基于LA型供应商的易逝品供应链价格补贴契约

针对由单个损失厌恶型供应商和单个风险中性型零售商组成的供应链系统,在前景理论框架下,研究了存在缺货损失下的基于批发价格契约和价格补贴契约的易逝品供应链协调问题。首先分析了分散化供应链系统在批发价格契约下供应商和零售商的最优决策,并将供应商的最优生产量与集中化供应链系统下的最优生产量进行了比较;从理论上严格证明了当供应商的最优生产量小于集中化供应链系统下的最优生产量时,供应商不能通过批发价格契约使得自己的生产量为集中化供应链的生产量。然后分析了在缔结政府提供的价格补贴契约下供应商和零售商的最优决策。研究结果表明,损失厌恶型供应商在批发价格契约下的最优生产量可能偏离系统最优生产量,这时政府可以通过价格补贴契约来协调整个供应链。     

不同碳排放政策下基于回购合同的供应链协调策略

碳排放政策给企业运营和供应链管理带来了新的挑战,使供应链上企业的管理决策更加复杂。考虑由一个供应商与一个制造商组成的二级供应链,研究不同碳排放政策(碳税、限额、限额与交易)下基于回购合同的供应链协调问题,并与无碳排放约束的情形进行比较。研究结果表明,在不同碳排放政策下,回购合同均能实现供应链协调,无碳排放约束、碳限额与交易和碳限额政策下制造商的最优订货量依次减小,而供应商给出的回购价格依次提高。     

考虑损失厌恶和锚定心理的供应链订货与协调

为更合理地实现供应链协调的整体最优绩效,以具有损失厌恶和锚定心理的零售商和风险中性的供应商组成的两级供应链为研究对象,探讨回购契约下的供应链订货及协调情况。建立集中和分散决策下考虑零售商损失厌恶和锚定心理的回购契约协调模型,分析了零售商最优订货量与批发价格、回购价格之间的关系,以及各契约参数对回购价格和各节点利润的影响,并给出了供应链实现协调需要达成的条件。结果表明,当零售商订购的产品为高利润产品时,能够实现供应链整体最优绩效,达到供应链协调,且利润在供应链双方之间的分配随着批发和回购价格的提升而向供应商倾斜,但零售商损失厌恶和锚定心理的加深会使得供应商提升回购价格,使整体供应链的利润下降,成本费用增加。     

Supply chain financing with advance selling under disruption

We study a financing problem in a supply chain (SC) consisting of one supplier and one buyer under supply disruption. The supplier could face a disruption at its end which could effectively reduce its yield in case of disruption, thereby resulting in supply yield uncertainty. The retailer can finance the supplier using advance selling that can help mitigate the impact of disruption. We model this problem as a Stackelberg game, where the supplier as the leader announces the wholesale price and the retailer responds by deciding its optimal order quantity given stochastic demand and an exogenous fixed retail price. The supplier then commences production and a disruption can happen with a known probability. We assume that under disruption the quantity delivered is a fraction of the initial quantity ordered by the retailer. The retailer loses any unmet demand. We analyze three different scenarios of the Stackelberg game, namely no advance selling with disruption, advance selling without disruption, and advance selling with disruption. Our results indicate that advance selling can be used to mitigate the impact of supply disruption and at the same time could lead to an increase in the overall SC profit.     

Capacity-constrained supplier selection model with lost sales under stochastic demand behaviour

In today’s market conditions, volume of demand is quite uncertain and thus it is hard to estimate. In many cases, buyer is prone to use supply chain flexibility rather than inventory holding strategy to withstand demand uncertainty. We assume that the buyer releases a replenishment order to the supplier for each cycle (or period) under the contract which is mainly composed of four parameters: (1) supply cost per unit, (2) minimum order quantity, (3) order quantity reduction penalty and (4) maximum capacity of the supplier. Based on these parameters, there are two flexibility options that buyer should evaluate in the order of cycle (1) issue an order smaller than the minimum order quantity and pay the related penalty and (2) place no order and lose the sales. Hence, Q _lost emerges as a critical buyer decision, the order quantity, below which no order is placed. Total expected supply cost plus lost sales, as a function of Q _lost is presented. We derive the optimal Q _lost that minimises the total cost function. Since capacity of each supplier is finite, we then develop a supplier selection model with total cost minimisation over the suppliers subject to capacity constraint that has a stochastic nature stemming from demand behaviour. Linearisation on the model is performed using chance-constrained programming approach. From a given set of supply bids from the potential supply chain partners, the buyer is able to make a quantifiable choice.     

