Evaluation model for safety capacity of chemical industrial park based on acceptable regional risk

The paper defines the Safety Capacity of Chemical Industrial Park (SCCIP) from the perspective of acceptable regional risk. For the purpose of exploring the evaluation model for the SCCIP, a method bas...     

扩张床中生物质颗粒与介质间相互作用的定量评价方法--生物质脉冲响应法

The biomass pulse-response method was established and the biomass transmission index was introduced as a quantitative parameter for evaluating the biomass-adsorbent interactions in the expanded bed. With baker‘s yeast intact cells and cell debris as the model biomass and anion exchanger Streamline DEAE as the model adsorbent, a series of factors were investigated to optimize the evaluation method.The appropriate operation conditions were chosen as the OD600 of biomass pulse at the range of 0.5--0.6,and pulse loading at 80~//oo volume of sedimented bed, expansion factor at 2. 5. The method was then used to study the influence of ionic strength of fluid phase on the biomass-adsorbent interactions. The consistent results and slight measurement errors demonstrated that the biomass pulse-response method established in the present work is feasible, reliable and effective for quantitative evaluation of biomassadsorbent interactions in the expanded bed.     

An integrated model for predicting the flame propagation in crimped ribbon flame arresters

Crimped ribbon flame arresters are important safety devices in the chemical industry,especially for the dangerous situations.Although proper design of arresters by the numerical simulation method is promising,its reliability and accuracy are dependent upon the mathematical model.In this work,an integrated mathematical model for the microchannel in the crimped ribbon flame arresters was set up;the fluid flow behavior and the sensitivities of four chemical kinetics mechanisms of propane-air on the accuracy were analysed.It is shown that turbulence is predominant in the microchannel of the crimped ribbon flame arresters under the deflagration and detonation conditions,and a new quenching criterion for the numerical simulation is proposed.The kinetics mechanism of Mansouri et al.among the four ones is the most accurate due to the best agreement of the predicted outlet temperature at the experimental flameproof velocity with the autoignition temperature of propane-air.The species mass fraction profiles and the temperature distribution,which are too difficult to measure due to the tiny dimension of the microchannel in experiments,are captured.The fundamental insights into chemical reactions and heat loss are well portrayed.It can be concluded that the integrated mathematical model established in this work can be used as a reliable tool for modeling,selecting and designing such type of crimped ribbon flame arresters with the propane-air medium in the future.     

ZL50活性炭吸附脱除二氧化硫的吸附动力学模型(英文)

A semi-empirical adsorption kinetic model was proposed with the time compensation method to describe the chemisorption of SO2 in flue gas by carbon adsorbents for flue gas purification. The change in adsorption capacity and adsorption rate with time at different water vapor concentrations and different SO2 concentrations was studied. The model was in good agreement with experimental data. The surface reaction was probably the rate controlling step in the early stage for SO2 adsorption by ZL50 activated carbon. The parameters m and n in the nth order adsorption kinetic model were related to the magnitude of the time compensation and adsorption driving force, respectively. The change of parameter n with water vapor concentrations and sulfur dioxide concentrations was studied and some physical implications were given. The sum of square errors was less than 1.0 and the average absolute percentage deviations ranged from 0.5 to 3.2. The kinetic model was compared with other models in the literature.     

Efficient adsorption to hexavalent chromium by iron oxalate modified D301:Characterization,performance and mechanisms

Chromium is a common harmful pollutant with high toxicity and low bearing capacity of soil and water. Excellent salinity resistance, a wide p H range, and high regeneration capacity were essential for qualified adsorbents used in removing hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI)) from polluted water. Herein, iron oxalate modified weak basic resin(IO@D301) for the removal of Cr(VI) was prepared by the impregnation method. The IO@D301 was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), X-Ray diffraction(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). Owing to abundant amine, carboxyl groups and iron ions existing on the surface, IO@D301 possesses high adsorption and salinity resistance capacity for Cr(VI). The maximum adsorption capacity of IO301 towards Cr(VI) reached 201.30 mg·g~(-1) at 293 K and a p H of 5. The adsorption equilibrium was well fitted by the Freundlich model, and the adsorption process was described by the pseudofirst-order kinetics model as spontaneous and exothermic. The mechanism may be identified as electrostatic attraction, coordination, and reduction, which was confirmed by FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

