樟树籽仁油醇解工艺研究

以樟树籽仁油为原料,研究在合成中碳链甘油三酯过程中醇解的工艺条件,主要对樟树籽仁油醇解工艺参数,如醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂的用量等作了探讨,并从理论上加以分析,用正交法确定了醇解的最佳工艺参数,为樟树籽仁油生产中碳链甘油三酯提供关键技术.     

响应面法优化樟树籽油酶法制备甘油二酯的工艺研究

以樟树籽油(Camphor seed oil,CSO)为原料,优化脂肪酶水解CSO制备二酰甘油(diacylglycerol,DAG)的工艺.通过丙酮和叔丁醇对脂肪酶进行预处理,对3种固定化脂肪酶(Lipozyme RM IM、Hpozyme TL IM、Novozym 435)进行筛选.以反应产物DAG质量分数和三酰甘油(TAG)质量分数为响应值,含水量(加酶量的30％～ 50％)、加酶量(油质量的8％～ 10％)和温度(55 ～75℃)作为变量,利用响应面法(RSM)优化CSO制备DAG工艺.结果表明,Lipozyme RM IM经过预处理后,重复使用次数可达到11次,RSM法优化CSO制备DAG的最优工艺条件:加酶量10％,含水量40％,温度65℃.在此优化条件下,DAG质量分数和TAG质量分数分别为50.38％和40.68％.此工艺为樟树籽油工业化生产中链DAG油提供理论和试验依据.     

酶法制备富含中碳链甘油二酯的山苍子核仁油工艺研究

以山苍子核仁油为原料,筛选出最佳固定化脂肪酶催化不完全水解合成中碳链甘油二酯.在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定的最优反应条件为:加水量5％(占油重)、加酶量16％(占油重)、反应时间7 h.该条件下制备中碳链甘油二酯的质量分数为47.51％,而山苍子核仁原油中的中碳链甘油二酯的质量分数为17.24％,与山苍子核仁...     

胰脂肪酶催化樟树籽仁油和甘油合成中碳链单甘油酯

采用胰脂肪酶催化樟树籽仁油与甘油反应合成中碳链单甘油酯,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了反应时间、加酶量、醇油摩尔比、反应初始加水量、反应温度对产物中中碳链单甘油酯含量的影响。结果表明,胰脂肪酶催化樟树籽仁油(10 mL)与甘油反应合成中碳链单甘油酯的适宜条件为:反应温度47℃,加酶量220 mg,醇油摩尔比4.3∶1,反应初始加水量35μL,反应时间30 h。在此反应条件下,产物中中碳链单甘油酯的含量为53.42%±0.05%。     

固体碱催化合成中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯

以聚甘油、樟树籽仁油脂肪酸为原料,固体碱KOH/Al2O3为催化剂,催化酯化合成中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯.采用单因素试验研究反应温度、反应时间、聚甘油与中碳链脂肪酸质量比、催化剂用量对酯化率的影响,通过正交试验优化中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯的合成工艺.最优合成工艺条件为反应温度220℃、反应时间2.5h、聚甘油与中碳链脂肪酸质量比2∶1、催化剂用量4.5％,该条件下酯化率为87.5％,所得中碳链脂肪酸聚甘油酯的酸值(KOH)、皂化值(KOH)、碘值(Ⅰ)、熔点分别为1.86 mg/g、148.4 mg/g、2.9 g/100 g、47.3℃.     

超临界CO2萃取樟树籽仁油的研究

利用超临界CO2对樟树籽仁油进行了萃取试验,主要考察了原料粒径、萃取时间、萃取压力和萃取温度的影响,并对萃取出的油的组成及物性参数进行了分析.试验结果表明,在原料粒径80～100目、萃取时间3.0h、萃取压力20MPa、萃取温度55℃和CO2流量为4L/h的条件下,樟树籽仁油的萃取率达57.2%,并且油的色泽淡,酸值低,质量好.气相色谱分析表明,樟树籽仁油的脂肪酸组成主要是癸酸和月桂酸.     

