Characteristics analyzing and parametric modeling of the arc sound in CO2 GMAW for on-line quality monitoring

For on-line monitoring of welding quality, the characteristics of the arc sound signals in short circuit CO2 GMAW were analyzed in the time and frequency domains. The arc sound presents a series of ringing-like oscillations that occur at the end of short circuit i. e. the moment of arc re-ignition, and distributes mainly in the frequency band below 10 kHz. A concept of the arc tone channel and its equivalent electrical model were suggested, which is considered a time-dependent distributed parametric system of which the transmission properties depend upon the geometric and physical characteristics of the arc and surroundings, and is excited by the sound source results from the change of arc energy so that results in arc sound. The linear prediction coding （ LPC ） model is an estimation of the tone channel. The radial basis function （ RBF ） neural networks were built for on-line pattern recognition of the gas-lack in welding, in which the input vectors were formed with the LPC coefficients. The test results proved that the LPC model of arc sound and the RBF networks are feasible in on-line quality monitoring.     

Effect of arc on radiation thermometry in welding process

The effect of arc on radiation thermometry is analyzed in a field close to the arc during the welding process, and the ratio of signal to noise and other factors are obtained for a small current arc. The method of the temperature measurement is feasible when the arc current is decreased to a smaller value in the welding proceu.     

Research of precise pulse plasma arc powder welding technology of thin-walled inner hole parts

The inner hole parts played an oriented or supporting role in engineering machinery and equipment,which are prone to appear surface damages such as wear,strain and corrosion.The precise pulse plasma arc powder welding method is used for surface damage repairing of inner hole parts in this paper.The working principle and process of the technology are illustrated,and the microstructure and property of repairing layer by precise pulse plasma powder welding and CO2gas shielded welding are tested and observed by microscope,micro hardness tester and X-ray residual stress tester etc.Results showed that the substrate deformation of thin-walled inner hole parts samples by precise pulse plasma powder welding is relatively small.The repair layer and substrate is metallurgical bonding,the transition zones(including fusion zone and heat affected zone)are relatively narrow and the welding quality is good.It showed that the thin-walled inner hole parts can be repaired by this technology and equipment.     

Approximate entropy analysis of arc stability in VPPA-GMAW hybrid welding

Variable polarity plasma arc-gas metal arc welding(VPPA-GMAW) integrates the advantages of VPPA and GMAW, and it is particularly applied to weld thick-plates aluminum alloys. High-speed camera and data acquisition system were used to analyze the arc shape and the welding process electrical signal. According to the analysis of arc swing amplitude and the approximate entropy of arc voltage signal denoised by wavelet threshold method, the influence of VPPA frequency on the arc stability was studied...     

Underwater robot local dry welding system

To satisfy the demand for good quality underwater welding and maintenance of nuclear power stations, a set of local dry automatic welding systems has been developed. These systems were based on an underwater robot that consisted of a special high-power underwater welding power supply, diving wire feeder, mini drain cap, welding robot, and special underwater welding torch. With a digital signal controller microprocessor as its core and combined with a dual inverter topology, the welding power supply was characterized by full-digital construction and multi-waveform flexible output. A compact diving wire feeding device was designed, based on the armature voltage negative feedback and high-frequency chopping pulse width modulation.This device yielded a high-efficiency seal of the driving motor with the help of dynamic and static sealing technology. To overcome the difficulty of local protection and deslagging in the welding area, a mini drain cap (with a duplexgas structure) based on the principle of the convergent nozzle was designed. The practical tests and the underwater welding experiments revealed that the underwater robotic local dry welding system is quite feasible. That is, the system could strike the arc stably and reliably in the shallow water environment, and formed beautiful welding seams.     

