上海市夏季空调能耗分析及对策

本文分析了上海市夏季电力高峰负荷连年攀升，电网峰谷差逐年拉大的原因，提出了相应的对策。     

加强电厂,城市电网建设,当好上海新三年先行官

1、上海市电力工业发展又上新台阶 95年是上海新三年的第一年,在电力部、上海市委、市政府的亲切关怀和上海市各个区政府的大力支持之下,在华东电网的有力支援和我局全体职工齐心努力、奋力拼搏之下,上海市电力工业已跃上一个新台阶。由于上海电力负荷的特点,目前上海全年电力负荷有两个高峰,一个是夏季高温季节,另一个是在冬季年底和寒冷时期,尤其以夏季高温时期的用电负荷最高。而冬季用电高峰逐年也有所提高,往往超过前一年的夏季高温负     

金山区确保区内用电稳定有序

近日,金山区区经委召开区有序用电工作会议,通报上海市及本区夏季电力供需形势、布置2011年有序用电工作方案。据预测,今年上海电网高峰负荷预计为2800-2850万kW,市最大电力缺口约160-210万kW。按照市统一要求,该区编制了《2011年金山区有序     

建筑节能--中国节能战略的必然选择(中)

(续上期) 1.7空调制冷与采暖高峰负荷 冬季采暖与夏季空调是造成电力负荷峰谷差最主要的因素.长期以来,东北和华北电网冬季最大负荷高于夏季,由于冬季采暖的需要,东北电网冬季最大负荷与夏季最大负荷的比例达到1.4:1,大连市1999年平均日峰谷差达到47万kW.近10年来,由于夏季空调用电量迅速增加,1997年京津唐电网热天最大负荷已基本上与冬季最大负荷相当,此后越来越比冬季最大负荷高.北京2001年冬季电力负荷峰值为566万kW,2002年夏季电力负荷峰值为684万kW.在空调规模急剧扩展的情况下,华北、华东、华中、川渝、广东、福建等电网峰谷差持续快速增大,负荷率明显下降,使发电设备和输电设施的利用率降低,从而对电力系统的经济和安全运行造成重大影响.2002年夏季降温最大负荷,京津唐电网近530万kW,河北电网230万kW,华东电网1430万kW,华中电网600～700万kW,其他电网共约1650万kW(国家电力公司电力负荷变化调研组).     

上海电力需求侧管理对策研究

近几年来，由于上海经济快速发展和城乡居民生活水平的不断提高，上海市的电力供应呈现季节性、时段性的短缺，2004年夏季最高用电负荷还原后达到1670万kW，当时考虑系统和发电机组备用，电力需求侧管理预案安排391万kW。通过精心编制各项错避峰预案，采取各种措施，加强检查落实，顺利度过了夏天的用电高峰。     

关于发展天然气电厂的讨论(二)

一、中国天然气发电厂是否必不可少,中国天然气发电厂是否有竞争力 中国发展天然气发电厂的理由是:为了满足电力需求,调峰需要和污染控制要求.从满足电力需求来讲,多发展些煤电、核电和可再生能源发电同样可以满足电力需求;至于调峰需要,从电源方面考虑,燃煤机组可以提高调峰能力,必要时还可以修建抽水蓄能电站调峰;从需求侧考虑,电力需求测管理采取移峰填谷,压低尖峰,实施可停电电价,都可以降低高峰负荷,提高负荷率;此外,采用小型热电联产、热电冷联产,可以降低北方地区的采暖电力高峰负荷,降低东南沿海地区夏季降温(包括电力空调)负荷.     

北京召开2005年电力迎峰度夏工作会

随着北京的经济发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，对电力的需求也在不断增加。2005年夏季北京市用电需求增长迅速，电力供需形势将十分严峻。预计2005年最大负荷将达到1070万kW，BL2004年同期增加13．5％。为应对首都北京的夏季用电高峰，近日，北京市召开了2005年电力迎峰度夏工作会，提出了2005年电力迎峰度夏的对策。其主要对策有：     

上海市应对电力短缺策略研究报告

近年来，上海的电力需求持续快速增长，电力供需矛盾日趋突出。2003年夏季，在采取了错峰、避峰等措施后，最高用电负荷仍达1362万kW，电力缺口高达200万kW。根据预测，2004年夏季最高用电负荷将超过1600万kw，缺口将增大到400万kw。2004～2007年电力供应短缺形势仍然较为严峻。电力供应短缺已经给上海市的国民经济发展、社会生活造成了较大的影响。     

