An analysis of the dynamic resistance and the instantaneous energy of the CO2 arc welding process

A self-developed welding dynamic arc wavelet analyzer was adopted to analyze and assess the welding process of two CO2 arc welding machines. The experimental results indicate that the instantaneous energy can reflect the influence of the welding current and voltage on dynamic arc characteristic synthetically. Through calculating and analyzing the instantaneous energy, the energy during arc ignition and short circuit in CO2 welding process can be confirmed rationally, thus the foundation for the accurate design and control of the welding current and voltage can be provided. By reducing the ripple disturbance of the dynamic resistance, avoiding peak current and voltage waveform,and enhancing the transition frequency of short circuit suitably, the stability of the welding arc and the weld appearance can be improved.     

Computer simulation of short-circuiting transfer welding under waveform control on inverter power source

A simulation model is introduced about the non-linearity process of short-circuiting transfer in CO2 arc welding for displaying the interaction between the inverter power source and welding arc under waveform control. In the simulation model, the feedback signals of current and voltage are taken respectively at the different phase in a short circuit periodic time and applied to the PWM （pulse width modulation） module in a model of inverter power source to control the output of power source. The simulation operation about the dynamic process of CO2 short-circuiting transfer welding is implemented on the founded simulation model with a peak arc current of 400 A and a peak voltage of 35 V, producing the dynamic arc waveforms which can embody the effect of inverter harmonic wave. The simulating waveforms are close to that of welding experiments.     

Determining the boundaries of globular-to-spray transfer in robotic GMAW

Robotic gas metal arc welding （GMAW） experiments were conducted using an ERTOS-1 electrode with Ar ＋ 10% CO2 shielding gas, and the welding current and arc voltage signals were collected by a data acquisition system. The boundaries between globular transfer and spray transfer in terms of the welding current and arc voltage were determined according to the waveform of electric signals and the Fourier transform results of arc voltage. The optimum welding parameters for the two transfer modes were obtained, which laid a foundation for the numerical simulation and control of GMAW process.     

One-knob self-optimizing fuzzy cotrol of CO2 arc welding process

A new one-knob self-optimizing fuzzy control system of CO2 arc welding is established based on the syntheitic performance evaluation of droplet transfer process.It includes two kinds of self-optimizing fuzzy controllers;the arc voltage controller and the current waveform controller,The fuzzy control principle and the key points of the control patterns are presented.Through on -line detecting,computing of characteristic parameters and one-knob self-optimizing adjusting.the characteristic parameters and welding variables can be adjusted to suitable ranges under the control of the arc voltage controller,Meanwhile the current waveform controller is active in the rear-time stage of the short-circuiting and the instant of re-triggering arc.The experiment results show that the control and its algorithm can improve the synthetic performance of arc welding process apparently.     

Fuzzy control of carbon dioxide short circuit transfer welding based on reducing dependence of operating skills

In order to reduce dependence of operating skill fuzxy control system is developed, the core of which is a 16 bit Single Chip Microcomputer of Intel 80C196KC. It is realized by software programming. In this system two fvzxy controller are designed. The PID parameter self-adjusting.fuzxy controller is used to compensate welding current deviation in the process of arc voltage optimized control. To obtain the optimum result of ultimate frequency of short circuit transfer, the self-optimlzing fuzzy controller carries out the arc voltage self-optimizing by under the condition of the given welding current. Arc voltage and welding current are kept the optimum matching relationship by two fuzzy controllers.     

Self-adjusting dynamic characteristics of pulsed MIG welding for aluminum alloys

Pulsed MIG welding is suitable for aluminum alloys welding, because spray transfer and excellent profile can be arrived during whole welding current range, and the energy of droplet can be controlled to overcome losing of alloy elements with lower melting and steam point by controlling pulse current and pulse time. Because of the special physic properties of aluminum alloys, there are different requirements for pulsed MIG welding between starting arc short circuit and drop transfer short circuit, pulse period and base period. In order to satisfy the need of aluminum alloys MIG welding, self-adjusting dynamic characteristics are designed to output different dynamic characteristics in different welding startes. The self-adjusting dynamic characteristics of pulsed MIG welding are achieved through a short circuit controller and a dynamic electronic inductor. The welding machine(AL-MIG 350) with self-adjusting dynamic characteristics has a high rate of successfully starting arc up to 96%, and the short circuit time during transfer is less than 1ms, in the mean time, the arc is stiffness, spatter is low and weld appearance is good.     

