基于APV25读出电子学系统的GEM探测器的位置分辨与X射线成像研究

采用3层GEM膜制作了有效面积为10 cm×10 cm的GEM探测器,该探测器采用二维条读出方式,条间距为400 μm,每个维度有256个读出通道。探测器的读出采用APV25读出电子学系统,根据GEM探测器的需要,设计并改进了电子学系统使用的背板连接器。实验测得GEM探测器空间分辨为76 μm。进行了X射线二维成像研究,获得了清晰的二维图像,探测器与电子学运行稳定可靠。     

一个用于量子通信的高压驱动与信号编码模块

介绍了一个用于自由空间量子通信的电子学模块.该模块产生真随机控制信号以驱动高压脉冲发生器从而控制接收基矢方向,接收探测器信号并按通道编码后输出.     

应用于气体电子倍增器的电子学板研制

气体电子倍增器（GEM）电子学板（GEB）在大面积GEM探测器系统中起重要作用。为满足大面积GEM探测器系统中高速电子学信号的传输、实现电磁屏蔽及为前端电子学提供电源等需求,本文设计了8层结构的GEB,并对该GEB原型进行了电气性能、机械兼容性、信号传输和噪声测试。测试结果显示,本文所设计的GEB在320 Mb/s信号传输速度下的误码率小于10^-13,在保证信号高速性和完整性的基础上能成功传输前端电子学信号;通过采用叠层对称式设计克服了大面积GEB生产时弯曲程度高的困难,生产的GEB原型弯曲高度降低了2/3,平均弯曲高度为1 mm,增强了前端电子学在探测器系统中的运行稳定性。     

应用于气体电子倍增器的电子学板研制

气体电子倍增器(GEM)电子学板(GEB)在大面积GEM探测器系统中起重要作用。为满足大面积GEM探测器系统中高速电子学信号的传输、实现电磁屏蔽及为前端电子学提供电源等需求,本文设计了8层结构的GEB,并对该GEB原型进行了电气性能、机械兼容性、信号传输和噪声测试。测试结果显示,本文所设计的GEB在320 Mb/s信号传输速度下的误码率小于10~(-13),在保证信号高速性和完整性的基础上能成功传输前端电子学信号;通过采用叠层对称式设计克服了大面积GEB生产时弯曲程度高的困难,生产的GEB原型弯曲高度降低了2/3,平均弯曲高度为1 mm,增强了前端电子学在探测器系统中的运行稳定性。     

基于APD阵列的PET探测器模块电子学

APD阵列γ光子探测器的诸多优点使多特别适用于PET成像技术，根据APD器件本身的特点以及PET系统对探测器模块信号读出的要求，在介绍APD实验模块前端电路的设计和性能测试以后，详细讨论了APD模块电子学的整体设计。     

可用于流光室触发系统的光电耦合器

在高能探测器流光室中需要加600千伏的高压脉冲,以使带电粒子进入室本体时能产生流光。当闪烁探测器的输出信号通过电子学设备去控制高压装置时,高压脉冲会对电子学设备产生很强的干扰,使电子学设备不能正常工作甚至烧坏。 光电耦合器是一种输入和输出间用光进行耦合的器件。用它将电子学设备输出的信号传输到高压装置,可将电子学设备和高压装置完全隔开,从而保证电子学设备不受干扰。     

中国加速器驱动次临界装置的功率控制特性初步分析

建立中国次临界实验装置CLEAR-IA(简称CIA)的堆芯中子和热力学模型,编写堆芯和棒控系统计算程序—CICC,并在Simulink中搭建仿真平台对CIA的功率控制动态特性进行仿真分析。结果表明,有效中子增殖因数keff=0.94⁰.96且加速器束流稳定时,棒控系统可有效调节堆芯功率,次临界深度较浅时(如keff>0.98),功率响应出现较大超调量;控制系统引入功率速率前馈信号后,可有效改善功率控制效果并消除Δρ≤100×10-5的扰动;加速器失流的事故工况下,棒控系统使堆芯反应性出现发散性振荡;加速器引入的外源Q与keff的最优匹配值为0.94≤keff≤0.96、1.2×1010cm-3 s-1≤Q≤1.85×1010cm-3 s-1。     

