淀粉和蛋白类添加物对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

通过分析凝胶强度、白度、持水性等指标,研究淀粉类和非肌肉蛋白类添加剂对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,红薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉均可提高鱿鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度,分别提高了49.08%,20.77%,26.46%,30.16%;4种淀粉均可提高持水性,其中红薯淀粉效果较好,为79.10%;添加淀粉后虽会导致白度有不同程度的降低,但差异不显著。非肌肉蛋白的添加使鱿鱼鱼糜组织结构更加紧密;除乳清蛋白外,大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白和蛋清蛋白均可提高鱿鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度,分别提高了39.03%,29.30%,35.82%。综合指标分析表明淀粉类及大部分蛋白质类添加物可以改善鱿鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性。     

碳酸钙与外源蛋白复配物对含有MTGase的鱼糜凝胶特性的促进作用

目的研究钙盐、外源蛋白及其复配物对含微生物产转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)的鲢鱼糜凝胶品质的影响。方法将碳酸钙、乳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白及其复配物添加到含MTG(2 U/gg_(鱼蛋白))的鲢鱼糜中并制成凝胶,测定鱼糜凝胶的持水性、质构特性(破断强度、凹陷深度、硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性)、白度和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱。结果添加碳酸钙、乳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白及其复配物均可不同程度地改善含MTG的鱼糜凝胶的凝胶特性,且添加其复配物优于单独添加碳酸钙、乳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白。经试验优化,将8μmol/U_(MTG)碳酸钙、4 mg/U_(MTG)卵清蛋白、4 mg/U_(MTG)大豆分离蛋白添加到含有2 U/g_(鱼蛋白)MTG的鲢鱼糜中可获得最佳凝胶品质,鱼糜凝胶的破断力、凹陷深度最高,硬度、咀嚼性、白度均显著高于单独添加MTG(P0.05),也明显高于添加2 U/g_(鱼蛋白)其他品牌商品MTG的(P0.05)。结论 CaCO_3与外源蛋白复配物对含有MTG的鱼糜凝胶特性具有显著促进作用,将碳酸钙、卵清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白与MTG按比例混合可制成鱼糜制品专用的复配酶制剂。     

猪血浆蛋白对鲢鱼鱼糜品质的影响

将猪血浆蛋白添加到鲢鱼鱼糜制品中,测定鱼糜制品凝胶强度、TPA、失水率和色泽的变化,并采用化学方法研究了添加猪血浆蛋白后鱼糜的化学作用力和溶解率的变化。结果表明,以1.5g/100g比例添加猪血浆蛋白时,鱼糜凝胶强度较空白样品提高了约2倍,高于添加等量的大豆分离蛋白的鱼糜制品凝胶强度,失水率降低至4.29%,白度稍微降低。溶解率及化学作用力分析显示猪血浆蛋白主要是通过非二硫共价键(尤其是ε-(γ-Glu)-Lys)、疏水键及氢键来促进鱼糜形成更致密、均匀的三维网状空间结构。     

变性淀粉对白鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性和蛋白构象的影响

为了研究原木薯淀粉、羟丙基淀粉、乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯和醋酸酯淀粉对白鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶特性和蛋白构象的影响,分析不同淀粉添加量条件下,白鲢鱼鱼糜白度、凝胶强度、持水性、质构特性、储能模量(G')、化学作用力、蛋白二级结构和微观结构的变化规律.结果表明,添加淀粉可以显著提高鱼糜凝胶的持水性.当其添加量为1％时,可提高鱼糜凝胶的白...     

淀粉对高温杀菌鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为提高杀菌鱼糜制品的品质,本文研究了添加不同浓度的木薯原淀粉和四种变性淀粉(羟丙基化二淀粉磷酸酯,乙酰化二淀粉己二酸酯,磷酸交联淀粉,羟丙基化淀粉)对120℃高温杀菌鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。通过测定分别添加5%,10%和20%淀粉后复合鱼糜凝胶的破断力,破断距离,凝胶强度,白度,持水率,曲折实验和扫描电镜等指标,研究不同淀粉对杀菌鱼糜凝胶质构性,色泽和持水能力的影响。结果表明各种淀粉适宜的添加量均为10%。在各种淀粉添加剂中,木薯羟丙基化二淀粉磷酸酯和木薯乙酰化二淀粉己二酸酯对高温杀菌后鱼糜凝胶的破断力,凹陷距离的改善效果最好,能显著增强鱼糜的凝胶强度(p<0.05)。添加淀粉均会改善鱼糜凝胶的白度,使白度增加。添加木薯原淀粉,木薯乙酰化二淀粉己二酸酯和木薯羟丙基化二淀粉磷酸酯可不同程度提高鱼糜的持水力。      

大豆分离蛋白、木薯淀粉与转谷氨酰胺酶组合对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

探究了大豆分离蛋白、木薯淀粉及转谷氨酰胺酶对鲢鱼鱼糜制品的影响并确定最适添加量。结果表明,当大豆分离蛋白添加量6%,木薯淀粉添加量9%以及转谷氨酰胺酶添加量4U/g·蛋白时,能有效增加鱼糜的持水性,降低其蒸煮损失,且不会使鱼糜带有大豆分离蛋白的淡黄色,同时提高了鱼糜的凝胶强度,鲢鱼鱼糜制品各项指标较好。通过低场核磁共振和扫描电镜检测发现,未添加的对照组在6次冻融后凝胶结构完全被破坏,不易移动水峰面积(A_(23))下降了25%,试验组凝胶结构比较致密,A_(23)下降了11%,进一步验证了此配方组合对鱼糜在冻融循环过程中凝胶结构的稳定性具有保护作用。     

