基于ANSYS的ITER重力支撑系统的热应力分析

针对国际热核实验反应堆(ITER)重力支撑系统具有周期对称性的特点,提出了ITER重力支撑系统的有限元模型的建模方法.应用ANSYS软件,采用精度较高且计算规模又可接受的单元网格划分方法,得到了网格划分图,建立了ITER重力支撑系统环向20°三维有限元模型,并对该模型进行了稳态热分析、热-结构耦合分析.获得了ITER重力支撑系统各零件的热应力分布及最大热应力,并分析了这些零件的强度.热应力分析的结果为ITER重力支撑系统的设计或改进提供了可靠的理论依据.     

ITER10kA电流引线高温超导段研究

国际热核实验反应堆(ITER)高温超导电流引线（HTSCL）的特点是不仅电流容量大,且安全性要求非常高,高温超导段是HTSCL的关键部件。本文论述了ITER10kA电流引线高温超导叠和超导组件的真空钎焊工艺,分析了高温超导段漏热,并对高温超导段漏热和电流引线在10kA下的安全性参数进行了测试。结果表明,电流引线不仅漏热小,且安全裕度大,满足ITER设计要求。     

基于FPGA的核安全级仪控系统设计与验证

为解决基于微处理器技术的核电厂安全级数字化仪控系统（DCS）中软件共因故障（CCF）的问题,通过多样性手段避免当未能紧急停堆的预计瞬态（ATWS）发生或反应堆保护系统（RPS）因CCF导致丧失安全功能的风险,本文设计了一种基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列（FPGA）技术的核安全级DCS系统平台,并以核电厂中RPS为实例测试验证平台的功能性能。结果表明:基于FPGA的核安全级DCS系统平台在可用性、适用性和可靠性等方面都满足核电厂安全级数字化仪控系统的要求。      

聚变原型超导线圈试验成功

【美国《科学日报》2008年9月14日报道】在欧洲委员会（EC）、日本原子能研究开发机构（JAEA）和国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）组织的支持下,欧洲的聚变研究机构“用于能源的聚变”（Fusion for Energy）已成功对铌．钛制成的ITER极向励磁线圈原型超导体进行了试验,该超导体在6．4T磁场和52kA电流下达到稳定运行。极向励磁线圈将用于维持ITER装置内部的等离子体平衡和位形。     

中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层模块材料研究进展

在未来核聚变反应堆中,为补充氚的消耗,需要在核聚变堆的包层中进行氚的在线增殖,以维持核聚变反应的持续进行。为验证这一关键技术,在国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）上开展了ITER TBM计划（实验包层项目）。作为ITER计划成员方之一,中方以中国氦冷固态增殖剂实验包层模块（HCCB TBM）概念参与ITER TBM计划。HCCB TBM现今进入初步设计阶段,而材料的制备技术和性能数据是支撑其结构设计、安全分析和服役工况评估的基础。本文综述和分析了HCCB TBM结构材料低活化铁素体/马氏体钢（RAFM钢）与功能材料氚增殖剂和中子倍增剂的研究现状,并对这些材料下一步的研究方向进行了展望。     

ITER超导纵场线圈内馈线系统冷却过程分析

国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）超导纵场线圈内馈线系统位于主机杜瓦内,由18个盒体分别悬挂于相应纵场磁体终端,通过连接件组成多边形环。在装置降温过程中,内馈线与磁体冷却收缩的不同步导致相邻盒体环向端面发生相对位移,这要求连接件具有位移补偿功能。通过对内馈线收缩过程的研究,采用有限元分析法对内馈线稳态及瞬态温度场进行数值模拟,得到内馈线的热负荷值、温度及热应力分布、温度及变形的时间历程曲线,结果证明,内馈线无需主动冷却且热负荷小,热应力对结构强度影响小。研究结果同时为具有补偿功能连接件的设计提供了初步参数。     

低能β核素微热量热计研制

为对小体积包容体内β核素的放射性活度进行非破坏性测量,研制了低能β核素微热量热计。本工作描述了该量热计工作原理及装置组成,并对装置进行了性能测试和实验验证,对热功率测量结果进行了不确定度评定。输入功率为500μW时,测量结果的不确定度为0.96％（k=2）;输入功率为48μW时,测量结果与输入功率标准值间的偏差为4.2%。     

英国公司参与ITER反应堆容器制造合同的竞标

多家英国公司已组成一个企业集团竞标国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）主真空容器的制造合同。该企业集团以专业大部件加工和制造商Davy Markham公司为首,精密制造商Metalcraft公司及工程咨询商AMEC参与。英国焊接学会已承诺在制造真空容器部件期间提供必要的专家支持。     

《ITER真空手册》分析和实施建议

国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)将建造一个迄今为止最大和最复杂的高真空系统。可靠的真空是ITER项目成功的关键。为规范和指导ITER真空部件相关工作,ITER国际组织(IO)发布了《ITER真空手册》,分析该手册的技术内容,并给出手册实施等方面的一些建议。     

