基于IP无线网络FGS视频传输的多乘积码方案

研究基于IP无线网络中精细粒度可伸缩性(FGS)视频的传输。基于包交换的IP无线网络通常由两段链路组成:有线链路和无线链路。为了处理这种混合网络中不同类型数据包的丢失情况,对FGS视频增强层数据运用了一个具有比特平面间不平等差错保护(BPUEP)的多乘积码前向纠错(MPFEC)方案进行信道编码。对FGS增强层每一个比特平面(BP),在传输层,采用里德—索罗蒙码(RS)提供比特平面间的保护;而在链路层,则运用循环冗余校验码(CRC)串联率兼容穿孔卷积码(RCPC)提供数据包内保护。还提出了一个率失真优化的信源—信道联合编码的码率配置方案,仿真结果显示出该方案在提高接收端视频质量方面的优势。     

基于MPEG-4的FGS视频压缩技术的研究

精细可伸缩性视频编码FGS(Fine Granular Scalable)是MPEG-4标准的视频化框架中的关键性的编码技术。FGS编码方法生成两个视频流：基本层码流和增强层码流。基本层码流是必须传输的，并且码率低；增强层码流则根据带宽的实际情况来决定传多少，甚至不传，这种分级性的编码方式和传输方式使视频流有较好的鲁棒性。     

对具有帧间相关性的分层视频码流的非均匀错误保护

在分层视频码流的网络实时传输中,非均匀错误保护（UEP）技术已经被广泛地研究。至今为止,几乎所有的UEP相关工作都是针对具有链式结构的单一码流。但是,在一些实际的图像及视频编码系统（例如MPEG-4）产生的码流中,都存在着更为复杂的树型相关性结构。针对这种具有树型相关性结构的码流提出了一种打包方案,并在此基础上提供了两种带宽分配方案。试验中,采用MPEG-4FGS作为信源编码器。试验结果表明,采用灵活的帧间自适应带宽分配方案可以有效地提高系统性能。     

基于RCPC-FEC的3G视频传输模型研究

为了有效克服3G无线网络传输中的比特错误和数据包丢失问题,采用码率兼容删除卷积码（RCPC）抑制比特错误问题,通过前向纠错（FEC）减小数据丢包率,将RCPC与FEC有机结合提出了一种基于RCPC-FEC的无线网络视频传输模型。在3G无线网络传输的不同比特错误率和数据丢包率下对该模型进行了测试,实验结果证明了模型的有效性和可行性。     

FGS视频流的码率分配算法研究

该文针对精细可分级编码(FGS)比特流在时变带宽网络上的传输，提出了一种基于视频序列率失真(R—D)特性的FGS增强层的优化码率分配算法。首先建立一个在多帧图像增强层之间进行码率分配的最优化问题形式，并进行了合理地简化，然后利用线性内插原则建立描述各帧图像增强层率失真特性的R—D模型。由于各帧图像R—D曲线的单调特性，如此建立起来的最优化问题可以用简单的算法求出最优解。仿真结果表明，这个方案在保证解码视频质量恒定和保持视频总体质量最优两方面均收到了良好的效果，同时本方案的简易性使得它的实现和应用成为可能。     

改进的多视点立体视频FGS可分级方案

针对现有多视点立体视频FGS（Fine-Granular-Scalability）可分级方案编码效率低的问题进行改进,充分利用相邻视点之间的相似性,适应解码端质量优先或视点优先的不同需求,提出一种折衷方案,其中分I、P、B帧三种情况,以中间视点作为基本层进行编码,其他视点均预测自相邻视点部分恢复的FGS增强层,以此为基础产生当前视点的FGS增强层。实验证明,该方案具有更为灵活、广泛的可分级性能,更能适应用户对视点图像质量和立体观感的需求。     

基于TD-SCDMA无线视频监控编码研究

该文在基于MPEG-4的FGS的基础之上,对其编码算法进行优化,提出适于TD-SCDMA无线网络的无线视频监控编码方案,仿真的结果表明基于MPEG-4的FGS具有较高的信噪比及视觉质量,能够较好的满足无线视频监控的需要。     

一类MPEG-4 FGS流视频传输的质量定义及算法

对MPEG-4 FGS流视频的客观质量及质量变化指标的严格定义,是保证其在IP上有效传输以满足终端表示的可达主观质量的必要手段.基于PSNR（MSE）建立了MPEG-4 FGS流视频的相关客观质量和质量变化指标定义,提出了视频分段场景基础上的质量最优化问题,通过状态迁移图和动态规划解决了FGS流视频的最优传输策略问题.并且用试验数据对FGS流视频的优化传输的控制粒度及实时传输算法进行了对比分析.     