Effects of welding voltage on process stability in hyperbaric gas metal arc welding

Based on hyperbaric gas metal arc welding （GMAW） experiments at ambient pressure of 0. 8 MPa, the process stability of different welding voltages was studied. The experiments were carried out with a high speed camera system including infrared laser backlight and electric signal acquisition system. Keeping wire feed speed at 8 m/min, arc length increases linearly with the increase of welding voltage in O. 8 MPa argon environment. Under this condition, all the metal transfer modes are droplet repelled transfer and the transfer frequency increases with increasing welding voltage. The number of deviating spatter is less with relatively high welding voltage. The results of electric signal waveforms show that the probabilities of short circuit and arc interruption decrease firstly and then increase with increasing welding voltage. When the welding voltage is 37 V, the hyperbaric welding process is the most stable with no probability of short circuit and arc interruption.     

Closed-loop control of weld penetration in keyhole plasma arc welding

To improve the penetrating ability and the welding quality of keyhole plasma arc welding, a novel penetration closed-loop control system was established. In the system, welding current and plasma gas flow rate were selected as adjusting variables. The wavelet method was used to detect penetration status from welding arc voltage in real-time. The control strategy of one-keyhole-per-pulse was adapted to fulfill stable and high quality welding process. Experimental results show that the developed system can apparently increase the penetrating force of plasma arc and keyhole plasma arc welding is realized successfully in stainless steel with 10 mm in thickness. Moreover,the disturbances of gradual change and break change from 3mm to 6mm in thickness are come over due to the good response property of the developed system.     

Simulation of Metal Transfer in GMAW Based on FLUENT

A new numerical approach is presented, which is used to simulate the dynamic process of metal transfer. The process of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding is simulated based on FLUENT. A two-dimensional axisymmetric numerical model is developed using volume of fluid method and the distributions of physical quantities including pressure, current density, electric potential in the droplet are investigated. For improving the veracity of the simulated results and decreasing the effect of the uncertain surface tension coefficient on the simulated results, the relationship between the welding current and surface tension coefficient is modified by analysis of regression. Meanwhile for testing the accuracy of simulated results, the welding experiments are performed and the high-speed photography system is used to record the real process of metal transfer. The results show that the simulated results are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental ones.     

Effect of welding speed and electrode extension on the approximate entropy of welding current in short-circuiting GMAW

Based on the phase space reconstruction of welding current in short-circuiting transfer arc welding under carbon dioxide, the approximate entropy of welding current and its standard deviation have been calculated and analyzed at different welding speeds and different electrode extensions respectively. The experimental and calculated results show that at a certain arc voltage, wire feeding rate and gas flow rate, welding speed and electrode extension have significant effects not only on the approximate entropy of welding current, but also on the stability of welding process. Further analysis proves that when the welding speed and electrode extension are in an appropriate range respectively, the welding current approximate entropy attains maximum and its standard deviation minimum. Just under such circumstances, the welding process is in the most stable state.     

软开关弧焊逆变电源动特性分析

随着高性能薄板合金的广泛应用,基于实时能量控制波形弧焊技术的发展,对弧焊电源动特性提出了更高的要求．通过对移相全桥弧焊逆变电源的分析,可知移相全桥主电路本质上可等效为Buck模型,利用电路理论推导出小信号模型等效电路的电流传递函数,结合弧焊电源具体特点并进行简化,运用自动控制原理知识分析了弧焊逆变电源的动特性影响因素,并对基于峰值电流反馈的斜坡补偿方法进行具体设计分析,得出了基于峰值电流反馈弧焊逆变电源的动特性与输出回路电抗大小无关的结论．结果表明,仿真和实际电路试验结果均表明分析过程的正确性．     