热电冷联产与夏季避峰让电

在上海市夏季电力供应严重短缺的情况下，上海市节能技术服务有限公司采用合同能源管理模式在上药集团抗生素事业部先锋药业厂实施的热电冷联产系统项目上，实现了能源梯级利用、节约能源的目标；同时利用溴化锂制冷代替电制冷，可节约电力负荷1600kw，为上海市迎峰度夏，迎峰让电作了贡献，也满足厂内生产需要，实现双赢。     

北京建成32个冰蓄冷空调项目

北京电力公司透露，目前北京市已经建成冰蓄冷空调项目32个，可转移高峰电力2．43万kW。北京电力公司表示，在夏季用电高峰时，北京市空调用电占到了全市电网总负荷的40％左右。冰蓄冷空调可以有效地移峰填谷，缓解电力供应紧张。据了解，除已建成的32个冰蓄冷空调项目外，北京市还有8个冰蓄冷空调项目正在建设中。     

商场变新风量节能效果与卫生问题的研讨

以某商场为例分析了根据人流量的变化控制新风供应量,从而实现降低楼宇用电负荷的方法,并提供了相关计算过程。利用计算结果表能使不熟悉空调焓湿图的人士能很快算出可减少的电功率。另外,还对新风供应不足引发的卫生问题作了具体分析,在此基础上提出了确定最小风量的方法。     

Modeling the impact of integrating solar thermal systems and heat pumps for domestic hot water in electric systems – The case study of Corvo Island

The use of solar thermal systems with electricity backup and heat pumps as hot water suppliers in residential buildings seems to be a very promising way to increase energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the massive adoption of such solutions in small networks (neighborhood, village) may induce problems in the electric grid management. This study explores the impact of such systems in small electric grids, using an hourly electricity backup load model. To test and validate the model, we used the island of Corvo (Azores), a small isolated community where it is being implemented a project of electrification of domestic hot water systems (DHW). We consider different load scenarios to manage the backup of DHW systems and analyze its consequences on the peak load and overall energy demand. For Corvo, for the best case where the backup is limited and distributed along off-peak hours, we observed an increase of 24% in the peak load and 7.5% in the annual energy demand. Critical values of peak load are found in winter, when daily solar irradiation is lower than 2000 Wh/m²/day. We conclude that the solar thermal systems are responsible for most of the peak load increase, but since they have the flexibility to adjust the electric backup hours due to the thermal storage capacity, the use of these systems can minimize the impact on the grid. Heat pumps on the other hand, albeit being more efficient in terms electric backup, are less flexible to contribute to the grid management as they operate continuously.     

A techno‐economic analysis on NaS battery energy storage system supporting peak shaving

The merits of electricity grid in Shanghai and sodium sulfur (NaS) storage techniques situation are introduced. High‐energy NaS battery energy storage system (BESS) is very suitable for peak shaving of electricity grid. A cost–benefit analysis model of NaS BESS is established to study the electricity price mechanism in load shift in the light of an example of NaS BESS in Meisei University. Capacity price, energy price and twofold electricity price mechanism are discussed under the fixed payback period. The results show that twofold electric power price mechanism is fitter for NaS BESS than onefold energy price mechanism while onefold capacity price mechanism is not suitable for NaS BESS. The discharge price of NaS BESS has an advantage over Shanghai's electricity price in industrial and commercial peak periods when its construction cost descends to 1000 yuan kWh^?1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power needs of cooling systems in Kuwait and their effects on the utility

Summer indoor comfortable environmental conditions can be maintained inside the buildings in Kuwait only by employing mechanical cooling systems, owing to the prevailing hot climatic conditions in the country. Cooling systems in Kuwait are, generally, of the vapour compression type that depend solely on electricity. The electric power needs of the cooling systems are quite large and they shape the pattern of load demand in the country.In this paper, the electric power needs of the cooling systems in Kuwait are investigated. It is shown that these needs account for an average of 43% of the total annual power consumption. It is also shown that during the month of highest power demand, the cooling systems' needs account for about 67% of the total power consumption. The paper also investigates the effect of the cooling systems on the size of the installed power generation facilities. Finally, the effects of introducing energy conservation measures in future buildings in Kuwait on the projected growth rates of the annual peak load and total power consumption are investigated.     

