Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-II

Flashover mechanisms of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation is presented and experimentally proven. A hydrophobic surface of silicone rubber wets and accumulates contaminants differently compared to conventional porcelain and glass insulators. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators is different than porcelain and glass. This part of the paper experimentally investigates ohmic heating, electrical field caused interaction between water droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharges and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. These studies have resulted in a new flashover mechanism which provides a better understanding of silicone rubber outdoor insulators and their excellent contamination performance. These results will be used for the development of a better laboratory test procedure to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-I

Experimental results show that the contamination performance of silicone rubber composite insulators is better than porcelain insulators. This is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the silicone rubber. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of these insulators is different. This paper experimentally investigates contamination build-up, diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) polymer chains, surface wetting, electrical field caused interaction between droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharge and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. The studies resulted in a new flashover mechanism, which provides a better understanding of the superior performance of silicone rubber outdoor insulators. The results will be useful for the development of improved laboratory test procedures and to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions. The part of the paper describes an overview of the flashover mechanism and the diffusion of LMW polymer chains and wetting of the silicone rubber surface in detail     

Performance improvement of 33 kV line-post insulators in harsh environment

Comprehensive standard tests were conducted on 33 kV line-post porcelain insulators in order to improve their performance in harsh environment in comparison to the newly introduced polymeric ones. These tests are the lightning impulse withstand and flashover tests, and the AC artificial pollution tests. The latter were conducted in a salt-fog chamber. Silicone rubber insulators showed superior performance than adding heat-shrinkable and wraparound creepage extenders to the existing line-post porcelain insulators or using new polymeric insulators.     

超、特高压直流线路瓷和玻璃绝缘子污闪特性研究

根据直流人工污秽试验,笔者分析和比较了6种型式瓷和玻璃绝缘子污闪特性。试验结果表明:不同型式绝缘子的污秽闪络性能不同,盐密影响特征指数α与绝缘子的结构和材质有关.其值在0.32～0.55间。同样污秽下,玻璃绝缘子的污闪电压梯度高于相同结构的瓷绝缘子,外伞型绝缘子的污闪电压梯度低于钟罩型绝缘子。绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其型式和污秽程度有关,可表示为K=M×(SDD)~m。在试验的五种非标准绝缘子中,玻璃钟罩型绝缘子较好的利用了其爬电距离,而双伞型瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数最低。     

高海拔地区750kV线路防污闪、防雨闪措施研究

我国第1条750kV输电线路不仅处于高海拔地区，而且该地区气候条件恶劣，环境染污问题严重。根据750kV输电线路所在的高海拔地区的气候环境特点，分析了外绝缘设备在高海拔地区的污闪问题，并通过试验证实了复合绝缘子和RTV涂料技术在高海拔低气压条件下的防污闪能力，分析了高海拔地区可能出现的气象条件对硅橡胶材料憎水性的影响，发现低温和高湿度对硅橡胶憎水性的影响比低气压的影响更显著。讨论了750kV变电设备上可能出现的雨闪问题，提出了提高相关设备防雨闪能力的建议措施。     

Electrical performance of non-ceramic insulators in artificialcontamination tests. Role of resting time

The paper presents the results of an investigation on the electrical performance of artificially contaminated non-ceramic insulators as a function of resting time. Resting time is defined as the time interval between the application of contamination and start of testing. New (unaged), full scale, 69 kV non-ceramic insulators using different types of silicone rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber as weathersheds were studied. Their electrical performance was assessed using the clean fog technique. The applied voltage was kept constant throughout the test, while contamination severity and resting time were varied as parameters. The transfer of hydrophobicity through the contamination layer was demonstrated by flashover tests. This was also visually depicted by analyzing samples in a scanning electron microscope. The results show that resting time exerts little influence on the electrical performance of EPDM insulators. However, for silicone rubber insulators, resting time is shown to drastically improve its electrical performance. Experimental evidence indicates that the transfer or recovery process of hydrophobicity in silicone rubber insulators occurs as a progressive superposition of silicone oil layers with time. Thus, the net effect of resting such insulators before tests can be thought of as a gradual reduction of the effective contamination layer thickness. Such a reduction alters the way in which the contaminant layer interacts with external stressing agents, which could impact the insulator's electrical performance in service. In this work, an attempt has been made to identify and quantify the electrically significant changes introduced by a reduction in the effective contamination thickness. It is in the light of this reduced effective contamination layer that we explain how a seemingly wettable silicone rubber insulator is still able to hold the applied voltage without flashover     