Supplier selection in the airline retail industry using a funnel methodology: Conjunctive screening method and fuzzy AHP

Since a company can only perform as well as it is allowed to by its suppliers, the importance of supplier selection in supply chain management has been increasingly recognized. Supplier selection can best be described as a highly complex process, due to the involvement of many, sometimes conflicting, qualitative and quantitative criteria. The objective is to select the most suitable supplier(s) that meet a company’s specific needs. This paper investigates supplier selection in the airline retail industry. We discuss a number of issues that make airline retail complex and distinguish it from conventional retail. The supplier selection problem is solved by means of a two-phased methodology. In the first phase, a conjunctive screening method is used, which aims to reduce the initial set of potential suppliers prior to the comprehensive final choice phase. In the second phase, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used, in which suppliers are evaluated against the main criteria and sub-criteria. By combining the decision-maker’s preferences, using the developed methodology will eventually result in a ranking of suppliers that makes it possible to select the most suitable supplier(s). The proposed methodology is applied to one of the largest airlines in Europe, the Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM), and the results are discussed extensively in this paper. We conclude by proposing avenues for future research regarding the general applicability and further extensions.     

三级低碳供应链联合减排及宣传促销微分博弈研究

低碳环境下,研究供应商、制造商与零售商组成的三级供应链联合减排及宣传促销微分博弈问题.首先,通过两次成本加成,考虑产品需求受产品减排量、零售商宣传促销努力及产品零售价格的综合影响,得到供应链分散决策与集中决策情形下的动态均衡策略及减排量的最优轨迹.然后,通过数值算例及灵敏度分析比较两种情形下的结果,研究发现:无论分散决策还是集中决策,减排量,产品批发价,供应商、制造商、零售商的努力水平都随时间逐渐增加至某一稳定值,但集中决策的稳定值大于分散决策相应的稳定值;随着供应商、制造商各自的减排努力对产品减排率的影响系数及零售商的宣传促销努力对产品需求的影响系数的增大,减排量、产品批发价、供应链成员努力水平、供应链成员利润、供应链总利润都会增加;集中决策的供应链总利润总是大于分散决策的供应链总利润.最后,对集中决策总利润用多人联盟博弈的多目标决策合作博弈方法进行分配,实现了供应链系统整体绩效的提升.     

Single sourcing versus dual sourcing under conditions of learning

This paper considers a buyer who has to decide whether to select a single or two sources of supply for a homogeneous product. The production processes of the suppliers are subject to learning effects, which reduce the production costs and increase the production capacities of the suppliers. This, in turn, enables the suppliers to reduce the sales price, which results in lower acquisition costs at the buyer. As the supplier selection decision influences the individual production quantity of a supplier, the learning effect has to be considered when deciding how many and which suppliers to select. Since the effect of learning on the supplier selection problem has not been investigated in the literature, this paper addresses this limitation and derives models for continuous learning and when learning plateaus. Numerical results indicate that the supplier selection decision can comprehensively influence the learning process for the suppliers and therewith the total costs of the system under study. The results also show that it is not necessarily optimal solely to select the supplier with the highest learning rate.     

低碳背景下考虑批发价格契约供需网企业决策

在全球绿色低碳的视角下,构建高效、可循环的绿色供需体系,基于报贩模型针对低碳供需网系统进行研究。在低碳背景下分别建立不考虑碳排放、碳税、碳配额、碳配额与交易下的供需网批发价格契约模型,并运用Stackelberg博弈进行求解,探讨不同的碳排放政策对低碳供需网契约协调以及收益的影响。通过模型求解验证了无论在何种政策下传统的批发价格契约均无法实现低碳供需网系统协调;且通过数值仿真分析了四种不同的碳减排政策下不同参数的变化对供需网系统的影响。研究发现：各方收益随着碳税价格的升高而降低;当企业的碳排放量超额时,收益随着碳配额的减少而减少;而碳配额与交易下,制造商的收益随着碳交易价格的增加呈现先增后降的趋势。     

Sourcing with random yields and stochastic demand: A newsvendor approach

We studied a supplier selection problem, where a buyer, while facing random demand, is to decide ordering quantities from a set of suppliers with different yields and prices. We provided the mathematical formulation for the buyer's profit maximization problem and proposed a solution method based on a combination of the active set method and the Newton search procedure. Our computational study shows that the proposed method can solve the problem efficiently, and is able to generate interesting and insightful results that lead us to various managerial implications.

