空泡份额的增加,滞留气泡大小基本不变。来流气泡尺寸影响滞留气泡相界面的波动幅度,同时搅混翼背面存在滞留气泡时,气泡从搅混翼迎流面和背流面经过搅混翼时,在下游具有不同的运动特性,导致格架下游子通道间相态分布的差异性。     

倾斜、摇摆对矩形通道内泡状流局部界面参数分布的影响

借助高速摄像机,对倾斜和摇摆条件下矩形通道(43 mm×3.25 mm×2000 mm)内泡状流局部界面参数的横向分布特性进行实验研究,包括局部气泡比例、空泡份额及界面面积浓度(IAC)。实验结果表明,竖直、倾斜及摇摆条件下,局部气泡比例、空泡份额及IAC三者的横向分布形状相类似。竖直静止及摇摆至竖直位置时,通道内中间较大范围内各局部参数变化缓慢,在xi/(w/2)=±0.5(xi为以通道宽边中心轴线为原点到窄边内壁面的距离,w为宽边尺寸)附近出现峰值;随着倾斜和摇摆角度的增大,下壁面附近峰值被削弱,上壁面附近峰值被加强。实验摇摆参数范围内,摇摆时局部参数的横向分布与实验段倾斜至相同角度时的分布十分相近;主要原因为在横向上摇摆引起附加惯性浮力远小于气泡受到的浮力。     

螺旋直径对螺旋管泡状流截面分布特性的影响

研究了不同螺旋直径螺旋管中泡状流的相界面参数(空泡份额、相界面浓度、气泡尺寸等)的截面分布特性。通过图像法标定了电导探针的测试精度,并通过合理地处理双头电导探针,得到了螺旋管中泡状流的空泡份额、相界面浓度和气泡数量频率的定量分布云图。为进一步量化地描述相界面参数的分布特征,采用统计方法定义了截面平均参数、相界面离散系数和气泡平均聚集坐标来表征其特性。实验结果表明,随着管道旋转直径的增大,气泡截面平均空泡份额有所下降,分布范围缩小,平均聚集坐标向上方和外侧移动,气泡尺寸整体上有所下降。     

螺旋直径对螺旋管泡状流截面分布特性的影响

研究了不同螺旋直径螺旋管中泡状流的相界面参数（空泡份额、相界面浓度、气泡尺寸等）的截面分布特性。通过图像法标定了电导探针的测试精度,并通过合理地处理双头电导探针,得到了螺旋管中泡状流的空泡份额、相界面浓度和气泡数量频率的定量分布云图。为进一步量化地描述相界面参数的分布特征,采用统计方法定义了截面平均参数、相界面离散系数和气泡平均聚集坐标来表征其特性。实验结果表明,随着管道旋转直径的增大,气泡截面平均空泡份额有所下降,分布范围缩小,平均聚集坐标向上方和外侧移动,气泡尺寸整体上有所下降。     

文丘里气泡发生器内气液两相流流型及压降实验研究

针对一类文丘里气泡发生器内气液两相流动的流型及压降开展了实验研究。通过可视化实验观测区分了气泡发生器内3种基本流型,包括泡状流、弹状流和柱状流。实验发现,随着两相流从弹状流转变为柱状流,气泡发生器内压降迅速增大。通过对压力信号的时频分析,证明气泡发生器出口位置最有利于压力信号的在线监测。从压力信号中提取了与流型转变紧密相关的概率密度函数相对峰度和功率谱密度差异系数,并分别应用于弹状流-柱状流和泡状流-弹状流流型转变的识别。由于已有的压降模型无法准确预测文丘里气泡发生器的整体压降,为此本研究提出了新的压降预测方法。新关联式考虑了气泡发生器内部分单液相流过程以及流型转变对压降预测的影响,预测值与实验测量结果吻合较好,相对均方根偏差约为10.74%。     

基于图像法的气液两相稀疏泡状流气泡参数分析

采用图像法对垂直上升管气液两相流中稀疏上升气泡进行实验测量研究。该方法使用高速摄像机拍摄气泡运动图像,经图像处理后,提取气泡的特征参数,分别绘制稀疏气泡上升过程中速度变化曲线和单个气泡上升过程中面积变化及形心位置变化曲线,分析气泡参数,总结运动规律。实验结果表明,采用图像法可以很好地完成对气泡参数的分析。     