Characteristics of Amine Surfactant Modified Peanut Shell and Its Sorption Property for Cr（VI）

Modified peanut shell （MPS） was prepared by amination reaction with peanut shell （PS） as the starting material The sorption of Cr（VI） oxyanions on MPS in static and column tests were investigated. In addition, the sorption isotherm and kinetic models were applied to confirm the sorption capacity and the sorption mechanisms. BET surface area anysis showed the physicochemical characterist!cs of the samples. The results of zeta potential,Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） and Raman spectra analysis illustrated that chemical adsorption and ion exi change are the potential sorption mechanism. The static sorption test showed that the maximum sorption capacity （qm） of MPS for Cr（VI） increased with temperature, which indicated that the Cr（VI） sorption rocess was endothermic. The saturated sorption capacity of Cr（VI） in the colunm sorption test was 138.34 mg.g-1, which accounted for 93.9% of the qmax at 25 ℃. The regeneration capacity of MPS was evaluated using HC1 solution as an eluent. The high regeneration efficiency （82.6%） validated the dominance of the ion exchange mechanism in the Cr（VI） sorption process with C1ions displacing Cr（VI） oxyanion on MPS. The Langmuir isotherm model showed a higher correlation coefficient than the other adsorption isotherm models. And in the kinetic study, a pseudo-second-order model fit the data best.     

气体在临界温度附近吸附行为的实验研究

Adsorption equilibria of CH4 and N2 on activated carbon and silica gel were measured for a wide temperature rang covering the critical point:158-298K for CH4,and 103-298K for N2.The determination of the compressibility factor is shown to have considerable effect on isotherm behavior at conditions after the isotherm maximum.A change in adsorption mechanisms on crossing the critical temperature was observed in all cases. The kind of adsorbents and how far the equilibrium temperature to the critical one are major factors affecting the transition of isotherms from sub-to supercritical.All continuous isotherms can be modeled by a unique model for the supercritical region.The satisfactory fitting of the model to the experimental isotherms proved the reliability of the absolute adsorption determined by the proposed method.     

Prediction and verification of heat capacities for pure ionic liquids

The heat capacity of ionic liquids is an important physical property,and experimental measuring is usually used as a common method to obtain them.Owing to the huge number of ionic liquids that can be potentially synthesized,it is desirable to acquire theoretical predictions.In this work,the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents(COSMO-RS) was used to predict the heat capacity of pure ionic liquids,and an intensive literature survey was conducted for providing a database to verify the prediction of COSMO-RS.The survey shows that the heat capacity is available for 117 ionic liquids at temperatures ranging 77.66-520 K since 2004,and the 4025 data points in total with the values from 76.37 to 1484 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1) have been reported.The prediction of heat capacity with COSMO-RS can only be conducted at two temperatures(298 and 323 K).The comparison with the experimental data proves the prediction reliability of COSMO-RS,and the average relative deviation(ARD) is 8.54%.Based on the predictions at two temperatures,a linear equation was obtained for each ionic liquid,and the heat capacities at other temperatures were then estimated via interpolation and extrapolation.The acquired heat capacities at other temperatures were then compared with the experimental data,and the ARD is only 9.50%.This evidences that the heat capacity of a pure ionic liquid follows a linear equation within the temperature range of study,and COSMO-RS can be used to predict the heat capacity of ionic liquids reliably.     