不同种类淀粉对罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为了改善淡水鱼鱼糜制品的品质,以冷冻罗非鱼鱼糜为原料,分别添加4%木薯原淀粉、3种木薯变性淀粉（磷酸酯淀粉、羟丙基淀粉和乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯）及复配木薯变性淀粉（乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯与羟丙基淀粉质量比为3∶2）,考察淀粉添加对鱼糜凝胶质构、流变学特性、持水性及水分分布和微观结构等的影响,探讨不同种类淀粉对鱼糜凝胶品质的改善。结果表明,与对照组相比,添加5种淀粉均会显著降低罗非鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度（P<0.05）,但其凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性显著增大,凝胶持水性显著提高（P<0.05）,蒸煮损失率显著下降（P<0.05）,结合水含量显著增加（P<0.05）,凝胶微观结构更加均匀致密,且添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的凝胶质构特性最好,持水性最高。低场核磁共振成像和光学显微镜观察结果显示,不同种类的淀粉均能有效锁住鱼糜凝胶基质中的水分;升温过程中淀粉吸水膨胀,在鱼糜凝胶网络结构中起浓缩和填充作用;添加了复配木薯变性淀粉的鱼糜凝胶结构最致密均匀。因此,添加复配木薯变性淀粉可以有效改善罗非鱼鱼糜制品的品质,为淡水鱼鱼糜制品的开发提供了理论支撑。     

淀粉对高温杀菌鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为提高杀菌鱼糜制品的品质,本文研究了添加不同浓度的木薯原淀粉和四种变性淀粉(羟丙基化二淀粉磷酸酯,乙酰化二淀粉己二酸酯,磷酸交联淀粉,羟丙基化淀粉)对120℃高温杀菌鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。通过测定分别添加5%,10%和20%淀粉后复合鱼糜凝胶的破断力,破断距离,凝胶强度,白度,持水率,曲折实验和扫描电镜等指标,研究不同淀粉对杀菌鱼糜凝胶质构性,色泽和持水能力的影响。结果表明各种淀粉适宜的添加量均为10%。在各种淀粉添加剂中,木薯羟丙基化二淀粉磷酸酯和木薯乙酰化二淀粉己二酸酯对高温杀菌后鱼糜凝胶的破断力,凹陷距离的改善效果最好,能显著增强鱼糜的凝胶强度(p0.05)。添加淀粉均会改善鱼糜凝胶的白度,使白度增加。添加木薯原淀粉,木薯乙酰化二淀粉己二酸酯和木薯羟丙基化二淀粉磷酸酯可不同程度提高鱼糜的持水力。     

薯类淀粉对兔肉肉糜流变性质和凝胶特性的影响

探讨木薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对兔肉肉糜流变性质和凝胶特性的影响,研究了不同淀粉添加量时,兔肉肉糜弹性模量G'、质构特性、凝胶强度、保水性和色泽的变化规律。结果表明:升温过程中,兔肉肉糜的弹性模量G'经历了3个阶段的变化。首先在40~50℃,G'缓慢上升,接着在50~57℃,G'急剧下降,然后在57~80℃,G'快速上升,之后趋于稳定。降温过程中,G'逐渐升高。淀粉对兔肉肉糜在升温和降温过程中弹性模量的变化影响显著。添加淀粉能增加兔肉肉糜凝胶的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性,降低其内聚性,而弹性则呈现先上升后下降的趋势。添加淀粉能增加兔肉肉糜的凝胶强度、持水性,同时降低压力失水率,同一添加量时,马铃薯淀粉对改善兔肉肉糜凝胶的品质、增加肉糜凝胶保水性的效果最好。添加淀粉能增加肉糜凝胶的亮度值和白度值,降低肉糜凝胶的黄度值,但淀粉的种类和添加量对兔肉肉糜凝胶的色泽影响不显著。3种薯类淀粉中,马铃薯淀粉的应用效果最好。     

响应面法优化南美白对虾即食虾滑的加工工艺

为开发即食虾滑新产品,以南美白对虾为原料,研究不同辅料(金线鱼鱼糜、淀粉、大豆分离蛋白)添加量对虾滑凝胶强度、质构特性、持水性、白度和感官评分的影响。在单因素试验基础上,以感官评分和凝胶强度为响应值,利用响应面法对即食虾滑配方进行优化,结果表明:最适合添加到即食虾滑中的淀粉种类是木薯醋酸酯淀粉,影响即食虾滑产品品质的因素从高到低为金线鱼鱼糜添加量、大豆分离蛋白添加量、木薯醋酸酯淀粉添加量,最终得出即食虾滑的最优配方为:100 g虾仁,虾肉块、虾糜质量比3∶2,添加食盐1%、鸡蛋白粉0.3%、魔芋粉3%、金线鱼鱼糜12.68%、木薯醋酸酯淀粉3.30%、大豆分离蛋白1.14%、谷氨酰胺转胺酶0.3%、虾味剂0.4%、复合磷酸盐0.3%、饮用水8%,该条件下所得即食虾滑的口感爽滑、鲜味十足,感官评分和凝胶强度的综合评价结果最优,分别为90.50分和1 339.87 g·mm,与预测值相近,说明利用响应面法优化南美白对虾即食虾滑加工工艺的方法可靠、可行。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the