铝合金P-MIG焊接电流对电弧形态的影响

通过对铝镁合金进行脉冲氩弧焊(P-MIG),在相同平均电流和平均电压工作条件下,调节不同峰值电流和基值电流,获得了不同的电弧形态.峰值电流对电弧形态有着重要的影响,而基值电流基本没有影响.基值电流是维持电弧燃烧的参数,在基值时间阶段,必须给定一个足够大的基值电流才能维持电弧的稳定燃烧.文中定义了电弧形态的表征值,针对电流对电弧形态表征值的影响进行了分析.峰值电流是决定电弧温度和脉冲能量的重要参数,铝合金电弧充分燃烧时电弧长度、电弧宽度和电弧纵向截面面积随着峰值电流增加而增加.

Abstract：

Under the same average welding current and welding voltage, by regulating the different based current and peak current, the Al-Mg alloy was welded with Al-Mg filler wire. The photos of welding arc were obtained by using high-speed video photography.Peak current has great influence on the shape and characteristics of the arc. With increasing the peak cunent value, rotated arc appears and pulsed rotated metal transfer behavior occurs. Based current has little influence on the arc shape. Base current is the important parameter for keeping arc burning. At pulse off time, it must be given base current value which is large enough to keep the arc burning stably. In this study, the arc shape is defined by arc length, arc width and arc portrait cross-section area, which will be influenced by the weld current. Peak current is important parameter of arc temperature and pulse energy. The study shows that when the arc is burning at pulse on time, the arc length, arc width and arc pomait cross-section area increase with raising peak current.     

基于特征元素谱线的TIG焊质量检测方法

通过采集钢钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)电弧光谱,对其在200～1 100 nm 间的元素线谱进行了研究,对电弧光谱中存在的辐射线谱进行了标定.并基于电弧等离子体辐射基础理论,分析了TIG焊电弧辐射的特点,提出利用特征元素线谱检测焊接质量的思想;通过特征元素谱线(段)的筛选,给出与焊接质量密切相关的特征谱线(谱段).结果表明,通过同步采集选定谱段的焊接电弧辐射强度,研究特征谱线(谱段)电弧辐射在焊接过程中强度的变化;基于不同谱段信号变化特点,可对焊接过程的干扰因素进行融合判识,从而检测干扰因素和焊接质量;不同干扰因素的响应特征谱段不同.

Abstract：

By collecting spectrum of TIG welding are, the spectral distribution in 200 ～ 1 100 ran was studied and the line spectra in the radiation were calibrated. Based on the character of arc plasma radiation, the radiation of TIG welding arc was analyzed. Furthermore, a method for diagnosing welding quality with line spectra of special elements was also provided. Through analyzing the spectral line (zone) of certain element, the spectral lines (zones) related to welding quality were selected. Experimental results show that the welding quality can be diagnosed with the spectral signal in the selected spectral zone, which varies during the welding process. Different disturbances have their characteristic diagnosis spectral zone.     

基于卡尔曼滤波的焊缝偏差实时最优估计

建立了基于卡尔曼滤波的焊缝偏差实时最优估计算法.以焊缝中心位置为特征矢量,建立焊缝位置检测的状态方程和测量方程,并依据最小均方差原则建立了卡尔曼滤波最优估计的递推算法.测量噪声协方差由传感器测量误差的统计值得到,假定过程噪声是由于加速度变化引入,通过两点法确定焊缝中心位置的初值.在焊接过程中,应用卡尔曼滤波消除噪声干扰,实现焊缝位置的实时精确预测.计算机仿真和试验结果表明,焊缝偏差信号经过卡尔曼滤波处理后,消除了偶然因素和随机噪声的影响,提高了跟踪精度以及系统工作的稳定性,适合实际工程应用.

Abstract：

The optimal estimation algorithm for real-time welding deviation based on Kalman filtering is presented. The state equation and measurement equation for detecting the weld position is established, and the optimal estimation of the Kalman filtering recursive algorithm also is established according to the principle of minimum mean square error. Measurement noise covariance is obtained from the statistical value of measurement error, and after the process noise is supposed to derive from the changes in acceleration, the initial values of the welding center position are determined by the twopoint method. During the welding process, the welding position is accurately predicted while the noise interference is eliminated by Kalman filtering. The computer simulation and experiment results show that the weld deviation signal processed by the Kalman filtering can eliminate the disturbance of causal factors and random noise,improve the tracking precision and the stability of system, and be suitable for the practical engineering applications.     

