Finite element analysis on stresses field of normalized layer thickness within ceramic coating on aluminized steel

Multilayer ceramic coatings were fabricated on steel substrate using a combined technique of hot dipping aluminum（HDA） and plasma electrolytic oxidation（PEO）. A triangle of normalized layer thickness was created for describing thickness ratios of HDA/PEO coatings. Then, the effect of thickness ratio on stresses field of HDA/PEO coatings subjected to uniform normal contact load was investigated by finite element method. Results show that the surface tensile stress is mainly affected by the thickness ratio of AI layer when the total thickness of coating is unchanged. With the increase of AI layer thickness, the surface tensile stress rises quickly. When Al2O3 layer thickness increases, surface tensile stress is diminished. ＇Meanwhile, the maximum shear stress moves rapidly towards internal part of HDA/PEO coatings. Shear stress at the Al2O3/Al interface is minimal when Al2O3 layer and AI layer have the same thickness.     

Surface modification of die casting mold steel by a composite technique of hot-dipping and plasma electrolytic oxidation

The hot dipping process of pure aluminum on H13 steel substrates followed by plasma electrolytic oxidation（PEO） was studied to form alumina ceramic coatings for protective purpose.H13 steel bars were first dipped in pure aluminum melts,and then,a reactive iron-aluminum intermetallic layer grew at the interface between the melt and the steel substrate.The reactive layer was mainly composed of intermetallic Fe-Al（Fe₂Al₅）;the thickness of aluminum layer and Fe-Al intermetallic layer were mainly influenced by dipping time（1.5～12.0 min） and dipping temperature（710～760 ℃）.After PEO process,uniform Al₂O₃ ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of aluminized steel.The element distribution,phase composition and morphology of the aluminized layer,and the ceramic coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD.The distribution of hardness across the composite coating is demonstrated,and the maximum value reaches 1864 HV.The thermal shock resistance of the coated sample is also well improved.     

Characterization of microarc oxidation coatings on pure titanium

The morphology, composition, and phase structure of the oxide coatings produced on the surface of pure titanium by alternating-current microarc discharge in aluminate solution were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The profiles of the hardness H and the elastic modulus E in the coatings were determined using a nanoindenta-tion method. The concentration distributions of Ti, Al, and O in the coating show that this coating over 30 μm thick contains two layers: an outer layer and an inner layer. The oxide coating is mainly composed of TiO2 rutile and Al2TiO5 compounds. During oxidation, the temperature in the microarc discharge channel was very high to make the local coating molten. From the surface to the interior of the coating, H and E increase gradually, and then reach maximum values of 9.78 GPa and 176 GPa respectively at a distance of 7μrn from the coating/titanium interface. They are also rather high near the interface.     

Evolution of residual stress field in 6N01 aluminum alloy friction stir welding joint

Based on the characteristics of friction stir welding( FSW) and Coulomb friction work theory,the residual stresses field of FSW joints of 6 N01 aluminum alloy( T5),which was used in high speed train,were calculated by using the ANSYS finite element software. During the FEM calculation,the dual heat source models namely the body heat source and surface heat source were used to explore the evolution law of the welding process to the residual stress field. The method of ultrasonic residual stress detecting was used to investigate the residual stresses field of the 6 N01 aluminum alloy FSW joints. The results show that the steady-state temperature of 6 N01 aluminum alloy during FSW is about 550 ℃,and the temperature mutates at the beginning and at end of welding. The longitudinal residual stress σ_x is the main stress,which fluctuates in the range of-25 to 242 MPa. Moreover,the stress in the range of shaft shoulder is tensile stress that the maximum tensile stress is 242 MPa,and the stress in the outside of shaft shoulder is compressive stress that the maximum compressive stress is 25 MPa. The distribution of the tensile stress in the welding nugget zone( WNZ) is obviously bimodal,and the residual stress on the advancing side is higher than that on the retreating side. With the increasing of the welding speed,the maximum temperature decreased and the maximum residual stress decreased when the pin-wheel speed kept constant. With the increasing of the pin-wheel speed,the maximum temperature of the joint increased and the maximum residual stress increased when the welding speed was constant. The experimental results were in good agreement with the finite element results.     