面向暗物质直接探测的原型液氩探测器读出电子学系统设计

针对面向暗物质直接探测的t级原型液氩探测器的信号读出需求,本文设计了1套基于高速、高精度波形数字化技术及PXI Express高速仪器总线技术的读出电子学系统。该系统采用多个波形数字化模块和1个全局触发模块,实现单机箱40路光电倍增管信号的同步采集。系统具有很好的灵活性和可扩展性,通过将多个机箱的触发模块级联可进一步将系统规模扩展至数百通道。该系统研制完成后,配合1个10 kg级的小型液氩探测器开展了单光电子标定和放射源联调测试。通过放射源测试,获得了高质量的液氩探测器闪烁光信号波形。利用脉冲形状甄别算法,可清晰区分核反冲事例和γ事例,初步结果表明,在80~240 pe(光电子)信号幅度范围内的17万个事例中,没有电子反冲信号被误判为中子信号,验证了读出电子学技术路线和设计方案的可行性。     

GEM探测器公共触发信号的优化研究

采用模拟和实验方法研究了GEM探测器自身提供的公共触发信号的特性,得到触发信号的极性和幅度与探测器感应区的场强密切相关;通过对探测器在产生不同极性触发信号的配置高压下的好事例率、位置分辨率以及成像性能的测试分析,得出负触发信号与正触发信号一样均可以作为探测器的有效公共触发信号,不会影响探测器的性能。为GEM探测器适应不同工作条件而采用不同的公共触发高压设置提供参考。     

基于连续晶体PET探测器模块电子学设计

和传统的基于分割晶体PET探测器相比,基于连续晶体的PET探测器具有设计结构简单、能量分辨率高、探测器效率高以及低造价等优点,近年来得到广泛的研究。基于连续晶体PET探测器的最大难点是要用探测器获得闪烁光分布,进而通过作用点定位算法计算γ光子的作用位置。探测器模块电子学需要读出和获取闪烁光的分布,因而电子学变得相对复杂。论文针对自行建立的基于连续LYSO晶体和神经网络定位算法的PET探测器模块的信号读出和数据获取的要求,设计和实现了64通道数据读出和获取电子学系统。该系统采用8片8通道、50 Mbps、串行输出、12 bit ADC对每个通道进行数字化,从海量的核事例中遴选出有效的核事例,在FPGA内实现数据打包、定时符合、基线恢复等功能。经过测试,电路各通道噪声低,增益一致性好。整个电子学系统结构紧凑、性能优良,适合基于连续晶体PET探测器的相关实验研究和应用研究。     

次临界反应性测量的空间修正及其应用综述

次临界下的反应性测量技术有着自身的特点,次临界下控制棒的动作、堆芯的次临界度以及外中子源的存在都会对堆芯中子通量的分布产生影响,因此通常情况下堆芯的次临界度只能"监视",无法准确测量。在堆芯模拟软件发展的基础上,国外科研人员提出了次临界下点堆模型的空间修正方法,将这种方法用于动态棒价值测量(DRWM),并在此基础上进一步发展了次临界控制棒价值测量(SRWM),这些技术有的已经被国内核电站使用,但是国内对空间修正的原理及方法鲜有介绍。本文针对这种需求,总结概括了国外商用堆次临界反应性测量的基本原理与方法,并结合反应性测量仪表技术,给出了次临界反应性仪的数据处理流程,这对于推进国内商用堆次临界反应性测量的研究和实际应用具有较为重要的意义。     

New dynamic method to measure rod worths in zero power physics test at PWR startup