樟树籽油的提取

樟树是我国特产珍贵木材和经济林树种,南方城市绿化多有采用樟树,1986年江西省政府将樟树定为省树,为樟树的开发利用提供了良好的基础.     

樟树籽油溶剂萃取脱酸工艺优化

为优化樟树籽油溶剂脱酸工艺,在单因素水平试验的基础上,选择萃取次数、液料比、温度为因素,以酸值为响应值,设计Box-Behnken中心组合试验,采用响应面法分析优化了樟树籽油溶剂脱酸参数。试验结果表明,萃取次数为3次、液料比为1:2.8、温度为34℃时,脱酸效果最佳,酸值由21.58KOHmg/g降为1.41KOHmg/g。     

樟树籽油提取的研究

樟树籽核仁含有40%左右的油脂.研究了超临界CO2萃取樟树籽油的工艺,确定萃取最佳工艺参数为萃取温度40℃、萃取压力20 MPa、CO2流量35 kg/h、萃取时间100～120 min.     

樟树籽仁油及长碳链食用油脂对大鼠血脂及动脉硬化的影响

为探讨樟树籽仁油与长碳链食用油脂对大鼠血脂及动脉硬化的影响。实验分为6组:4%樟树籽仁油+8%大豆油组（A-1）、8%樟树籽仁油+4%大豆油组（A-2）、12%樟树籽仁油组（B）、12%大豆油组（C）、12%猪油组（D）、空白对照组（E）。饲喂7w后,测定大鼠血清TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、SOD、AST、ALT指标。结果表明,A-1、A-2各组大鼠血清中TC、TG含量极显著低于C、D组（p<0.01）,且与D组比较,AAI指数极显著升高（p<0.01）,AI指数显著降低（p<0.05）;B组在降低TC、TG方面与D组比较有极显著性差异（p<0.01）,在降低AI以及升高AAI、HDL-C方面与D组相比差异显著（p<0.05）,且HDL-C显著高于E组（p<0.05）。在ALT、AST指标上,A-1、A-2、B各组与E组无显著性差异（p>0.05）。长期食用樟树籽仁油特别是樟树籽仁油与大豆油的混合油脂对预防大鼠血脂的升高及动脉硬化的形成明显优于猪油组,也优于大豆油组。      

以樟树籽仁油、油茶籽油、全氢化棕榈油 为原料的起酥油基料油的表征

采用专一性脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM,将樟树籽仁油、油茶籽油和全氢化棕榈油按4个质量比(2∶2∶4, 2∶2∶5, 2∶2∶6, 2∶2∶7)进行sn-1,3位随机酯交换制备起酥油基料油,以物理混合物(PB)为对照对酯交换反应后产品(IP)的脂肪酸组成及熔点、多晶形式、微观结构、甘油三酯(TAG)的组成进行测定。结果表明:酯交换反应后仍有12.21%～16.91%的中链脂肪酸(MCFA)被保留;从DSC熔融曲线发现,相较于PB, IP只产生了一个响应值较弱的峰形,SFC曲线则表现一直陡峭下降的趋势,具有狭窄的塑性范围,是理想的高稳定起酥油基料油;微观结构上表现为更小(约20μm)球状晶体;IP中生成了新型的TAG种类(CPO, LaOP, LaPP, COS, CPS等)。总体而言,合成的起酥油基料油在能保证正常膳食长链脂肪酸(LCFA)摄入的同时,还能提供一定量MCFA的摄入,被人体快速吸收,具有一定的营养功能。     