生长和浮升过程中气泡形状振荡特性研究

气泡形状变化对两相流动和热质传递过程有着重要影响。本文利用高速摄像仪和粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对生长和浮升过程中气泡的形状振荡特性进行了实验研究,分析了不同注气流量下气泡形状及其周围流场的变化规律。实验结果表明,气流量对脱离后气泡的形状有着明显影响,在低流量下,脱离气泡逐渐由长椭球形转变为扁椭球形,而在高流量下,脱离气泡与生长气泡的聚合将导致气液界面大幅振荡。此外,振荡气泡对其尾流区内生长气泡形状的影响同样不容忽视,其会引起生长气泡所受惯性作用增强,进而导致气泡形状波动。     

Experimental investigation on bubble characteristics entrained by surface vortex

The cover gas entrainment at the free surface of sodium coolant becomes one of the significant issues according to the compact sizing of reactor vessel in the latest reactor design. In the present study, some basic experiments for the gas entrainment due to the surface vortex were performed in order to obtain the fundamental knowledge about the entrained bubble size. Distributions of entrained bubble diameters in several experimental conditions were obtained from bubble images using an image processing technique. Velocity fields around vortices and surface dimple shapes (gas cores) due to surface vortices were measured to grasp those influences on bubble shapes. The result showed that mean equivalent diameters of bubbles were varied from 1.3 to 2.1 mm in the range of present experimental conditions. The bubble sizes were influenced by the thickness of gas core.     

Bubble rise characteristics after the departure from a nucleation site in vertical upflow boiling of subcooled water

Rise characteristics of vapor bubbles after the departure from a nucleation site in forced convective subcooled flow boiling were studied visually using two synchronized high speed video cameras. The test section was a transparent glass tube of 20 mm in inside diameter, filtrated and deionized tap water was used as a working fluid, and the flow direction adopted was vertical upward. The outer surface of test section tube was electrically heated to generate vapor bubbles inside of the tube. In the present experiments, the mass flux and liquid subcooling were varied within 94–1435 kg/m² s and 2.2–10 K, respectively. Since the observations were performed at low heat fluxes to avoid the significant increase in the number of active nucleation sites, the obtained bubble images were clear enough to carry out the detailed image analysis for the rise characteristics of individual bubbles. The following three different bubble rise paths were observed after the departure from nucleation sites: some bubbles slid upward the vertical wall for long distance, while other bubbles were detached from the wall after sliding for several millimeters and then migrated toward the bulk liquid; after the migration, some of the detached bubbles were collapsed in subcooled liquid but others remained close to the wall and were reattached to the wall. The results of detailed image analyses suggested that the variation in bubble shape from flattened to more rounded was of primary importance for the occurrence of bubble detachment from the wall.     

Application of Neutron Radiography to Visualization and Void Fraction Measurement of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in a Small Diameter Tube

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of visualization and void fraction measurement of air-water two-phase flow in a small diameter tube (I.D.: 4.08mm) by using the real-time neutron radiography and image processing techniques. Video images of two-phase flow were taken by using the real-time neutron radiography system (thermal neutron radiography facility No. 2) installed at the Japan Research Reactor 3 M of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. The shape of bubbles and its moving behavior were clearly observed from the video images. The image corrections for dark current, shading, field intensity fluctuation and electrical system drift were examined in order to measure the void fraction from the video images. Though, generally speaking, the effect of the scattered neutron could not be ignored for quantification of the images taken by the neutron radiography, the scattered neutron could not affect the final results of void fraction in the case of a small diameter tube. The void fraction calculated from the corrected images was correlated well with the drift flux equation, indicating that the existing drift flux equation could be applied to predict the void fraction of two-phase flow in a small diameter tube. It was demonstrated that the real-time neutron radiography technique could be useful for measuring the void fraction of two-phase flow in a small diameter tube.     