To measure and validate the worth of control (or shutdown) bank in zero power physics test at PWRs, a dynamic control rod reactivity measurement (DCRM) technique has been developed and applied to six startups of Westinghouse plants as well as Korea Standard Nuclear power Plants based on the Combustion Engineering System 80 NSSS. With this technique, just one test bank is inserted into the bottom of the core at maximum stepping rate and withdrawn immediately to the all rod-out position. Specially designed inverse point kinetics equations are used to determine the test bank worth from the measured ex-core detector signals, which are controlled by the neutron-to-response conversion factor and the dynamic-to-static conversion factor. These two parameters are predetermined by the three-dimensional neutron adjoint flux distribution for both the top and bottom ex-core detector and the three-dimensional steady and transient core power distribution for test bank movement. To eliminate the gamma-ray effect on ex-core detector signals, a simple method, using reactivity curve characteristics, was also developed. To verify the DCRM method, a total of 28 bank worths of six different PWRs was measured by the DCRM and compared with those of conventional method. Results show that the DCRM method has a similar accuracy as the conventional technique. However, with the DCRM method, it only takes ∼15 min per bank from the beginning of rod insertion to the determination of measured static worth. From its performance, one can conclude that the DCRM method is an effective replacement for the conventional rod worth measurement method.     

铅铋堆零功率实验装置控制棒价值测量及方法优化

零功率实验装置的控制棒价值测量一般采用周期法、置换法或落棒法对刻棒实验进行简单处理。为提高刻棒效率,本文提出了无补偿的多步降棒刻棒方法,采用该方法对我国首个铅铋堆零功率实验装置控制棒价值进行了测量,与补偿刻棒方式及落棒法测量结果进行了对比,并通过理论计算验证了该方法的准确性。结果表明：本文方法有效降低了空间效应对测量值的影响,控制棒价值测量结果准确可靠,可在较短时间内完成较高精度的刻棒实验,适用于需经常更换装料方案的临界实验装置。     

Control Rod Worth Measurement and Method Optimization of Lead-bismuth Reactor Zero-power Experimental Device

The control rod worth measurement of the zero-power experimental device is generally performed by the periodic method, the substitution method or the rod drop method. In order to improve the efficiency of measurement, a multi-step rod-insertion method without compensation was proposed. The control rod worth of the first lead-bismuth reactor zero-power experimental device in China was measured by this method, and the results were compared with those obtained by the compensation method and the rod drop method. The accuracy of the method was verified by theoretical calculations. The results indicate that this method effectively reduces the space effect on measured worth, and the measurement results of control rod worth are accurate and reliable. The method can complete the higher precision rod worth measurement in a short time, and is suitable for the critical experimental device that needs to change the charging scheme frequently.     

Linux下基于Root界面的通用探测器测试系统

介绍了一个在Linux操作系统下实现的基于Root图形界面的通用探测器测试系统。该系统可以根据不同的实验要求任意设置,实现对高压的控制,实现计数率曲线和效率曲线的自动化测量,以及在不同高压下的信号幅度、电荷量和时间量等的自动测量。     

共面栅碲锌镉探测器读出电路设计及性能研究

为有效读出共面栅碲锌镉(CPG-CZT)探测器的核脉冲信号,本文结合CPG-CZT探测器工作原理及国内外研究,设计了可用于CPG-CZT探测器的读出电路,主要包括高压偏置电路、前置放大电路、增益调节及减法电路。为研究读出电路性能,本文测试了各单元电路的性能及探测系统能量分辨率随偏置电压、增益调节电路中两路信号的相对增益G的变化规律。结果表明：高压偏置电路两路输出偏压与输入偏置电压的相关系数R²均为0.998;前置放大电路输出噪声为5 mV;增益调节及减法电路输出信号噪声为10 mV;输入偏置电压、相对增益G的变化均会影响探测系统能量分辨率,当偏置电压为-1650 V、相对增益G为0.7时对¹³⁷Cs源产生的γ射线能量分辨率最佳,可达3.65%,且无明显拖尾现象。     