Study on DC welding parameters of Al-alloy shaping based on arc-welding robot

The Al-alloy arc-welding shaping system based on arc-welding robot is established, and the Al-alloy shaping manufacture is realized with the DC （direct current） gas metal arc welding （GMAW）. The research indicates that the metal transfer type of DC GMA W, heat input and the initial temperature of the workpiece greatly affect the Al-alloy shaping based on arc welding robot. On the penetration, the weld width and the reinforcement, the influence of welding parameters is analyzed by generalized regression neural network （GRNN） fitting.     

Cathodic cleaning in variable polarity plasma arc welding of aluminum alloys

Variable polarity plasma arc welding (VPPAW) is one of the most excellent processes used for welding aluminum alloys recently. It combines the advantages of variable polarity welding and plasma are welding, and can achieve the most rational heat distribution and cathodic cleaning. With the VPPAW equipment developed by authors, the cathodic cleaning regularity that is one of the most important problems in VPPAW is investigated in this paper. The results will be helpful in realizing the real cleaning mechanism.     

MIG焊电弧声ICA信噪分离技术

MIG焊接过程中,电弧声信号极易受到环境噪声的干扰,从而破坏电弧声信号的能量特征,为此去除噪声成为有效利用电弧声信号的前提.文中以环境语音噪声为例,将相互独立的无干扰电弧声信号和语音信号线性组合成两组随机观测信号,再应用独立分量分析(independent component analysis,ICA)的快速固定点算法(fast fixed-pointalgorithm)进行分离,最后对源信号和分离后信号的时域、频域进行对比分析.结果表明,ICA在分离被环境噪声污染的电弧声信号上是可行的,为后续电弧声信号特征分析提取以及利用电弧声来监控焊接质量提供技术基础.     

管道电弧声发射特征采集系统设计

鉴于焊接电弧声信号中蕴涵着丰富的焊接状态信息,是焊接质量监控重要的源信号,而管道结构特征为电弧声发射信号在管内低噪声传播创造了条件。设计了管道电弧声发射采集硬件系统,主要由传感器、信号适配电路、数据采集卡和一体化工作站组成。采用图形化虚拟仪器编程语言LabVIEW,通过封装功能模块及调用硬件驱动的动态链接程序,设计了一套采用中断触发方式进行高速数据采集的电弧声发射软件系统。结果表明,该系统不仅能实现对电弧电压、焊接电流和电弧声发射信号的高速实时同步采集,并可将采集结果图形化显示,很好地解决了实时图形绘制难的问题,为进一步研究管道TIG焊接电弧声发射机理创造条件。     

Relationship between sound signal and weld pool status in plasma arc welding

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基于遗传小波神经网络MIG焊熔透状态模式识别

通过对已有的人工神经网络、小波分析、遗传算法的建模方法进行组合利用并加以改进,建立了基于电弧声信号特征的MIG焊熔透状态诊断网络模型.声波信号经小波去噪和小波包频带能量特征提取后,作为小波神经网络模型的输入特征向量,网络训练中采用具有全局优化能力的遗传算法动态修改网络结构和参数,避免了神经网络训练速度慢、容易陷入局部极值的缺点,从而完成数据挖掘和复杂的非线性建模功能.结果表明,将网络模型用于熔透状态诊断,证实了方案的可行性和有效性.     

用电弧声信号监测GMAW焊丝干伸长的SVM模型

为了探索电弧声在焊接质量监控中的应用途径,在对短路过渡GMAW电弧声信号频谱分析的基础上提出电弧声道概念,认为声道是受焊接参数、电弧形态等众多因素影响的分布参数系统.电弧声的LPC(线性预测)模型是声道传输特性的一个参数化估计.电弧声频谱与焊丝干伸长密切相关,但呈现出高度复杂性和非线性.利用电弧声LPC预测系数和反射系数构造输入向量,建立了支持向量机(SVM)的焊丝干伸长分类模型.训练和测试结果表明,采用不同形式核函数的SVM(支持向量机)分类器均能实现干伸长的正确分类,其性能明显优于相同条件下的RBF(径向基函数)神经网络分类模型,小样本情况下仍具有较好的推广能力.其中,用反射系数作为输入向量训练三次多项式核函数的SVM分类器性能最优,测试正确率在98%以上.据此认为,利用LPC分析提取电弧声的特征向量,建立SVM模型是一种焊接动态参数监控的可行方法.     