PIV Measurement of Pressure Distributions about Single Bubbles

Measurements of velocity and pressure distributions around a bubble are of fundamental importance to model the forces acting on the bubbles and to verify detailed numerical methods for the prediction of flow in nuclear reactors. The measurements of velocity distributions around a bubble have been conducted to understand the interaction between liquid flow and bubbles. However there are few studies on pressure distributions around a bubble for the lack of measurement method. In this study, we developed a method for evaluating a pressure distribution by making use of velocity data obtained by a particle image velocimetry (PIV) or a particle tracking velocimetry (PTV), and applied it to laminar pipe flows, laminar flows around single particles and single bubbles in a pipe to examine its accuracy and applicability to the flow around single bubbles. As a result, we could confirm that the method can evaluate the pressure distribution in various laminar flows, provided that the velocity data possess a good quality and a flow of concern is two-dimensional. The proposed method therefore has a potential to provide the important information for modeling of the bubble motion and verification of CFD methods such as interface tracking and lattice Boltzmann methods.     

Bubble viscosity effect on internal circulation within the bubble rising due to buoyancy using the level set method

In this article, the effect of bubble viscosity on internal circulation within a bubble has been analyzed numerically. The Finite Volume Method and SIMPLE algorithm have been used for field solution. This algorithm calculates the pressure field in addition to the velocity components that do not appear in related literature. A level-set method has been applied for tracking the interface between the bubble and the fluid around it. The solution algorithm was first validated for a parasitic flow. Then, the bubble shape deformation was simulated for bubbles with different Eotvos and Morton numbers, and the results were compared with experimental findings. Comparison of the results is encouraging. It is concluded that the internal circulation intensity increases as the viscosity-ratio between the bubble and the fluid around it increases. In this research, mass conservation was investigated with greater accuracy than that of previous studies using the level set method.     

Impedance imaging of two-phase flow field with mesh grouping method

There have been many attempts to measure the bubble distribution in two-phase flow fields and various techniques have been devised. However, the existing techniques require much improvement for imaging two-phase flow fields. In this study, the EIT (Electrical Impedance Tomography) technique is introduced for two-phase flow visualization. In the EIT, a static image reconstruction algorithm providing a higher spatial resolution is required. Using the conventional iterative static image reconstruction algorithms, however, the processing time increases rapidly with poor convergence characteristics as we try to obtain a higher spatial resolution. In order to overcome this problem, we propose an adaptive mesh grouping method utilizing the genetic algorithm and the fuzzy set theory. Computer simulations using the improved Newton–Raphson method with the proposed method show promising results indicating that we can significantly reduce the image reconstruction time without sacrificing spatial resolution.     

钛中氦泡融合的分子动力学模拟

本文采用分子动力学方法模拟了金属钛中氦泡的融合,分析了氦泡融合对金属微结构的影响,对比了氦泡在金属块体内部与接近金属表面处融合的异同。研究表明:在金属块体内部,两氦泡的融合会在其周围诱发很多缺陷且范围逐渐扩大;直径均为1.77nm的两氦泡的融合会在二者周围形成位错环,位错环内金属原子的排列与基底的一致;两氦泡发生融合后由哑铃状向椭球形演化。在接近金属表面处,由氦泡融合诱发的缺陷易于向金属表面移动,氦泡周围的金属易于向晶体结构恢复;两氦泡发生融合后由哑铃状向半球形演化。     

Void distribution and bubble motion in bubbly flows in a 4×4 rod bundle. Part I: Experiments

Lack of local void fraction data in a rod bundle makes it difficult to validate a numerical method for predicting gas–liquid two-phase flow in the bundle. Distributions of local void fraction and bubble velocity in each subchannel in a 4×4 rod bundle were, therefore, measured using a double-sensor conductivity probe. Liquid velocity in the subchannel was also measured using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) to obtain relative velocity between bubbles and the liquid phase. The size and pitch of rods were 10 and 12.5 mm, respectively. Air and water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature were used for the gas and liquid phases, respectively. The volume fluxes of gas and liquid phases ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 m/s and from 0.9 to 1.5 m/s, respectively. Experimental results showed that the distributions of void fraction in inner and side subchannels depend not only on lift force acting on bubbles but also on geometrical constraints on bubble dynamics, i.e. the effects of rod walls on bubble shape and rise velocity. The relative velocity between bubbles and the liquid phase in the subchannel forms a non-uniform distribution over the cross-section, and the relative velocity becomes smaller as bubbles approach the wall due to the wall effects.