CFETR COOL包层热-机械性能研究

超临界二氧化碳(sCO₂)液态锂铅包层(COOL)是中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)的候选包层，其主要功能是增殖产氚、屏蔽中子辐射以及能量转换发电。COOL包层在正常运行工况下需要承受冷却剂压力、热应力、重力、电磁力等载荷。本文在不考虑重力和电磁载荷的情况下，采用ANSYS有限元方法对COOL包层扇段的赤道面外包层模块进行热-机械性能分析，结果表明，COOL包层在正常运行工况下，各类材料的最高温度不超过限值，并且结构应力能够满足ITER SDC-IC设计标准，分析结果可为包层优化设计提供重要参考和数据支撑。     

Korean high heat flux test facility by using electron beam system for ITER first wall semi-prototype

A Korean high heat flux test facility for the semi-prototype (SP) qualification of an ITER first wall (FW) will be constructed to evaluate the fabrication technologies required for the ITER FW, and the acceptance of these developed technologies will be established for the ITER FW manufacturing procedure. Korea participated in this qualification program, and is responsible for suitable arrangements for the heat flux test of our fabricated SPs. Qualification testing can be started provided that adequate quality and control measures are implemented and validated by the ITER Organization (IO). The controlling measures required for all heat flux tests shall be concrete and demonstrate the satisfaction of the IO test programs. Each country shall provide a test plan covering the quality and controlling measures in the high heat flux test facility to be implemented throughout the test program. Korean high heat flux testing for these ITER plasma facing materials will be performed by using a 60 kV electron beam and a power supply system of 300 kW, where the allowable target dimension is 70 cm × 50 cm in a vacuum chamber. In addition, this facility needs a cooling system for a high-temperature target and decontamination system for beryllium filtration.     

ITER articulated inspection arm (AIA): R&d progress on vacuum and temperature technology for remote handling

This paper is part of the remote handling (RH) activities for the future fusion reactor ITER. The aim of the R&D program performed under the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) work program is to demonstrate the feasibility of close inspection tasks such as viewing or leak testing of the Divertor cassettes and the Vacuum Vessel (VV) first wall of ITER.It is assumed that a long reach, limited payload carrier penetrates the ITER chamber through the openings evenly distributed around the machine such as In-Vessel Viewing System (IVVS) access or through upper port plugs.To perform an intervention a short time after plasma shut down, the operation of the robot should be realised under ITER conditioning i.e. under high vacuum and temperature conditions (120 °C).The feasibility analysis drove the design of the so-called articulated inspection arm (AIA) which is a 8.2 m long robot made of five modules with a 11 actuated joints kinematics. A single module prototype was designed in detail and manufactured to be tested under ITER realistic conditions at CEA-Cadarache test facility.As well as demonstrating the potential for the application of an AIA type device in ITER, this program is also dedicated to explore the necessary robotic technologies required to ITER's IVVS deployment system.This paper presents the whole AIA robot concept, the first results of the test campaign on the prototype vacuum and temperature demonstrator module.     

Paschen testing of ITER prototype cryogenic axial breaks

Axial insulation breaks are needed in forced cooled cryogenic high voltage devices for the separation of the high voltage area from the grounded pipe system. The ITER cryogenic axial breaks will be surrounded by good vacuum in case of normal operation but also under vacuum breakdown conditions sufficient dielectric strength is required for a reliable fast discharge of the coil system. A Paschen tight design of the ITER prototype breaks enables high voltage operation independent on the outer vacuum or gas conditions. Consecutively two pretested ITER prototype breaks were integrated in the insulation system of a Paschen test unit and high voltage tested. Two different ways to perform the Paschen testing were used for both breaks. The preparation of the breaks and the test setup are described and the test results are given.     

Fabrication of new joints for SST-1 TF coil winding packs

The Toroidal Field (TF) magnet system of SST-1 has sixteen NbTi/Cu based coils with about one hundred Inter-Pancake (IP) and Inter-Coil (IC) joints. New box type helium leak tight, low DC resistance joints have been designed, fabricated and tested at 5 K temperature and 10 kA DC transport current. The prototype of this joint has been validated in laboratory as well as on spare TF coil winding pack. Moreover, the performance of these joints has been realised and validated on actual sixteen TF winding packs, the joint resistance of ～0.5 nΩ repeatedly measured on hundreds of IP joints. The quality of terminations and joints was ensured at various stages of fabrication. The quality of joint box material was ensured by visual inspection, chemical analysis, radiography test, ultrasonic test, eddy current test, etc. This paper describes joint design drivers, joint design detail, prototype joint fabrication processes, quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC) adopted during prototype and actual joint fabrication process, joint resistance measurement on actual TF coils and analysis of measured joint resistance in detail.     