Finite element analysis of stresses and interface crack in TBC systems

Thermal barrier coatings have been used on high temperature components. Due to high stresses leading to unpredictable failure, a transient thermal-structural finite element solution was employed to analyze the stress distribution and J-integral at the interface between the bond coating and thermally growing oxide(TGO) in the EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings subjected to thermal loadings. The effects of some environmental and material parameters were studied, such as thermal convection coefficient, ceramic elastic modulus and TGO thickness. The results show that the stresses and J-integral values are impacted by these parameters.     

Adhesive strength and structure of micro-arc oxidation ceramic coatings grown in-situ on LY 12 aluminum alloy

The ceramic coatings containing zirconium dioxide were grown in-situ on LY l 2 aluminium alloy by micro-arc oxidation in mixed zirconate and phosphate solution. The phase composition and morphology of the coatings were studied by XRD and SEM. The adhesive strength of ceramic coatings was assessed by thermal shock test and tensile test. The results show that the coating is composed of m-ZrOz, t-ZrO2, and a little y-Al2O3. Along the section of the coating, t-ZrO2 is more on both sides than that in the middle, while m-ZrO2 is more in the middle than that on both sides. Meantime the coating is also composed of a dense layer and a loose layer. The coating has excellent thermal shock resistance under 550 ℃ and 600 ℃. And tensile tests show the adhesive strength of the dense layer of the coating with the substrate is more than 17.5 MPa.     

Finite element analysis on electron beam brazing temperature and stresses of stainless steel radiator

Based on thermal-elasto-plastic finite element theory, a two-dimensional finite element model for calculating electron beam brazing temperature and residual stress fields of stainless steel radiator are presented. The distributions of temperature and residual stress are studied. The resuhs showed that temperature distribution on brazing surface is rather uniform, ranging from 1 026 ℃ to 1 090 ℃. The residual stresses are varied from initial compressive to tensile , and the variation of residual stress is very little in total zone of brazing surface.     

FEM simulation on residual stress distribution during diffusion bonding between Ti （ C,N） metallic ceramic/interlayer/40Cr steel

Based on ANSYS FEM software, the distribution of residual stress in the diffusion bonding joints between Ti（ C,N） metallic ceramic/interlayer/4OCr steel was calculated and experimentally ver~ed. The results showed that the trend on the distribution of residual stress field in the joints was not changed with the use of interlayer. The maximum residual stress was always located in metallic ceramic with area ranging from 1 mm to 4 mm to the interlayer. The maximum residual stress in the joints was also affected by diffusion temperature. The satellite pulse current during the initial stage on diffusion bonding can promote the formation of liquid film at the interface, by which diffusion temperature and loading pressure can be greatly decreased. The crack initiation was easily produced at the corner of Ti （ C, N） metallic ceramic close to the interlayer. If a higher residual stress produced in the joints, the crack was propagated into the whole ceramic.     

Sliding wear behavior of high velocity arc sprayed Fe-Al coating

The friction and wear behavior of Fe-Al intermetallics based coating produced by high velocity are spraying technique under dry sliding at room temperature were investigated using a ball-on-disc tribotester. The effect of sliding speed on friction coefficient and wear of the coating was studied. The worn surface of the coating was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to explore sliding friction and wear mechanism. The results show that the variations of friction coefficient can be divided into three distinct steps during the trail. Both the friction coefficient and the wear of the coating increase with increased sliding speed due to accelerated crack propagation rate and lamellar structure with poor ductility of the coating. The coating surface is subjected to alternately tensile stress and compression stress during sliding wear process, and the predominant wear mechanism of the coatings appears to be brittle fracture and delamination.     

