利用TOAD实现10 Gbit/s全光非归零码到归零码的转换

利用从非归零（NRZ）信号中全光提取的时钟，采用太赫兹光非对称解复用器（TOAD）实现了10 Gbit／s非归零码到归零（RZ）码的码型转换。非归零信号采用半导体光放大器（SOA）进行时钟分量增强并用平面波导阵列（AWG）滤出相应的伪归零（PRZ）信号，然后采用半导体光放大器注入锁模光纤环形激光器进行时钟提取，提取的时钟信号和待转换的非归零信号分别作为抽运光和探测光输入太赫兹光非对称解复用器，在其中进行码型转换。转换后输出的归零信号的质量仅由恢复的时钟信号和非归零信号的质量决定，受太赫兹光非对称解复用器中半导体光放大器增益恢复时间的影响极小。实验测得转换后的归零信号消光比为8．7dB，码型效应非常低，其光谱明显展宽．并且出现谱间隔为0．08nm的多峰结构，与10 Gbit／s的比特速率相对应。该方法对时钟信号的码型效应有一定的容忍度。     

All-Optical Clock Recovery for 40-Gb/s MZM-Generated NRZ-DPSK Signals Using a Self-Pulsating DBR Laser

All-optical clock recovery for the nonreturn-to-zero differential phase-shift-keying (NRZ-DPSK) modulation format is demonstrated experimentally at 40 Gb/s using a self-pulsating distributed Bragg reflector laser. The use of a Mach–Zehnder modulator to generate the NRZ-DPSK signal yields a modulated signal spectrum with a weak clock tone. The self-pulsating laser is able to directly recover a clock signal with a root-mean-square timing jitter of 760 fs and an extinction ratio of 13 dB; a preprocessing stage to enhance the clock tone is not required. The timing jitter of the recovered clock signal is characterized for different values of the input signal optical signal-to-noise ratio and for varying amounts of waveform distortion due to polarization-mode dispersion.      

10 Gbit/s all-optical clock recovery using three-section DFB laser with optical feedback

All-optical clock recovery using a three-section self-pulsating DFB laser with optical feedback is demonstrated. The feedback of a wavelength-converted clock signal reduces the dependence on the input data signal power, decreases the jitter by up to 2.7 ps, and increases the extinction ratio by 6.5 dB.     

恶化非归零码信号的全光时钟恢复

全光时钟提取结构应对输入信号的恶化程度有一定的容忍度.在一种半导体光放大器(SOA) 啁啾光纤布拉格光栅(CFBG) 受激布里渊散射(SBS)的方式实现非归零(NRZ)码信号的全光时钟提取结构中,半导体光放大器和啁啾光纤布拉格光栅共同作用实现了非归零码信号的时钟分量增强,基于受激布里渊散射的全光时钟提取结构提取出非归零码的光时钟信号.实验通过对不同恶化程度的非归零码信号的时钟提取比较发现,恶化信号的信噪比是影响光时钟提取的关键.输入非归零码信号的信噪比越差,光时钟信号光谱的噪声水平越高,提取出的光时钟信号的幅度越低.当时钟增强非归零码信号的时钟数据抑制比低于-10 dB时,无法实现非归零码信号的时钟提取.     

Optical Clock Recovery and 3R Regeneration for 10-Gb/s NRZ Signal to Achieve 10 000-hop Cascadability and 1 000 000-km Transmission

This letter experimentally demonstrates all-optical clock recovery and optical 3R regeneration for a 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) format. The 3R regenerator has achieved 10 000-hop cascadability and 1 000 000-km transmission for a pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) of$2 ^7 -1$. A semiconductor-optical-amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) as an NRZ to pseudoreturn-to-zero converter and a Fabry–PÉrot filter perform the all-optical clock recovery from an NRZ signal. A pair of SOA-MZIs combined with a synchronous modulator provides the 2R regeneration and retiming functions. The cascadablity of the 3R regenerator is investigated in a recirculating loop transmission experiment by eye diagram, bit-error rate, and$Q$-factor measurements. Transmission with the 3R regenerator shows significant performance improvement over that without 3R regeneration. A 100-hop cascadability is also demonstrated for PRBS$2 ^31 -1$, enabling 10 000-km error-free transmission with a low power penalty of 1.2 dB.     