Scope and purpose

In today's globally competitive environment, decision makers in supply chains face numerous challenges particularly regarding the selection of suppliers or outsourcing partners. To assist in this endeavor, we examined a double-layered supply chain where a buyer facing the end users has the option of selecting among a cohort of suppliers. The available suppliers may have different yield rates and unit costs. The buyer has to decide, given the stochastic nature of the problem's governing parameters, whether or not to order from each supplier, and if so how much. We developed a ‘newsvendor-style’ model for the problem, and proposed a solution algorithm for it. Numerical studies were performed to provide some insights for supplier selection and order quantity decisions.     

Supply chain coordination based on return contracts with a threshold ordering quantity

Return contracts are commonly used by companies selling products with short life cycles and highly uncertain demand. Current research on return contracts assumes suppliers are responsible for all surplus products. In practice, retailers tend to order more than necessary and leave suppliers with large after‐season returns. To mitigate the problem, a new type of return contract with a threshold ordering quantity has been developed by some enterprises. Under these contracts, suppliers specify a threshold for retailers’ ordering quantity. They buy back only the portion in excess of the threshold. In this paper, we show that this new type of contract can achieve two objectives: (a) the supply chain is coordinated, and (b) both the supplier and the retailer can gain more profit than they can gain under a wholesale‐price‐only contract. The new contract does not require any manipulation of wholesale prices. This makes it more acceptable in practice by supply chain members. We also illustrate our findings in a numerical example.     

非对称信息下供应链库存系统Pareto优化模型

运用委托代理理论,研究了非对称信患条件下,由单供应商单分销商组成的供应链Pareto优化问题.在假定分销商所面临的需求是与销售价格有关的随机变量,以及供、销双方关于分销商销售价格信息不对称这两个前提下,将供应商作为委托人,分销商作为代理人,给出了供应商为吸引销售商选择对自己最有利的销售价格而设计的最优激励合同,比较了在不同信息条件下供销双方的最优决策.最后,给出了应用实例和灵敏度分析.     

贸易信用下考虑零售商违约风险的供应链协调问题研究

本文研究延迟支付和提前支付同时存在下的供应链协调问题。考虑由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的二级供应链,市场需求随机,延迟支付下零售商会增加订购数量,但由于其违约风险的存在,供应商会降低其交付量,最终导致供应商交付量小于零售商订购量,降低供应链收益。要求零售商提前支付部分货款则可以有效避免零售商的违约问题,通过建立延迟支付和提前支付同时存在下的零售商收益模型和供应商的收益模型,给出了零售商的最优订购量决策和供应商的最优交付量决策,通过调整延迟支付期限和提前支付比例,使得二者相等,并等于供应链整体收益最大化下的生产数量,实现供应链协调。最后通过数值算例分析了相关参数的敏感性等问题。     

考虑碳排放量与数量折扣的闭环供应链网络设计与多目标决策优化研究

由于闭环供应链网络在环境法规、客户压力等方面都受到关注,故供应商选择在供应链管理中更具挑战性,本文所提闭环供应链网络模型可解决上述问题.其中,供应商会提供数量折扣以激励买家购买更多的产品.模型的目标函数是将经济成本与碳排放量降至最低,最大限度提升客户满意度等参数,并确定出最佳的供应商、采购量、运输方式、技术类型、碳排放...     

供应链协同创新中知识转移的收益共享机制

研究由一个供应商和一个制造商组成的二级供应链协同创新中的知识转移问题,分析了分散决策、集中决策、普通收益共享决策和议价条件下的收益共享决策时四种情形对供应链协同创新中知识转移决策的影响,比较了四种决策情况下的相关变量的大小和在不同知识吸收能力下的变化规律。结果发现：收益共享契约机制可显著提高供应链协同创新中的知识转移数量,有利于提高供应链的整体利润,还有助于降低产品零售价格、批发价格等,并且议价条件下的收益共享契约机制比普通的收益共享契约机制效果更为明显。研究表明收益共享契约机制能够有效地促进供应链企业间的协同创新,同时供应链企业间的知识吸收能力也会影响到供应链协同创新的效率。     

具有损失厌恶偏好零售商的供应链弹性数量契约

研究由风险中性供应商和具有损失厌恶偏好零售商组成的供应链在弹性数量契约条件下的协调问题.揭示了契约参数和零售商损失厌恶特性对零售商最优订货量的影响,发现调整弹性度这一契约参数可使供应链得到协调;同时,当弹性度满足一定条件时,调整批发价格也可实现供应链协调.最后通过数值分析,验证了弹性数量契约在协调供应链中的有效性,并探讨了其中原因.     