Structure and tensile／wear properties of microarc oxidation ceramic coatings on aluminium alloy

Thick and hard ceramic coatings were prepared on the Al-Cu-Mg alloy by microarc oxidation in alkali-silicate electrolytic solution. The thickness and microhardness of the oxide coatings were measured. The influence of current density on the growth rate of the coating was examined. The rnicrostructure and phase composition of the coatings were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the tensile strength of the AI alloy before and after microarc oxidation treatment were tested, and the fractography and morphology of the oxide coatings were observed using scanning electron microscope. It is found that the current density considerably influences the growth rate of the microarc oxidation coatings. The oxide coating is mainly composed of α-Al2 O3 and γ-Al2O3, while high content of Si is observed in the superficial layer of the coating. The cross-section microhardness of 120μm thick coating reaches the maximum at distance of 35μm from the substrate/coating interface. The tensile strength and elongation of the coated AI alloy significantly decrease with increasing coating thickness. The rnicroarc oxidation coatings greatly improve the wear resistance of AI alloy, but have high friction coefficient which changes in the range of 0.7-0.8. Under grease lubricating, friction coefficient is only 0. 15 and wear loss is less than 1/10 of the loss under dry friction.     

可计及温度与层状结构影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层残余热应力理论表征模型

目的创建可计及温度与层状结构共同影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层因热不匹配导致的残余热应力的理论表征模型。方法基于经典的层合板理论与超高温陶瓷基复合材料热物理性能参数对温度的敏感性研究,引入温度和层状结构对涂层与基体层所受残余热应力的影响,形成各层残余热应力温度相关性的理论表征方法,并以ZrB_2-SiC复合材料涂层为例,利用该理论方法系统地研究了各种控制机制对残余热应力的影响及其随温度的演化规律。结果超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层所受的残余热应力随着温度的变化而变化,涂层热膨胀系数与基体层热膨胀系数差别越大,变化幅度越大。当涂层材料热膨胀系数大于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余拉应力,基体层材料遭受残余压应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受拉应力减小,而基体层所受压应力增大;当涂层材料热膨胀系数小于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余压应力,基体层材料遭受残余拉应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受压应力减小,而基体层所受拉应力增大。低温下,各层所受残余热应力对层厚与每层材料组成的变化比较敏感,随着温度的升高,敏感性降低。结论对于涂层材料,应设计涂层材料的热膨胀系数小于基体层材料的热膨胀系数,使涂层遭受残余压应力,这不仅能够降低材料表面产生裂纹的危险,同时可以抑制表面已有缺陷的扩展。同时应当设计相对较小的涂层厚度,以增大涂层所受的残余压应力,降低基体层所受的残余拉应力,有效提高整体材料在不同温度下的强度性能。     

等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层结构优化与热力耦合模拟计算

目的研究不同结构参数对Mo/8YSZ热障涂层系统残余应力的影响因素。方法设计Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层,并利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的数值模型,模型中考虑了材料热物理性能参数随温度变化,研究粘结层、过渡层及陶瓷层厚度对Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层残余应力的影响规律。结果随着径向距离的增大,粘结层与陶瓷层界面的残余应力逐渐由压应力变为拉应力,并且在涂层边缘位置,径向残余拉应力达到最大值。在0~12 mm路径范围内的同一位置,伴随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,粘结层与陶瓷层界面位置的轴向残余应力无明显变化,且轴向残余应力的数值几乎为0;在6~12.5 mm路径范围内的同一位置,伴随着陶瓷层厚度的增加,其剪切残余应力逐渐增大。在基体与粘结层界面边缘0.5 mm处存在着与其他位置相比更大的应力突变。粘结层与陶瓷层的厚度参数比控制在4∶10~4∶13时,涂层具有最低的热失配。过渡层与陶瓷层的厚度参数比控制在1∶4时,涂层具有最低的热失配。当功能梯度热障涂层的过渡层采用50%Mo与50%8YSZ复合而成时,将粘结层、过渡层及陶瓷层三者的厚度比值控制在16∶10∶40~16∶13∶52,涂层具有最低的热失配。结论通过设计功能梯度热障涂层,并合理调控热障涂层系统的结构参数,可进一步减小喷涂构件的残余应力和应力突变情况,提升基体与涂层的结合强度。     