Dynamic simulation of clock recovery with self-pulsating three-section distributed-feedback lasers

A numerical investigation on the dynamic behavior of self-pulsating three-section distributed feedback (3S-DFB) lasers has been carried out in great detail using a time-domain travelling-wave model. For the first time, the system parameters of the recovered clock, such as the conditions for clock recovery and the jitter of the recovered clock, have been calculated, also considering a realistic data signal of a 2/sup 13/ - 1-bit sequence affected by chirp, jitter, and limited extinction ratio. This analysis has confirmed the great potential of these 3S-DFB devices.     

Detailed Theoretical and Experimental Characterization of 10 Gb/s Clock Recovery Using a Q-Switched Self-Pulsating Laser

A detailed characterization of the clock recovery properties of a self-pulsating, three-section distributed feedback laser is presented by directly comparing simulation and experimental results for the dependence of the RMS timing jitter of the recovered clock signal on important properties of the input signal. These properties include the duty cycle, peak power, extinction ratio, state-of-polarization, optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), and waveform distortion due to residual group velocity dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. The permissible range for each of these is identified in terms of the RMS timing jitter of the recovered clock signal being less than 2 ps. In particular, the self-pulsating laser is effective for input signals degraded by amplified spontaneous emission noise as it provides this level of jitter performance for input OSNRs larger than 8.8 dB (0.1 nm noise bandwidth).     

利用光电振荡器实现10Gbit/s NRZ码时钟的直接提取和码型转换

本文所研究的光电振荡器（OEO）是一种高速光电混合环路，其振荡频率可以被锁定于外界信号的数据率，本文利用OEO首次实现10Gbit/s的非归零码（NRZ）时钟提取，获得了时间抖动小于0.4ps的时钟信号，测得OEO的注入锁定频率范围可达800kHz。实验中发现OEO中调制器的偏置电压对OEO的注入锁定范围有很大影响。合理控制OEO的工作条件，在进行时钟提取的同时，还可以实现NRZ码到RZ（归零）码的码型转化。将转换后的RZ码进行了160km传输，结果证明这种码型适合传输，该实验说明OEO可以用作不同码型光网络中间的码型转化节点。     

A Simulation Study on Clock Recovery of a Minimum Bandwidth Signal

Jitter and BER performance of non-linear clock recovery circuits are evaluated for a minimum bandwidth signal. To investigate the effect of bandwidth in optical transmission, BER performance of MB810 and NRZ signals with various types of timing recovery circuits are compared for a 40 Gbit/s optical link. Among the systems adopting non-linear timing recovery circuits, the MB810 signal employing an absolute value rectifier shows superior performance. We show that timing recovery without a non-linear circuit is also possible, and compare its BER performance with that of the others. Jitter performance of the fourth-law rectifier and that of the absolute-value rectifier is made for a minimum bandwidth signal. The mathematical derivation of the timing wave is also carried out for the clock recovery of the fourth-law rectifier. The result shows that the derived timing wave is expressed as a function of a pulse shape entering the timing path and the band-pass filter tuned to the pulse repetition rate.     

Decision and clock recovery circuits for gigahertz optical fiber receivers in silicon NMOS

New design techniques for implementing a data and clock recovery circuit on a silicon NMOS monolithic IC employing 1-μm feature sizes, and operating at speeds greater than 2 Gbit/s are described. A clocked comparator can resolve a 60-mV peak-to-peak signal into logic levels at 2 Gbit/s. The circuit can tolerate a 100° phase margin between the incoming signal and the clock. An NRZ data rate of 4 Gbit/s may be resolved by two such multiplexed circuits following a preamplifier in the same technology. A VCO capable of operation at 2 GHz in a PLL, that does not require off-chip components, is also described. An observer loop concept is employed in the PLL to align the recovered clock signal with the incoming data.     