Mock-up of a support structure of the ITER vacuum vessel

The ITER vacuum vessel support systems located in the lower level sustain loads in radial and vertical direction. The support system consists of various sub-components like a linkage system, a pot type bearing, a vertical rope, a toroidal constraint, and dampers. In order to examine performance of the mechanism of the system, a mock-up of the linkage system which is comparatively complicated has been manufactured. Various fabrication methods were studied through the mock-up fabrication, and also several tests have been done using the mock-up. Those include assembly study, stroke test, static load test and fatigue test. In the full stroke test, the functional mechanism of the support structure has been demonstrated. In the structural test, the strength of the all components is evaluated by measuring reaction and strain of each component. In order to investigate the effect of tolerances and the damage due to the tests, the performance tests were conducted before and after the static and fatigue tests. The backlash for each stage is found from measured displacement hysteresis. As results of those tests, the performance of the ITER vacuum vessel support structure as well as its structural integrity has been evaluated in this study.     

Design assessment for manufacturability of supporting structures for IWS and ELM coil of ITER vacuum vessel

A vacuum vessel is one of the core facilities of ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) and basically all-welded structure. Korea is responsible for the procurement of sector 1 and 6 of the main vessel. Accordingly, the design review for the fabrication is in progress by ITER Korea and Hyundai Heavy Industries. Due to anticipated manufacturing problems such as the welding distortion, the design of some components of main vessel, IWS (In-Wall Shield) supporting rib and ELM (Edge Localized Mode) coil support, needs to be modified. To release the risk of welding distortion, the welding method called “bridge type” is suggested and the shape of weld joint is adjusted to secure the manufacturability of the issued components. The elastic and limit analyses with fatigue evaluation have been performed under the most critical loading condition to verify the structural integrity of modified design. Analysis results show that the proposed designs meet the design criteria of RCC-MR. The design deviation requests have been submitted to ITER Organization and ANB (Agreed Notified Body) for approval and their verification is currently in progress.     

R&D activities of the liquid breeder blanket in Korea

A liquid breeder blanket has been developed in parallel with the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) Test Blanket Module (TBM) program in Korea. The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has developed the common fields of a solid TBM such as design tools, structural material, fabrication methods, and He cooling technology to support this concept for the ITER. Also, other fields such as a liquid breeder technology and tritium extraction have been developed from the designed liquid TBM. For design tools, system codes for safety analysis such as Multi-dimensional Analysis of Reactor Safety (MARS) and GAs Multi-component Mixture Analysis (GAMMA) were developed for He coolant and liquid breeder. For the fabrication methods, Ferritic Martensitic Steel (FMS) to FMS and Be to FMS joinings with a Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) were developed and verified with a high heat flux test of up to 0.5–1.0 MW/m². Moreover, three mockups were successfully fabricated and a 10-channel prototype is being fabricated to make a rectangular channel FW. For the integrity of the joining, two high heat flux test facilities were constructed, and one using an electron beam has been constructed. With the 6 MPa nitrogen loop, a basic heat transfer experiment for code validation was performed. From the verification of the components such as preheater and circulator, a 9 MPa He loop was constructed, and it supplies high temperature (500 °C) and pressure (8 MPa) He to the high heat flux test facility. For an electromagnetic (EM) pump development for circulating the liquid breeder, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) experiment, and flow corrosion test, a PbLi breeder loop was constructed. From the performance test, the EM pump and magnet show their capability, and flow and static corrosion tests including oxide coating for corrosion protection were performed. For tritium extraction from the liquid breeder, a gas–liquid contact method was adopted and a tritium extraction chamber was constructed. For measurement of the tritium amount in the liquid breeder, permeation sensors have been developed.     

New progress on design and R&D for solid breeder test blanket module in China

ITER will be used to test tritium breeding module concepts, which will lead to the design of DEMO fusion reactor demonstrating tritium self-sufficiency and the extraction of high grade heat for electricity production. China plans to test the HCCB TBM modules during different operation phases. Related design and R&D activities for each TBM module with the auxiliary system are introduced.The helium-cooled ceramic breeder (HCCB) test blanket module (TBM) is the primary option of the Chinese TBM program. The preliminary conceptual design of CN HCCB TBM has been completed. A modified design to reduce the RAFM material mass to 1.3 ton has been carried out based on the ITER technical requirement. Basic characteristics and main design parameters of CN HCCB TBM are introduced briefly. The mock-up fabrication and component tests for Chinese test blanket module are being developed. Recent status of the components of CN HCCB TBM and fabrication technology development are also reported. The neutron multiplier Be pebbles, tritium breeder Li₄SiO₄ pebbles, and structure material CLF-1 of ton-class are being prepared in laboratory scale. The fabrication of pebble bed container and experiment of tritium breeder pebble bed will be started soon. The fabrication technology development is proceeding as the large-scale mock-up fabrication enters into the R&D stage and demonstration tests toward TBM testing on ITER test port are being done as scheduled.