等离子喷涂热障涂层逐道沉积累积应力的模拟

运用ANSYS12. 0 软件,对等离子喷涂热障涂层逐道沉积过程中的累积应力进行了有限元模拟。结果表明,涂层制备过程中,已喷涂层的温度随喷枪移动呈周期性大幅波动,这种快速热冲击使得涂层中产生了相应的应力波动。涂层喷涂结束并冷却至室温后,边缘存在应力集中,陶瓷层与粘结层的界面边缘处最大切向拉应力为122 MPa。涂层各界面中部应力值呈波浪状周期性浮动,X 方向应力是主要的应力形式。     

A mechanistic study of oxidation-induced degradation in a plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating system.: Part I: model formulation

The effect of the oxidation induced degradation of a typical plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (PS-TBC) system on the local ceramic–metal interfacial stresses responsible for the nucleation of mesoscopic cracks is investigated. A coupled oxidation-constitutive approach is proposed to describe the effect of the phase transformations caused by local internal and external oxidation processes on the constitutive behaviour of the metallic coating. The coupled constitutive framework is implemented into the finite element method and used in parametric studies employing periodic unit cell techniques. The effects of service, microstructural and ceramic–metal interface parameters on the peak interfacial stresses during service and cooling to room temperature are quantified. The results of the parametric unit cell FE analyses revealed a strong dependency of the local stresses responsible for mesoscopic crack nucleation and growth on the local morphology of the oxidised interface, the sintering of the ceramic coating, stress relaxation effects due to creep, the thickness of the thermally grown oxide (TGO), and the applied mechanical loads. When no mechanical straining of the TBC system is considered, local tensile stresses normal to the coating surface within the ceramic top coating reach values of up to 330 MPa at room temperature for a critical TGO thickness of approx. 3 μm.     

激光熔覆镍基合金温度场和应力场数值模拟

文中采用SYSWELD软件分别对激光单道和搭接熔覆过程进行模拟分析. 结果表明,激光熔覆处理时经历了快速加热、快速冷却的过程,具有较高的过热度,单道处理时熔覆层表面中心点峰值温度最高,可达2 589 ℃;随着远离熔池中心,各点峰值温度逐渐降低. 激光单道处理后,熔覆层内受拉应力,最大值出现熔覆层与基体交界处,热影响区受压应力. 搭接处理后第一道熔覆层仍受拉应力,但拉应力值明显降低,最大值在热影响区. 由于第一道熔覆的预热作用,第二道各点峰值温度均高于单道处理,应力最大值出现在靠近熔覆层底部位置,而热影响区受压应力.     

Experimental and numerical life prediction of thermally cycled thermal barrier coatings

This article addresses the predominant degradation modes and life prediction of a plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBC). The studied TBC system consists of an air-plasma-sprayed bond coat and an air-plasma-sprayed, yttria partially stabilized zirconia top layer on a conventional Hastelloy X substrate. Thermal shock tests of as-sprayed TBC and pre-oxidized TBC specimens were conducted under different burner flame conditions at Volvo Aero Corporation (Trollhättan, Sweden). Finite element models were used to simulate the thermal shock tests. Transient temperature distributions and thermal mismatch stresses in different layers of the coatings during thermal cycling were calculated. The roughness of the interface between the ceramic top coat and the bond coat was modeled through an ideally sinusoidal wavy surface. Bond coat oxidation was simulated through adding an aluminum oxide layer between the ceramic top coat and the bond coat. The calculated stresses indicated that interfacial delamination cracks, initiated in the ceramic top coat at the peak of the asperity of the interface, together with surface cracking, are the main reasons for coating failure. A phenomenological life prediction model for the coating was proposed. This model is accurate within a factor of 3.     