运行多年RTV涂料绝缘子表面涂层老化分析研究

室温硫化硅橡胶涂料(RTV涂料)可以有效防止污闪事故，已在我国电力系统中广泛应用。文中通过取得大量在天津挂网运行多年老化的RTV涂料绝缘子，在对其表面憎水性和积污状况研究的基础上，进行了两种状态下试品防污闪能力测试，结果表明试品仍具有良好的防污闪能力。通过绝缘子试品表面涂层的红外分析对比，讨论了线路周边污染源环境对RTV涂层的不同影响。针对RTV涂料国内比较保守的寿命定义，通过热重分析，引入胶含量的概念，结合防污闪性能及红外谱图的变化，提出了对RTV涂料寿命评估新的参考方法，并对RTV涂料在不同运行条件下的实际使用寿命给出了指导性意见。     

复合绝缘子与瓷和玻璃绝缘子直流污闪特性比较

为满足我国特高压直流工程建设的需要，该文通过人工污秽试验，对3种超、特高压直流复合绝缘子短样及4种不同型式瓷和玻璃绝缘子的直流污闪特性进行了比较分析。结果表明：复合绝缘子的污秽影响特征指数a为0.267~ 0.291，小于瓷和玻璃绝缘子；其沿面50%闪络电压梯度和爬电距离有效系数均高于瓷和玻璃绝缘子；复合绝缘子耐污性能优于瓷和玻璃绝缘子，污秽越严重，其耐污性能越明显；绝缘子伞裙结构和型式对其污闪特性有重要影响。     

不同伞形结构复合绝缘子的交流污闪有效爬电距离

为得出高海拔、低气压下污秽地区不同伞形结构复合绝缘子的爬电距离有效利用率,在大型多功能人工气候室内对高海拔、低气压条件下干弧距离比较接近的4组不同伞型结构的复合绝缘子及一张硅橡胶平板开展了污闪试验研究。根据真实复合绝缘子的污闪梯度与硅橡胶板的污闪梯度之比,可求得复合绝缘子的爬电距离有效利用率k。根据k及爬距与干弧距离之比(δCF系数),可计算得到电弧中间隙电弧的比例k1。分析了复合绝缘子污闪过程中k、k1的影响因素。结果表明,大小伞形δCF系数为3.55的复合绝缘子在海拔不超过2 500 m时爬电距离的利用率较高,当海拔升高到4 000 m时,大小伞形δCF系数为3.27的复合绝缘子具有较高的爬电距离有效利用率。爬电距离有效利用率与与盐密、气压均呈幂指数关系。     

Extending the applicability of insulator flashover models by regression analysis

A combination of experiments and regression analysis has been utilized to extend the useful range of models for estimating flashover performance of insulators under contaminated conditions. Experiments were performed on distribution class insulators employing porcelain, silicone rubber and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber as housing materials. It has been shown that it is possible to include important factors such as hydrophobicity, aging and contamination accumulation in the assessment of insulator performance. The results from this work are useful for selecting the appropriate insulator design (dimensions and material) for different system voltages     

运行多年RTV涂料绝缘子防污性能的研究

室温硫化硅橡胶(RTV)涂料具有优异的憎水性和憎水迁移性,可显著提高瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪电压,目前已在电力系统广泛应用。通过以挂网运行多年后的RTV涂料绝缘子为试品,对RTV涂层表面的积污状况、憎水性、憎水迁移性和憎水性丧失后的恢复能力及试品在长时间饱和受潮条件下的耐污闪能力进行研究,研究结果对RTV涂料在输电线路绝缘子上的使用提供了有力的技术支持。     

Study on Pollution Flashover Performance of Short Samples of Composite Insulators Intended for /spl plusmn/800 kV UHV DC