A stochastic cross‐efficiency data envelopment analysis approach for supplier selection under uncertainty

This paper addresses one of the key objectives of the supply chain strategic design phase, that is, the optimal selection of suppliers. A methodology for supplier selection under uncertainty is proposed, integrating the cross‐efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Monte Carlo approach. The combination of these two techniques allows overcoming the deterministic feature of the classical cross‐efficiency DEA approach. Moreover, we define an indicator of the robustness of the determined supplier ranking. The technique is able to manage the supplier selection problem considering nondeterministic input and output data. It allows the evaluation of suppliers under uncertainty, a particularly significant circumstance for the assessment of potential suppliers. The novel approach helps buyers in choosing the right partners under uncertainty and ranking suppliers upon a multiple sourcing strategy, even when considering complex evaluations with a high number of suppliers and many input and output criteria.     

Impact of decision sequence of pricing and quality investment in decentralized assembly system

The quality and price of suppliers’ products directly influence the potential demand in the market. This paper studies the impact of decision sequence in a two-echelon assembly system with demand uncertainty: suppliers first decide wholesale price and quality investment for their components, and then the manufacturer decides product price after the uncertainty in demand is resolved. We consider three scenarios in the stage of suppliers’ decisions. In case 1, both suppliers simultaneously determine quality investment followed by the simultaneous setting of wholesale prices. In case 2, both suppliers make quality investment and wholesale price decisions simultaneously. In case 3, one supplier acts as a leader and moves first to announce quality investment and wholesale price, and the other supplier moves later. We compare all decision models from each firms’ perspective. Our analysis reveals that the second decision sequence is the best option for the manufacturer and the integrated supply chain and the first decision sequence is the best option for suppliers as a whole, but there is no clear dominating choice for each supplier. The optimal choices of suppliers are mainly determined by the cost structure. We examine and discuss the relation between system parameters and the incentives of suppliers in choosing decision sequence.     

基于成本共担契约的生鲜供应链保鲜努力机制

研究由一个供应商与一个零售商组成的生鲜供应链,在分散式决策与集中式决策下的最优保鲜努力水平.考虑两类成本共担契约方式:一类为零售商单独提供成本共担契约的方式,另一类为供应商与零售商二者博弈制定成本共担契约的方式;同时,比较两类成本共担契约对供应链整体保鲜努力水平的影响.结果表明,成本共担契约对生鲜供应链整体生鲜水平的提高非常有益,且有利于提高供应商、零售商及供应链整体的利润,其中供应商与零售商二者博弈制定成本共担契约的方式最为有效.另外,保鲜成本与消费者生鲜敏感程度分别对供应链的发展起着消极和积极的作用.     

带有订单转保理的供应链金融的收益共享博弈模型

当作为供应商的中小企业出现了严重的财务困境问题时,急需有效融资工具和创新管理模式加以解决.订单转保理可以令资质良好的零售商为资金短缺的供应商提供融资担保,有效解决供应商的订单减少和融资难的问题.然而,分散决策的订单转保理融资模式,使得做担保的零售商的收益降低,不能明显改善供应链效率.针对此问题,研究订单转保理模式下的供应链协调模型,并重点研究由供应商与零售商组成的二级供应链的订单转保理收益共享模型.研究发现:收益共享决策模型供应链总收益小于集中决策供应链总收益,大于分散决策的供应链总收益,表明供应链成员相互合作程度越高,越有利于供应链发展,从而表明协调在供应链中发挥重要作用.然而,集中决策模型只能得到供应链最优总收益,无法得到供应商和零售商的最优收益.收益共享模型不仅能够提高产品订货量,降低产品批发价格,增加供应商和零售商的收益,而且通过最优的收益共享系数可以得到供应商和零售商的最优收益.收益共享机制能够为供应商和零售商共赢协调发展提供新的运作管理模式.