Behavior of thermal barrier coatings for advanced gas turbine blades

The work reported herein deals with a plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria ceramic coating with a nickel-chromium-aluminum bond coat on a super- alloy substrate. This investigation has as its principal objective the quantitative determination of stress states in a model thermal barrier coating as it cools in air. The effects associated with an idealized rough ceramic-bond interface were investigated. The influence of bond coat oxidation was also determined, together with the impact of initial cracking within the coating. An improved understanding of these coating behaviors is expected to lead to the discovery of coating failure mechanisms which can greatly benefit the designer.In this investigation the powerful finite element method was employed to model the coating which is assumed to be elastic for this initial effort. To obtain the necessary accuracy a very fine finite element grid was developed, utilizing generalized plane-strain elements to model a cylindrical coated specimen. The model which is named TBCOC contains 1316 nodal points and 2140 elements.Using a generic code called MARC, numerical results were obtained from this model. The actual calculations were performed on a CRAY-1S supercomputer. Detailed stress distributions in the coating were obtained to reflect the effects of thermal expansion mismatch and the material properties. Results to date have pinpointed the existence (and location) of large radial tensile stresses in the ceramic layer adjacent to the rough ceramic- bond interface.The effects of oxidation on the stresses are shown together with the influence of initial cracking at specific locations near the ceramic-bond interface. A preliminary failure mechanism for thermal barrier coatings is proposed on the basis of these numerical results and published experimental work.     

NiAl/NiCoCrAlY/8YSZ复合喷涂层的微观结构与性能研究

目的提高金属/陶瓷隔热涂层体系在海洋环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法利用冷喷涂方法制备NiAl复合打底层和Ni CoCrAlY粘结层,与等离子喷涂制备的8YSZ陶瓷层构成适用于海洋环境的多层结构耐蚀隔热涂层体系。利用FE-SEM分别观察喷涂态粘结层和陶瓷层的表面、横截面形貌,通过EDS分析涂层元素分布;利用XRD分析表征涂层的物相组成;借助万能材料试验机,采用拉伸法测试涂层结合强度;利用热循环试验和焰流冲刷试验测试涂层的耐高温性能。结果微观分析表明,冷喷涂制备的NiAl复合打底层和Ni CoCrAlY粘结层形貌致密,涂层材料未发生明显氧化,颗粒变形程度不一,粘结层与基体间的结合强度约为18.4 MPa,粘结层与8YSZ陶瓷层界面结合紧密。陶瓷层物相结构和成分稳定,涂层经12次热震循环和1000个周期的高温焰流冲击后,表面未出现开裂、起皮和脱落。结论采用冷喷涂法和等离子喷涂法联合制备的耐蚀隔热复合涂层体系具备良好的耐热性和耐腐蚀性。冷喷涂制备的金属涂层结构致密,孔隙率低,与陶瓷层结合良好,能够有效提高涂层体系在腐蚀性环境中的耐蚀性能。NiAl复合涂层可以缓解Ni CoCrAlY粘结层和铝合金基材间的热匹配问题,增强涂层的结合性能。     

温度和厚度对纳米金刚石涂层残余应力的影响

目的通过改善液相等离子喷涂制备纳米金刚石涂层的工艺参数,提高纳米金刚石涂层的显微硬度与结合强度。方法利用Ansys有限元软件对纳米金刚石涂层中的残余应力进行数值模拟。建立纳米金刚石涂层的有限元分析模型与热传导方程,探讨了涂层的厚度与降温速度对纳米金刚石涂层残余应力的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜对制备的纳米金刚石涂层表面进行分析,并且利用显微硬度计和表面划痕仪测定纳米金刚石涂层的显微硬度和结合强度。结果纳米金刚石涂层的主应力为拉应力,涂层的最大主应力随着厚度的增大而具有先增大、后减小、再增加的特点。随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层的最大剪应力由涂层表面转移到涂层界面,其值先减少,后保持稳定。涂层整体、涂层界面和涂层表面的最大主应力与最大剪应力,随涂层温度的升高而呈线性递减的趋势。纳米金刚石涂层的主应力集中在涂层的四周,而涂层的剪应力分布在涂层表面。纳米金刚石涂层表面较光滑,由大量纳米级的细小扁平颗粒紧密排布而形成。结论采用适当的工艺参数制备出厚度为0.1 mm的纳米金刚石涂层,其显微硬度和结合强度分别约为150HV和9 N。