Prescaled clock recovery based on small timing misalignment of datapulses

A simple and robust prescaled clock recovery technique is analyzed and demonstrated. An electrical clock is extracted from an ultra-high-speed time-division multiplexed (TDM) RZ signal using a “classic” approach to clock recovery with a detector and a bandpass filter (BPF). A subharmonic tone at the base rate frequency is generated by inducing a small misalignment between adjacent pulses in the transmitted data. The subharmonic tone is recovered as a clock signal at the receiver. Numerical calculations clarify the effect of filter bandwidth, word length, and strength of timing shift on the received timing jitter. Furthermore, it is found numerically that correlated TDM channels will decrease the jitter of the recovered clock considerably. A clock recovery circuit is implemented into an experimental 40 Gb/s and 80 Gb/s optical TDM (O-TDM) system without any observed penalty. Measurements of the timing jitter of the recovered prescaled clock have been performed to verify the numerical results. A 10 GHz clock signal with subpicosecond root-mean-square timing jitter is recovered from a 40-Gb/s O-TDM sequence without a phase-locked loop (PLL) configuration. By using a PLL-configuration, the timing jitter is reduced further by 50%. A discussion on the influence on transmission capacity is performed in general and for nonlinear optical communication systems in particular     

Standard-compliant jitter transfer function of all-optical clock recovery at 40 GHz based on a quantum-dot self-pulsating semiconductor laser

This letter reports on all-optical clock recovery over 40-Gb/s signal using a quantum-dot (QD)-based self-pulsating (SP) laser. In particular, the jitter transfer function from the input signal to the recovered clock is measured for the first time. We clearly demonstrate that, thanks to the narrow spectral linewidth of the free-running SP signal, the QD-based laser allows the suppression of high frequency jitter, and the cutoff frequency is exactly that required by the ITU-T recommendation G825.1 at 40 GHz.     

基于光纤光参量放大的多通道全光非归零/归零码转换器

提出了一种基于光纤光参量放大器(FOPA)的多通道全光非归零码(NRZ)/归零码(RZ)调制格式转换的方案.该方案中,非归零码信号与同步的时钟抽运光共同注入到高非线性光纤(HNLF)中,由高非线性光纤构成的参量放大器把非归零码信号转换为归零码信号,同时不改变信号光的波长.多通道的码型转换器以两路10 Gb/s的非归零码进行了实验论证.转换后的归零码信号的信噪比(SNR)高于7.6 dB,其脉冲宽度约为30 ps,并且具有3dB的消光比(ER)提高.根据多通道码型转换器的实现原理,该码型转换器可以应用于40 Gb/s或更高比特率的多通道码型变换操作.     

Clock extraction using saturable absorption in a semiconductor nonlinear optical amplifier

A novel approach to clock extraction for non-return-to-zero (NRZ) formatted data is demonstrated using two contact semiconductor nonlinear optical amplifiers (NLOAs). The NLOA amplifies the transmitted data (fiber-fiber approximately 5 dB) and due to the absorptive nonlinearity, induced by bleaching a region of saturable absorption within the NLOA, an electrical clock component is generated at the absorber electrical contact. Narrow bandpass electrical filtering of the absorber contact electrical RF spectrum is all that is required in order to extract a stable clock signal. Bit-error-rate measurements at 155.6 Mb/s showed no receiver sensitivity penalty when using the NLOA extracted clock compared to the transmitter clock. Using quantum well material strong clock component generation has been achieved at modulation rates from < 100 Mb/s up to 5 Gb/s.<>     

All-optical enhancement of clock and clock-to-data suppressionratio of NRZ data

A scheme for all-optical enhancement of clock and clock-to-data suppression ratio of nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) data based on self-phase modulation is proposed and demonstrated. More than 3-dB clock enhancement and 11-dB clock-to-data suppression ratio enhancement has been realized by a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in reflection. Clock enhancement of more than 6 dB is possible using a FBG in transmission. Using this technique, all-optical clock recovery from NRZ data has been demonstrated     

All-optical clock recovery from 2.5 Gbit/s NRZ data using selfpulsating 1.58 mu m laser diode