樟树籽仁油的结构和特性分析

分别采用气相色谱、液质联用测定分析了樟树籽仁油的脂肪酸组成和分布、甘油三酯组成,测定分析了其理化性质、融化结晶特性。结果表明:樟树籽仁油中所含脂肪酸主要是中碳链脂肪酸,其中癸酸含量为60. 25%、月桂酸含量为35. 88%、辛酸含量为0. 45%,长碳链脂肪酸含量低于5%;樟树籽仁油的甘油三酯组成为CCC(12. 55%)、CCLa(56. 38%)、CLaLa和MCC(20. 36%);樟树籽仁油酸价(KOH)为0. 32 mg/g、皂化值(KOH)为267. 30 mg/g、碘值(I)为5. 70 g/100 g、过氧化值为0. 03 g/100 g;樟树籽仁油的融化温度为21. 63℃、结晶温度为1. 54℃,在人体体温下处于完全融化状态,利于人体吸收代谢。     

Enzymatic interesterification of palm stearin with Cinnamomum camphora seed oil to produce zero-trans medium-chain triacylglycerols-enriched plastic fat

It is known that Cinnamomum camphora seed oil (CCSO) is rich in medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs). The purpose of the present study was to produce zero-trans MCTs-enriched plastic fat from a lipid mixture (500 g) of palm stearin (PS) and CCSO at 3 weight ratios (PS:CCSO 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, wt/wt) by using lipase (Lipozyme TL IM, 10% of total substrate) as a catalyst at 65 °C for 8 h. The major fatty acids of the products were palmitic acid (C16:0, 42.68% to 53.42%), oleic acid (C18:1, 22.41% to 23.46%), and MCFAs (8.67% to 18.73%). Alpha-tocopherol (0.48 to 2.51 mg/100 g), γ-tocopherol (1.70 to 3.88 mg/100 g), and δ-tocopherol (2.08 to 3.95 mg/100 g) were detected in the interesterified products. The physical properties including solid fat content (SFC), slip melting point (SMP), and crystal polymorphism of the products were evaluated for possible application in shortening or margarine. Results showed that the SFCs of interesterified products at 25 °C were 9% (60:40, PS:CCSO), 18.50% (70:30, PS:CCSO), and 29.2% (80:20, PS:CCSO), respectively. The β' crystal form was found in most of the interesterified products. Furthermore, no trans fatty acids were detected in the products. Such zero-trans MCT-enriched fats may have a potential functionality for shortenings and margarines which may become a new type of nutritional plastic fat for daily diet.     

樟树籽油抗氧化能力及物质基础研究

植物油中天然抗氧化成分对油脂的加工、货架期及营养品质具有重要影响。为研究樟树籽油抗氧化活性及物质基础,本文分别对其脂肪酸组成、不皂化物含量、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除率进行测定,分析总多酚及不皂化物对樟树籽油抗氧化活性的贡献率,明确樟树籽油抗氧化活性物质基础。结果表明,樟树籽油中主要为中链脂肪酸癸酸和月桂酸,二者含量占总脂肪酸的94.80%,不皂化物含量为0.55±0.01% ,总多酚含量为33.07 ±0.63 mg.kg_^-1。樟树籽油对DPPH自由基清除率的IC₅₀值为0.13 g.mL_^-1。相同质量浓度的樟树籽油、不皂化物和总多酚对DPPH自由基清除率分别为98.92±1.58%、38.49±0.66%、49.60±3.78%。因此,不皂化物及总酚对樟树籽油抗氧化贡献率分别为38.91%、50.14%。研究结果表明樟树籽油具有较强的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化活性物质主要为多酚类成分和不皂化物,二者对樟树籽油抗氧化能力的总贡献率高达89.05%。本研究初步明确了樟树籽油的抗氧化活性成分,可为樟树籽油的开发利用奠定基础。     

樟树籽仁油的90 d亚慢性经口毒性评价

为评价樟树籽仁油的食用安全性,以4.0、2.0、1.0、0.0 mL/kg剂量的樟树籽仁油对4组SPF级SD大鼠（20只/组、雌雄各半）连续灌胃90 d,研究樟树籽仁油的亚慢性经口毒性,探明其剂量-反应关系,毒作用靶器官和可逆性。结果表明：90 d经口毒性试验期间,大鼠的活动和生长均正常;除高剂量组雌、雄性大鼠的血糖显著低于对照组外（ｐ<0.05）,各剂量组雌、雄性大鼠的体质量及其增量、进食量及食物利用率、脏体比、血常规、血生化、血电解质和尿液等指标与对照组均无显著性差异（ｐ>0.05）;病理检查未见樟树籽仁油对大鼠的作用靶器官产生有意义的病理变化。综上,樟树籽仁油对大鼠生长和生理的影响无剂量-反应关系,对大鼠的作用靶器官无毒害作用且无剂量-反应关系,樟树籽仁油无亚慢性经口毒性,其未观察到毒效应的剂量（NOAEL）大于4.0 mL/kg,食用安全性高。     