Daylighting and its effects on peak load determination

Daylighting is an important issue in modern architecture that has been characterized by the use of curtain walls in commercial buildings. In Hong Kong, the overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) calculations are mandatory requirements in the submission of building plans to control the building energy use, but daylighting credits are not included in calculating the OTTV of building envelope designs. Natural daylight helps reduce the electricity use and the associated sensible cooling load due to artificial lighting. Hence, proper daylighting designs can contribute to smaller air-conditioning system and lower the peak power demand of buildings. We use the computer simulation tool, DOE-2, to demonstrate the energy performance of a generic commercial building with different OTTV designs in terms of peak cooling plant requirement and peak building power demand due to various daylighting systems. The peak loads are determined from the simulation results. Regression techniques are conducted to correlate the incremental peak electricity use and incremental peak cooling capacity with OTTV and daylighting aperture (DA) (window-to-wall ratio (WWR) times light transmittance (LT)). Contours of equal incremental peak electricity use and incremental peak cooling plant demand for different building envelope parameters are developed. Important features for daylighting schemes are highlighted and implications for OTTV designs discussed.     

办公楼电能无用耗费的调查研究

本文主要就上海某公司办公楼电能的无用耗费进行调查,意在探究办公楼电能浪费的一般规律,以便推广应用。根据调查数据,研究了现代办公楼电能浪费的主要电器设备、办公室工作性质对电能无用耗费的影响,以及办公楼电能无用耗费的时间等规律。     

Evaluation of combined heat and power (CHP) systems performance with dual power generation units for different building configurations

This paper evaluates the economic, energetic, and environmental feasibility of using two power generation units (PGUs) to operate a combined heat and power (CHP) system. Several benchmark buildings developed by the Department of Energy simulated using the weather data for Chicago, IL, are used to analyze the proposed configuration. This location has been selected because it usually provides favorable CHP system conditions in terms of cost and emission reduction. For the proposed configuration, one PGU is operated at base load to satisfy part of the electricity building requirements, whereas the other is used to satisfy the remaining electricity requirement operating following the electric load. The dual‐PGU CHP configuration (D‐CHP) is modeled for four different scenarios to determine the optimum operating range for the selected benchmark buildings. The dual‐PGU scenario is compared with the reference building using conventional technology to determine the benefits of this proposed system in terms of operational cost, primary energy reduction, and carbon dioxide emissions. The D‐CHP system results are also compared with a CHP system operating following the electric load (FEL) and base‐loaded CHP system. For three of the selected buildings, the proposed D‐CHP system provides comparable or greater savings in operating cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions than the optimized conditions for base loading and FEL. In addition, the effect of operating the D‐CHP system only during certain months of the year on the overall operational cost is also evaluated. Results indicate that not operating the D‐CHP system for the months where the thermal load is too low is beneficial for the overall system performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy conservation measures in buildings heated by district heating – A local energy system perspective

The extensive energy use in the European building sector creates opportunities for implementing energy conservation measures (ECMs) in residential buildings. If ECM are implemented in buildings that are connected to a district heating (DH) system, the operation of DH plants may be affected, which in turn may change both revenue and electricity production in cogeneration plants. In this study a local energy system, containing a DH supplier and its customer, has been analysed when implementing three ECMs: heat load control, attic insulation and electricity savings. This study is unique since it analyses economic and CO₂ impacts of the ECMs in both a user and a supplier perspective in combination with a deregulated European electricity market. Results show that for the local energy system electricity savings should be prioritised over a reduction in DH use, both from an economic and a global CO₂ perspective. For the DH supplier attic insulation demonstrates unprofitable results, even though this measure affects the expensive peak load boilers most. Heat load control is however financially beneficial for both the DH supplier and the residences. Furthermore, the relation between the fixed and variable DH costs is highlighted as a key factor for the profitability of the ECMs.     

A simulation model for evaluating Tianhuangping pumped storage hydro-plant

A simulation model is presented to evaluate the operational benefits of Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Hydro-Plant (TPSHP) in the Shanghai electrical network. The benefits from the hydro-plant include the electricity from the pumped water, the efficiency improvement of the overall units and the increase of peak load capacity. More specifically, Tianhuangping provides an average coal consumption of 5.1 g/kW · h decrease and an additional 600 MW peak capacity for the Shanghai electrical network.     

Field demonstration of automated demand response for both winter and summer events in large buildings in the Pacific Northwest

There are growing strains on the electric grid as cooling peaks grow and equipment ages. Increased penetration of renewables on the grid is also straining electricity supply systems and the need for flexible demand is growing. This paper summarizes results of a series of field test of automated demand response systems in large buildings in the Pacific Northwest. The objective of the research was twofold. One objective was to evaluate the use demand response automation technologies. A second objective was to evaluate control strategies that could change the electric load shape in both winter and summer conditions. Winter conditions focused on cold winter mornings, a time when the electric grid is often stressed. The summer test evaluated DR strategies in the afternoon. We found that we could automate both winter and summer control strategies with the open automated demand response communication standard. The buildings were able to provide significant demand response in both winter and summer events.