Based on the artificial pollution tests, the effects of pollution and high altitude on the flashover performance of short samples of five kinds of UHV/EHV dc composite long rod insulators are analyzed. The exponent characterizing the influence of salt deposit density on the flashover voltage is related with the profile and the material of the insulator shed. The values of the samples' exponents vary between 0.24 and 0.30, which are smaller than those of porcelain or glass cap-and-pin insulators, namely, the influence of the pollution on the composite long rod insulators is less, relatively. Thus, the composite insulators have certain advantages in severe pollution regions. The best ratio of the leakage distance to the arcing distance is about 3.35. The exponent characterizing the influence of air pressure on the flashover voltage is related with the profile and the material of the insulator shed and the pollution severity, the values of the samples' exponents vary between 0.6 and 0.8, which are larger than those of porcelain or glass cap-and-pin insulators. Therefore, the dc composite insulator used in high altitude regions should have enough arcing distance. Based on the test results, if insulator sample Type E is selected for the plusmn800 kV UHV dc transmission lines, the basic arcing distance should be no less than 8.16 m and the basic leakage distance no less than 30.2 m.     

Flashover of contaminated nonceramic outdoor insulators in a wetatmosphere

This paper deals with the flashover mechanism and performance of contaminated nonceramic (also known as composite and polymeric) outdoor insulators under wet conditions. Two types of wetting that occur in service, namely fog and rain, were considered. Different profiles of line insulators having weathersheds made from material families such as, high temperature vulcanizing (HTV) silicone rubber (SR) and ethylene propylene (EP) diene monomer rubber, were evaluated. The results demonstrate that the performance, and hence the relative ranking of nonceramic line insulators is influenced by the wetting mode and insulator geometry; that flashover of contaminated insulators can occur with rain at a much lower contamination severity than with fog; and that the mechanism of contamination flashover under rain is significantly different from that under fog condensation. New insulator profiles have been identified and tested to show that they can provide improved flashover performance, when compared to existing designs. This work proves that a comprehensive evaluation of outdoor insulator performance can be obtained by performing flashover tests that include more than one form of wetting, and hence illustrates the limitations of current standard contamination tests that employ only one form of insulator wetting     

瓷和玻璃绝缘子人工污秽交流闪络特性比较

人工污秽绝缘子的闪络电压、污闪电压梯度和有效爬电系数均与其材质和型式有关,国内虽对污闪特性研究较多,但对不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数研究不多。为此在人工雾室中对5种典型结构的瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪特性进行了试验研究,根据试验结果分析和计算了5种典型绝缘子的闪络电压、闪络电压梯度、有效爬电系数。结果表明:在人工污秽试验条件下,不同型式绝缘子的污闪电压有较大差异,盐密对不同型式绝缘子的闪络电压的影响程度也有差异;三伞型绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子具有较高的闪络电压;不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其结构型式和材质有关,玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数高于瓷绝缘子,且玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而增加,而瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而减小。     

带电清洗剂对绝缘子用硅橡胶的溶胀效应及其影响研究

复合支柱绝缘绝缘子由于具有优异的防污性能,在直流换流站得到了广泛应用,但其在空间电荷和静电效应下积污严重而存在大面积污闪风险。为了评估复合支柱绝缘子带电绝缘清洗的可行性,对硅橡胶在新型绝缘清洗下的溶胀特性及其对硅橡胶的电气性能、力学性能以及憎水性的影响开展了试验分析。研究结果表明:硅橡胶溶胀随着溶胀时间的增加溶胀指数和直径增长率持续增大,浸泡时间20 min时圆形硅橡胶试样的直径增长率为4.7%、溶胀指数为6.8%。硅橡胶的复介电常数、复电容、介质损耗因素随着频率、溶胀指数增大而减小;在10-2~103Hz频域范围内硅橡胶溶胀不会造成介电性能下降。硅橡胶溶胀对憎水性和憎水迁移性无明显影响,干燥洁净硅橡胶溶胀前后接触角θ平均值在92°~98°范围内浮动,人工积污并经过憎水迁移后θ平均值在119°~128°范围内浮动。硅橡胶在发生溶胀后其力学性能小幅度下降,溶胀20 min的其断裂拉伸强度下降2%。试验结果表明硅橡胶在清洗剂中溶胀度受浸润时间影响较大,溶胀效应对憎水性、电气和力学性能影响较小,可通过采用易挥发配方或强对流措施控制清洗剂残留对硅橡胶的影响。     