精细可伸缩性视频编码算法的研究

在MPEG-4的视频流化框架中提出了精细可伸缩性视频编码FGS(FineGranularityScalable)算法,增强了码流对带宽的适应性和抗误码能力,但是在FGS增强层编码中使用的是栅格扫描方式,当大多数宏块被解码时,整帧图像的质量能够得到有效的提高,但是当某一层的码流不可用时,只有图象帧的上边缘区域得到增强,而不能有效地增强图象帧的感兴趣区域—图像的中间部分,该文提出了一种水环扫描方式(WaterRingScanning),先编码图像帧的感兴趣区域,然后再编码图像的其它部分,这样就能有效地提高解码后图像的主观质量,而且保留了FGS原有的各种优良性能。     

一种基于中间视点的多视点立体视频FGS可分级方案

基于MPEG-4标准FGS可分级技术,提出一种将FGS可分级、视点可分级相结合的多视点立体视频可分级算法。该算法中,中间视点作为基本层进行编码,各视点均预测自中间视点,并产生各相应视点的FGS增强层。编码器结构中,分为I、P、B帧三种情况进行讨论,并针对这三种情况进行改进。所提方案具有灵活、广泛的可分级性能,能适应多种不同的传输需求。实验结果验证了该方案的多视点可分级性。     

联合H.264和多码率Turbo码的无线视频传输

提出了一种无线视频流联合信源信道编码传输的具体方案,结合H.264视频编码,对其进行合理数据分割后采用UEP技术,并联合信道设计了一个支持信道UEP的多码率Turbo编解码器,同时把Turbo编码与type-Ⅲ HARQ混合自动重传请求机制结合以达到更可靠的数据传输保证。通过仿真实验证明,这种设计方法可进一步优化系统在恶劣的无线信道下的链路吞吐量和取得更好的视频重建质量。     

SVC在无线信道传输中的非均衡差错保护

针对H.264的可伸缩视频编码扩展标准(SVC)在噪声信道中的传输,采用低密度奇偶校验码(LDPC)提出一种非均衡差错保护的方案。在所提的方案中,根据时间、分辨率和质量把原视频序列按重要性分成不同的层。由于不同层的数据对错误的敏感性不同,对其进行不同码率的LDPC信道编码,实现非均衡差错保护。根据视频流中每一帧不同层的PSNR增量不同,和不同信道码率下正确解码的概率不同,反复计算每一帧所有码率组合的PSNR增量值并找出最大组,从而进行信道编码并传输。实验表明,在相同的平均码率条件下,提出的方案相比其他方案的PSNR值增加了2.8 dB,更适合无线信道的传输。     

Packet loss resilience using unequal forward error correction assignment for video transmission over communication networks

Forward error correction (FEC) methods have been developed for packet loss resilience in application layer for real-time video transmission over communication networks. In this paper, an efficient packet loss resilience method is proposed using closed form solution for unequal FEC assignment based on a new packet distortion model. We first derive the packet distortion model by investigating the error concealment property and error propagation effect in H.264. To select the source and channel rate minimizing the overall distortion, we present a model-based rate allocation algorithm using the packet distortion model and rate-distortion function. Then we propose the closed form solution for unequal FEC assignment, which uses the packet distortion model and considers channel status information. Simulation results show that the proposed method gives substantial improvement for the received video quality in packet-lossy Internet and wireless network environments, while it requires much less computational complexity compared to the previous scheme.     

An unequal packet loss resilience scheme for video over the Internet

We present an unequal packet loss resilience scheme for robust transmission of video over the Internet. By jointly exploiting the unequal importance existing in different levels of syntax hierarchy in video coding schemes, GOP-level and Resynchronization-packet-level Integrated Protection (GRIP) is designed for joint unequal loss protection (ULP) in these two levels using forward error correction (FEC) across packets. Two algorithms are developed to achieve efficient FEC assignment for the proposed GRIP framework: a model-based FEC assignment algorithm and a heuristic FEC assignment algorithm. The model-based FEC assignment algorithm is to achieve optimal allocation of FEC codes based on a simple but effective performance metric, namely distortion-weighted expected length of error propagation, which is adopted to quantify the temporal propagation effect of packet loss on video quality degradation. The heuristic FEC assignment algorithm aims at providing a much simpler yet effective FEC assignment with little computational complexity. The proposed GRIP together with any of the two developed FEC assignment algorithms demonstrates strong robustness against burst packet losses with adaptation to different channel status.     