Enzymatic synthesis of medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols–enriched structured lipid from Cinnamomum camphora seed oil and camellia oil by Lipozyme RM IM

Medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs)–enriched structured lipid (SL) was synthesised through enzymatic interesterification from Cinnamomum camphora seed oil (CCSO) and camellia oil (CO) using Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst. Effects of different reaction conditions including substrate molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. Results showed that 55.81% of total MLCT species (CCO/LaCL, LaCO/LCL, COO/OCO and LaOO/OLaO) was obtained in the interesterified product under the optimal conditions of substrate molar ratio of 1:1.5 (CCSO/CO) at 60 °C for 3 h. Thereafter, fatty acid profiles, tocopherol contents and physiochemical characteristics of the interesterified product and physical blend were comparatively investigated. The fatty acid composition of the interesterified product consisted of capric acid (26.33%), lauric acid (21.29%) and oleic acid (42.33%). It should be mentioned that the interesterified product contained predominantly oleic acid (88.69%) at Sn‐2 position, while MCFAs (68.05%) at Sn‐1,3 positions. Compared with physical blend, the reduction in tocopherol contents and changes of physiochemical characteristics occurred in SL. The smoke point of the interesterified product was much higher than that of the physical blend, which meant that such MLCTs‐enriched SL could be better for cooking purpose.     

Cinnamomum camphora Seed Kernel Oil Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diet‐Induced Obese Rats

Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel oil (CCSKO) was found to reduce body fat deposition and improve blood lipid in both healthy and obese rats. The study was aimed to investigate the antioxidative stress and anti‐inflammatory effects of CCSKO in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese rats. The obese rats were treated with CCSKO, lard, and soybean oil, respectively, for 12 wk. The level of total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐6, and P65 were compared among CCSKO, lard, and soybean oil groups. Our results showed that the level of T‐AOC and activities of SOD and catalase were significantly increased and the level of MDA was significantly decreased in CCSKO group. In addition, CCSKO treatment reduced the activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase, and levels of serum TNF‐α, IL‐6, and P65 through raising the level of PPAR‐γ. In conclusion, CCSKO has, for the first time, been found to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in high‐fat‐diet‐induced obese rats.     

二氧化碳膨胀乙醇提取香樟精油的工艺研究

本研究尝试采用一种新型的绿色溶剂二氧化碳膨胀乙醇(CO2-Expanded Ethanol, CXE)从香樟叶中提取精油,并在精油的化学组成,抗氧化活性和抑菌活性方面,与常规的水蒸气蒸馏(HD)、有机溶剂提取(OSE)以及超临界二氧化碳提取(SFE)进行综合对比研究。结果表明,CXE提取油的得率为1.35%,高于超临界二氧化碳提取油的1.14%。气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析结果显示,CXE提取油中含氧单萜类化合物较少,而倍半萜烯类化合物高于其他三种方法提取油,含量为2.49%。抗氧化活性试验结果表明,CXE提取油对DPPH自由基的清除率为82.42%,对ABTS自由基的清除能力为85.88%,活性均高于其它三种方法提取油。通过微量稀释法测定了精油抑菌活性,CXE提取油对白色念珠菌的MIC值为39 μg/mL,对黑曲霉的MIC值为19.5 μg/mL,表明CXE提取油对真菌呈现较高的抑制活性。综上所述,CXE提取过程隔氧、低温,可开发成为一种提取高品质植物精油的新方法,具有一定的应用前景。