基于复合控制数字化弧焊逆变电源的仿真分析

在分析了传统控制方法优缺点的基础上,提出了一种基于重复控制和双闭环控制相结合的复合控制弧焊数字化逆变电源控制方案.重复控制利用扰动的重复性特点,逐周期地修正输出电压可以较好地改善系统的稳态特性,双闭环控制利用电流内环快速、及时的抗扰性来有效地抑制负载扰动的影响,可以较好地改善系统的动态特性.在对弧焊的飞溅及焊缝成形影响因素分析的基础上,利用复合控制的数字化系统,在短路阶段通过实时调整di/dt及峰值电流,短路电流采用适当的外拖回拐量,在燃弧阶段,保持燃弧电压稳定的同时,提高再引弧电流,以改善焊接工艺性能.结果分析表明,采用该方式控制的焊接电源,可以减少飞溅,使焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形变好.     

基于DSP的脉冲GMAW焊数字化控制系统

针对脉冲GMAW焊工艺要求,采用32位数字信号处理器TMS320F2812建立了基于DSP的数字化控制系统,实现了电流和弧长的双闭环全数字控制,取得了良好的控制性能.控制系统利用DSP内部集成的PWM产生模块,通过选择合适的工作方式实现了软开关主电路四路移相PWM信号的直接数字化控制.给出了系统控制原理及程序流程图,脉冲峰值和基值阶段采用变参数的数字PI控制,使得电流快速跟随给定信号,同时采用模糊控制方法对弧长进行闭环控制.结果表明,所设计的脉冲GMAW焊全数字控制系统满足设计要求,输出电流波形一致性好,可以实现快速、稳定的弧长调节,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形美观.     

Simulation of droplet transfer process and current waveform control of CO_2 arc welding

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一种基于DSP的脉冲MIG焊波形控制方法的研究

在基于DSP的弧焊逆变电源的数字控制系统上,针对脉冲MIG焊熔滴过渡过程的控制,提出了中值波形控制方法,采用前中值波形控制方法对钢进行焊接试验,研究了中值电流和中值时间对焊接过程的影响规律,得出了新工艺方法及与之相匹配的工艺参数.结果表明:当中值时间固定,中值电流较小时,焊接过程不稳定,易产生短路或断孤现象;中值电流较大时,中值阶段的作用与峰值阶段的作用相同,收不到预设的效果;当中值电流为一理想值时,焊接效果较好.当中值电流固定,中值时间较短时,不足以过渡熔滴;中值时间过长,易产生短路过渡;当中值时间为一理想值时,焊接效果较好.     

CO2弧焊电流波形的多参数自寻优智能控制

研究并提出了一种CO2气体保护焊电流波形的多参数自寻优智能控制法,电流波形的模糊寻优计及弧焊过程特征参数的综合影响,并在表征短路过渡综合性能的特征综合值作为弧焊过程定量评价和目标实时寻优的函数。在波控参数基值的基础上,基于综合性能寻优过程采用三级模糊调节算法,对电流波形参数分步调节寻优。该法实际上将双输入三输出式的波控参数模糊控制系统化为多路,开关性的双输入单输出式的模糊控制,通过短路及燃弧初始阶段的电流波形控制参数的模糊自寻优,逐步使波控参数和焊接规范参数达到和谐匹配,以实现焊接过程熔滴的稳定可控过渡,改善焊接过程的综合性能。     

One-knob self-optimizing fuzzy control of CO_2 arc welding process

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｓｗｅｋｎｏｗ ,ｔｈｅＣＯ2 ａｒｃｗｅｌｄｉｎｇｈａｓｍａｎｙｗｅｌｄ ｉｎｇｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓａｎｄａｄｊｕｓｔａｂｌｅｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓ.Ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｓｅｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓａｎｄｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｃａｎｎｏｔｂｅｃｏｏ     

波控CO2短路过渡焊的电弧行为

在基于CO2短路过渡焊存在的飞溅和成形问题的物理本质所提出的波形控制方案的基础上，对CO2短路过渡焊波形控制过程中存在的断弧和电弧偏吹等电弧行为进行了电参数波形检测和高速摄影研究，分析了所采用的波形控制方案在特定条件下存在的问题，指出了在波形控制燃弧阶段进程中应注意控制的精确化而不是波形之间简单的切换，这样才能保持燃弧过程及整个短路过渡过程的稳定性。