A network coding based hybrid ARQ algorithm for wireless video broadcast

This paper proposes a network coding (NC) based hybrid ARQ (HARQ) algorithm for video broad- cast over wireless networks. The sender applies NC technique to combine the lost packets of different terminals, so that multiple terminals can recover their lost packets via per transmission from the sender. The proposed algorithm combines the advantage of FEC scheme and NC based ARQ scheme so as to maximize not only wireless throughput but also video quality for broadcast communication. Simulation results show tha...     

基于MPEG 4的无线视频传输方案的研究*

提出一种基于MPEG4的无线视频传输非等重误码保护方案。根据信道反馈的丢包率信息,自适应选择输出视频流的保护模式。在丢包信道中,对MPEG4码流中运动信息和纹理信息采取不同的保护力度,使用FEC重点保护运动信息数据提高其对误码的鲁棒性。在无丢包信道中,不对数据进行保护,降低打包开销,减少冗余数据。     

Robust video communication for ubiquitous network access

Ubiquitous network access implies that video can be streamed to portable devices whether they are moving outdoors or docked at home. Unfortunately, broadband wireless channels and their wired alternatives present a hostile environment for video communication, which manifests itself in error bursts. This paper presents a robust application layer, channel-coding scheme suitable for data-partitioned, compressed video. Data partitioning prioritizes the more important data within a compressed bitstream. In the scheme, the more important compressed data are protected prior to communication over an access network. In particular, window-growth rateless codes are used. This form of rateless code can be incrementally scaled to reflect the importance of the data being protected. The paper gives details of the scheme for achieving this in the context of an H.264/AVC codec’s picture types and structures. The paper considers how best to apply the scheme to H.264/AVC’s data-partitioning modes in a practical manner. Simulations of error-prone channels show that the proposed unequal protection scheme achieves several dBs of improvement in video quality, when compared with equal protection. The simulations modeled both wireless and wired access networks.     

Unequal error protection under bitrate constraint for video streaming over internet

This article describes a simple packet-level FEC system suitable for unequal error protection of layered video streams, that we called TAPIOCA (in French, Transport Audiovisuel avec Protection Inégale des Objets et Contrôle d’Admission). It is designed in a way that the FEC overhead induced by redundant packets is perfectly controlled by the sender. In order to achieve that, TAPIOCA calculates on-the-fly the optimal erasure code to be used, video data unit by video data unit, under a given bitrate constraint. In addition, and contrary to the well-known PET (Priority Encoding Transmission) system, the video data units of each layer are encoded separately. This is especially useful when all layers are not output from the video coder at the same time. Simulation results for MPEG-4 video streaming show that the proposed FEC system can be very efficient even if packet losses are due to network congestion. Moreover, comparison with PET system shows that TAPIOCA exhibits better performance, considering criteria including the decodable frame rate, protection system efficiency and computational cost.     

Joint loss pattern characterization and unequal interleaved FEC protection for robust H.264 video distribution over wireless LAN

The recently adopted H.264 standard achieves efficient video encoding and bandwidth savings. Thus, designing communication protocols and QoS control mechanisms for H.264 video distribution over wireless IP networks is a topic of intense research interest. Delivering video streams to terminals via a wireless last hop is indeed a challenging task due to the varying nature of the wireless link. While a common approach suggests exploiting the variations of the wireless channel, an alternative is to exploit characteristics of the video stream to improve the transmission. In this paper, we combine both approaches through an efficient wireless loss characterization and a low-delay unequal interleaved FEC protection. Besides deriving new QoS metrics for FEC block allocation, the wireless loss characterization is as well used to adjust the interleaving level depending on the loss correlation exhibited by the wireless channel. This novel unequal interleaved FEC (UI-FEC) protocol allows graceful video quality degradation over error-prone wireless links while minimizing the overall bandwidth consumption and the end-to-end latency.