Investigation on arc sound and metal transfer modes for on-line monitoring in pulsed gas metal arc welding

The arc sound was found to be strongly related to both process parameters and weld quality, like voltage and current signals, in gas metal arc welding. In this investigation, the acquired welding arc sound signal along with current and voltage signals were analyzed in time domain as well as frequency domain to correlate them with the various process parameters and metal transfer modes. The arc sound of continuous as well as pulsed gas metal arc welding at various process parameters was also compared. A major variation of auxiliary arc sound frequency peaks was observed due to change of pulse shape as evidenced by frequency domain analysis. The arc sound was also used to detect welding defects.     

基于脉冲电流参数的铝合金脉冲MIG焊过程控制

铝合金脉冲MIG焊弧长稳定性直接影响焊接过程稳定性及焊缝成形,为使其焊接过程稳定,获得高质量焊缝,通过焊接工艺试验研究了脉冲电流参数变化对弧长稳定性的影响规律,建立了铝合金脉冲MIG焊弧长与脉冲电流参数间的动态变化数学模型,并利用Matlab/Simulink软件进行了弧长对脉冲电流占空比、脉冲电流频率变化的动态响应仿真分析,同时进行了控制脉冲电流占空比、频率来稳定弧长的平板堆焊工艺试验研究.结果表明,所建立的数学模型能很好地反映铝合金脉冲MIG焊过程,通过调节脉冲电流占空比、频率参数可实现铝合金脉冲MIG焊稳定焊接,获得成形美观的焊缝.     

水深环境下湿法焊接声压替代图像信号可行性分析

水深环境下水下湿法药芯焊丝焊接(FCAW)受周围电弧气泡生长的影响,其状态需要通过信号采集. 文中首先搭建水下湿法焊接试验平台,进行湿法药芯焊丝焊接试验,对焊接过程中的气泡声压信号、高速摄像信号、电弧电流电压信号,进行同步采集;然后对比了引弧阶段下浅水和20 m水深的气泡动态演变图像及其声压信号,结合20 m水深稳弧阶段信号,发现气泡脉冲声信号与气泡图像在气泡大小、爆破周期等演变细节上有着很好的对应关系,但随着水深增加,烟尘导致图像信号更加模糊. 最后对水下20,40 m的环境中获取到的电弧从引弧到稳弧阶段的声电信号,进行对照分析. 结果表明,气泡声压信号可以清晰地反映出气泡的变化状态,深水下声压信号替代高速摄像具有可行性.     

基于电弧声波特征的CO2焊接飞溅预测

在对短路过渡CO2 焊电弧声波信号的时频特征及其与过渡过程、焊接飞溅的相关性分析的基础上 ,利用小波变换的分析方法提取不同频段上的声波能量作为表征飞溅大小的特征向量 ,通过神经网络模型建立特征向量到飞溅量的映射模型 ,从而对CO2 焊接飞溅量的预测。结果表明 ,利用电弧声波信号能够正确地预测焊接飞溅 ,是实现焊接质量在线监控的新途径     

小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感技术研究

小孔等离子弧焊接是一种高能量密度的高效焊接方法。小孔的稳定性是影响小孔型等离子弧焊接过程稳定性和接头质量的重要因素。在焊接过程中及时获取表征熔池小孔特征行为的信息．就成为等离子弧焊接研究的前沿课题。介绍了小孔等离子弧焊接中小孔状态的传感检测原理，指出利用声音信号、电弧孤光强度、尾焰电压、熔池图像信号、多传感信息融合和等离子云导电性都能在一定条件下实现小孔状态的检测．并分析了这些传感方法的特点。