For the first time, all-optical clock extraction from 2.5 Gbit/s NRZ data is demonstrated using a two contact InGaAsP semiconductor selfpulsating laser diode (SP-LD) for what the authors believe to be the first time. The saturable absorber region of the device was doped with Zn ions to reduce the carrier lifetime such that strong selfpulsations at frequencies up to 4 GHz were obtained. Injection of a 10 mu W optical data signal at a wavelength approximately 15 nm lower than the lasing wavelength was sufficient to synchronise the selfpulsations to the incoming NRZ data stream. Similar effects were seen for RZ formated data. Such all-optical clock extraction techniques will find application in future multigigabit per second optical networks and for OEIC applications.<>     

A theoretical analysis of optical clock extraction using aself-pulsating laser diode

The potential for using inexpensive compact disc laser diodes as optical clock extraction elements in transparent networks has led to an increase in research into the dynamics of self-pulsating laser diodes. We use a rate-equation model to simulate the synchronization of the self-pulsating laser output pulses to a periodic optical signal, In particular, we investigate the time it takes for the laser to synchronize to the input signal and also, the time taken for the laser to unlock when the signal is removed. The effect of varying the power of the optical signal and the detuning of the input signal frequency relative to the laser's self-pulsation frequency are determined. Our results enable us to identify important issues which need to be addressed when a self-pulsating laser diode is used in a clock extraction subsystem, In particular, we find that the signal frequency and laser free-running frequency must be as close as possibility to minimize errors. Also, the higher the signal power the quicker the laser synchronizes to the signal, although we find that if the power becomes too large the laser can no longer lock, which would cause a significant increase in detection errors     

40 Gbps All‐Optical 3R Regeneration and Format Conversion with Related InP‐Based Semiconductor Devices

We report an experimental demonstration of 40 Gbps all‐optical 3R regeneration with all‐optical clock recovery based on InP semiconductor devices. We also obtain all optical non‐return‐to‐zero to return‐to‐zero (NRZ‐to‐RZ) format conversion using the recovered clock signal at 10 Gbps and 40 Gbps. It leads to a good performance using a Mach‐Zehnder interferometric wavelength converter and a self‐pulsating laser diode (LD). The self‐pulsating LD serves a recovered clock, which has an rms timing jitter as low as sub‐picosecond. In the case of 3R regeneration of RZ data, we achieve a 1.0 dB power penalty at 10^?9 BER after demultiplexing 40 Gbps to 10 Gbps with an eletro‐absorption modulator. The regenerated 3R data shows stable error‐free operation with no BER floor for all channels. The combination of these functional devices provides all‐optical 3R regeneration with NRZ‐to‐RZ conversion.     

Optical Clock Recovery Using a Polarization-Modulator-Based Frequency-Doubling Optoelectronic Oscillator

We propose and demonstrate a flexible optical clock recovery scheme using a polarization-modulator-based frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator (OEO). The proposed system can extract both prescaled clock and line-rate clock from a degraded high-speed digital signal using only low-frequency devices. A simple theory is developed to study the physical basis of the optical clock recovery. The OEO operation from a free-running mode to an injection-locking mode is investigated. The locking range is quantitatively predicted. An experiment is then implemented to verify the proposed scheme. A prescaled clock at 10 GHz and a line-rate clock at 20 GHz are successfully extracted from a degraded 20 Gb/s optical time-division-multiplexed (OTDM) signal. The locking range and the phase noise performance are also experimentally investigated. Clock recovery from data signals that have no explicit subharmonic tone is also achieved. The proposed system can be modified to extract prescaled clock and line-rate clock from 160 Gb/s data signal using all 40-GHz devices.      

多速率接收及时钟数据恢复光纤激光传输实验研究

基于84km光传输链路,对L波段光纤激光器进行了多速率接收及时钟数据恢复实验。采用伪随机序列非归零(NRZ)码、高性能LiNbO3电光晶体调制器,调制速率从622Mb/s到2.7Gb/s。实验所用光纤激光器输出中心波长1 610.28nm,线宽0.1nm,边模抑制比大于45dB,输出功率稳定性优于0.02dB。对多速率接收眼图进行了测试,其各速率信号眼图张开度好、眼皮厚度小,结果表明测试系统无码间干扰和信号畸变,信号的信噪比较高。在误码率为10-12时,接收灵敏度可达到-30.62dBm,过载光功率为-4.1dBm。分析了影响系统传输质量的因素,研究了高速率下信号与时钟恢复后不同步的问题。