PandaX-nT暗物质探测实验读出电子学预研系统的研制

PandaX-nT升级对电子学系统提出了诸多新的挑战,如更多的通道数、高速高精度的波形数字化、灵活的触发算法和更高的数据带宽要求等。本文介绍一种为未来PandaX-nT暗物质直接探测升级实验预研的读出电子学系统。该电子学系统主要由前置放大电路模块、波形数字化模块（FDM）、数据获取模块（DAQ）和时钟分发模块等组成。FDM集成8路14 bit@ 1 GS/s ADC,具有较高集成度,可实现对探测器信号波形数字化,并通过光纤与DAQ通信。DAQ可汇总多块FDM数据,实现全数字化的触发算法,并通过基于TCP协议的千兆以太网与计算机通信,保证了数据传输的可靠与稳定。目前已完成了整个读出电子学系统设计,并对整个电子学系统进行了功能验证,以及与探测器进行了初步的联合测试。整个电子学系统具有较高的可扩展性,并能实现更复杂的触发算法,能满足下一代升级的需求。     

Significant spatial dependence observed in inverse kinetics analysis for a loosely coupled-core system of the Kyoto University Critical Assembly

A loosely coupled-core system was constructed in the Kyoto University Critical Assembly to study the spatial effect observed in inverse kinetics analysis of control rod reactivity worth. In a rod drop experiment, the conventional inverse kinetic method resulted in a space- and time-dependent rod worth, which depended significantly on detector position and varied remarkably with the elapse of time. In another rod worth measurement, where a control rod was continuously inserted, the similar spatial dependence could be also observed. In this study, a modal expansion approach was proposed to reduce the above spatial dependence of the measured rod worth. Applying the present approach to inverse kinetics analysis, the troublesome dependence could be solved to obtain space-independent rod worth. This approach requires only the eigenfunctions of fundamental and higher modes for an unperturbed system but makes both static and transient calculations for various perturbed systems unnecessary.     

先进反应性测量系统的研发与应用

相比于传统的反应堆控制棒价值测量方法,快速的动态棒价值测量方法要求反应性测量设备具有更高的精度和性能,以准确获取和处理堆外探测器的电流信号,并需通过额外的堆芯中子学计算对试验过程中的空间效应进行修正。为此本研究开发了一套包含先进物理试验测量仪（APTC）和动态棒价值测量软件包（LIGHT）的先进反应性测量系统（SMART）,并对SMART开展了一系列验证试验。结果表明,SMART具备完整的物理启动试验功能,其精度和性能能够满足包括动态棒价值测量在内的物理启动试验的要求;在300 MW压水堆核电厂中的成功应用也充分验证了SMART的工程应用能力。      

Simulation of start-up measurements with the KIKO3D code and its application for determining the scram rod worth uncertainty in the VVER-440 reactor

The reasons for large discrepancies between the computed and measured values of the efficiency of control rods observed during start-up experiments on the Russian pressurized water type VVER reactors are discussed. The numerical simulation of the measurements including the prediction of the ex-core detector signals was used to resolve the discrepancies. The time and space dependent neutron flux in the core during these measurements have been calculated by the KIKO3D nodal kinetic code. For calculating the ionization chamber signals the Green function technique has been applied. The Green functions of ionization chambers have been evaluated via solving the neutron transport equation in the reflector regions with the MCNP Monte Carlo code. The detector signals have been calculated and compared with measured ones using the inverse point kinetics transformation. Large number of asymmetric rod drop measurements (with one rod stuck) and some differential rod worth measurements from the Zero Power Physics Tests were provided by the Paks NPP for validation. The experiments cover different fuels (without and with enrichment zoning) and loading patterns. The intermediate range ionization chambers have been used during the scram measurements. The newly developed method provides fairly sufficient match of measured and calculated results. The time behavior of the detector readings observed in the measurements are described by the code in a consistent manner.As a further application the uncertainty of scram rod worth of the KARATE-440 code system was determined by static calculations and subsequent simulation of rod drop with the KIKO3D code. The calculated results were compared to measurements carried out by the Paks NPP. The uncertainty of scram rod worth is established by statistical analysis.