特高压直流换流站支柱绝缘子设计

特高压直流换流站的外绝缘设计是特高压直流输电工程的关键技术之一,直接影响工程的安全可靠运行,文章主要讨论特高压换流站支柱绝缘子的选型和设计。首先统计了 我国±500 kV换流站外绝缘的运行情况,总结了±500 kV换流站加强外绝缘和防污闪的主要措施,并分析了室温硫化硅橡胶(room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber,RTV)和长效室温硫化硅橡胶涂料的性能特点。然后根据积污站测试结果对特高压换流站站址的污秽水平进行了预测,根据预测的污秽水平和实验室污耐压试验结果推导出其所需的爬电比距。最后,分析了不同型式支柱绝缘子的经济技术特点,以及国内外厂家的制造能力,推荐瓷涂RTV方案作为特高压直流换流站外绝缘的首选方案,并对瓷涂RTV绝缘子使用过程中的相关问题进行了探讨。     

复合绝缘子憎水性及直流污闪特性的影响因素

复合绝缘子的污闪特性很大程度上受材料的憎水性及憎水性迁移特性的制约。研究了环境因素和污秽成分对高温硫化硅橡胶材料憎水性迁移特性的影响,对灰成分和憎水性迁移时间与复合绝缘子直流污闪特性的关系进行了定量对比试验。试验结果表明,随着灰成分中硅藻土含量的增加,憎水性迁移明显加快,导致静态接触角增大,因而相应的直流污闪电压升高。该文结果可作为分析硅橡胶材料憎水性迁移特性的参考,同时也为直流复合绝缘子人工污秽试验标准的制定提供了试验依据。     

瓷和玻璃绝缘子人工污秽交流闪络特性及有效爬电系数的比较

人工污秽绝缘子的闪络电压、污闪电压梯度和有效爬电系数均与其材质和型式有关。国内虽对污闪特性研究较多，但对不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数研究不多。文中在人工雾室中对五种典型结构的瓷和玻璃绝缘子的污闪特性进行了试验研究。根据试验结果分析和计算了五种典型绝缘子的闪络电压、闪络电压梯度、有效爬电系数。结果表明：在人工污秽试验条件下，不同型式绝缘子的污闪电压有较大差异，盐密对不同型式绝缘子的闪络电压的影响程度也有差异；三伞型绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子具有较高的闪络电压；不同绝缘子的有效爬电系数与其结构型式和材质有关，玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数高于瓷绝缘子，且玻璃绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而增加，而瓷绝缘子的有效爬电系数随污秽程度的增加而减小。     

特殊工业粉尘地区复合绝缘子腐蚀失效过程研究

硅橡胶复合绝缘子因其优异的憎水性及憎水迁移性而具备较好的防污闪能力,往往作为应对污闪事故的首选方案。但在部分特殊工业粉尘地区,复合绝缘子在短时间运行后会出现爬电及蚀损现象,并发展为绝缘失效。为研究特殊工业粉尘地区复合绝缘子的腐蚀失效过程,测试了某特殊工业园区内运行的复合绝缘子的表面污秽度及污秽成分、污闪电压梯度、憎水性能及微观性能,并分析了其腐蚀失效过程。主要结论如下:绝缘子表面等值盐密为0.1~0.2 mg/cm²,其污秽成分与化工污源类似;存在自然污秽时绝缘子表面憎水性良好,但其憎水性的减弱、恢复及迁移特性均不能满足运行要求;绝缘失效的起因是电晕放电导致憎水性降低,进而导致伞裙电蚀损,最后发展为绝缘失效。     

特殊工业粉尘地区复合绝缘子自然积污特性研究

硅橡胶复合绝缘子具备机械强度高、防污闪性能优异、质量轻、运行维护方便等优点,在电网建设中应用广泛。在部分工业化工区,存在特殊工业粉尘污染,该类地区运行的复合绝缘子表面更容易积污,绝缘子表面在积污后憎水性显著降低,绝缘性能明显减弱。为研究特殊工业粉尘地区运行的复合绝缘子自然积污特性,文中对江苏某工业园区运行的复合绝缘子进行取样,使用污秽度与微观分析结合的方法对积污特性进行研究。结果表明,该地区运行的复合绝缘子普遍表面污秽度较重,污秽可溶物等值盐密(ESDD)数值较高,且污秽中存在的不溶灰分主要元素为碳(C)、氧(O)、硅(Si),含碳粉、二氧化硅(SiO 2)、氧化钙(CaO)等影响绝缘子表面导电性及吸水性的物质。文中所提方法能较好地揭示特殊工业粉尘地区的污秽特性。