锰氧化物负载沸石固定床离子交换柱去除铀(VI)的研究

The adsorption of uranium (VI) on the manganese oxide coated zeolite (MOCZ) from aqueous solution was investigated in a fixed-bed column. The experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of bed height, flow rate, particle size, initial concentration of uranium (VI), initial pH, presence of salt and competitive ions. The U-uptake by MOCZ increased with initial uranium (VI) concentration and bed height, but decreased as the flow rate and particle size increased. In the presence of salt and competitive ions, the breakthrough time was shorter. The ad-sorption capacity reached a maximum at pH of 6.3. The Thomas model was applied to the experimental data to de-termine the characteristic parameters of the column for process design using linear regression. The breakthrough curves calculated from the model were in good agreement with the experimental data. The BDST model was used to study the influence of bed height on the adsorption of uranium (VI). Desorption of uranium (VI) in the MOCZ column was investigated. The column could be used for at least four adsorption-desorption cycles using 0.1 mol•L－1 NaHCO3 solution as the elution. After desorption and regeneration with deionized water, MOCZ could be reused to adsorb uranium (VI) at a comparable capacity. Compared to raw zeolite, MOCZ showed better capacity for uranium (VI) removal.     

多层合采油藏最大有效井径数学模型及精确解

The maximum effective hole-diameter mathematical model describing the flow of slightly compressible fluid through a commingled reservoir was solved rigorously with consideration of wellbore storage and different skin factors. The exact solutions for wellbore pressure and the production rate obtained from layer j for a well production at a constant rate from a radial drainage area with infinite and constant pressure and no flow outer boundary condition were expressed in terms of ordinary Bessel functions. These solutions were computed numerically by the Crump‘‘s numerical inversion method and the behavior of systems was studied as a function of various reservoir parameters. The model was compared with the real wellbore radii model. The new model is numerically stable when the skin factor is positive and negative, but the real wellbore radii model is numerically stable only when the skin factor is positive.     

化工园区土地利用安全规划优化方法

应用多目标决策理论,以潜在死亡人数最小化、经济收益最大化为优化目标,建立了化工园区土地利用安全规划双目标优化模型,提出了化工园区土地利用安全规划程序。实例应用表明,该方法能够提供完备的备选方案集,优化出的规划方案符合风险控制原则,可实现经济收益最大化。提出的化工园区土地利用安全规划优化方法对促进化工园区和城镇规划的科学化和规范化具有指导意义。     

基于多源数据融合的化工园区危险态势感知

化工园区存在危险品储罐、运输车等众多安全威胁，需要实时感知园区的危险态势，及时发现并排除潜在的安全威胁。传统方法是依靠危险品储罐实时监测等单一数据源进行危险识别，难以满足目前化工园区对安全状态评估的需求。从大数据分析的角度出发，整合化工园区内危险品储罐监测传感器、危险品运输车、地理信息等数据，基于危险品泄漏呈高斯扩散的特点，提出了一种多源异构数据融合的危险识别方法，实现园区的危险态势感知，并实时展示整个化工园区内的潜在危险区域。结合某化工园区的实际数据，验证了所提方法的有效性。     

化工园区Na-Tech风险定量评价方法

自然灾害引发的技术灾害（Na-Tech）对工业设施及生产设备带来了风险,加上化工园区聚集着大量危险化学品,这种耦合风险的扩大效应极易造成园区及周围区域的巨大经济损失和人员伤亡,因此化工园区Na-Tech事故逐渐受到广泛关注。本文通过对化工园区多灾种耦合风险影响因素进行辨识,分析耦合风险系统结构及作用机理,建立耦合风险系统结构模型与耦合风险演化模型,提出地震灾害引发的Na-Tech事故中设备泄漏概率模型;以某化工园区为例,应用耦合风险模型及设备泄漏概率模型,利用QRA软件对多灾种耦合下化工园区风险进行定量评价,对比传统工业灾害和地震灾害下个人风险和社会风险,得出地震灾害对化工园区风险影响,为化工园区多灾种耦合风险研究提供理论与方法支撑。     

Developing a talent training model related to chemical process safety based on interdisciplinary education in China

While chemical industrial development in China is growing rapidly, the corresponding safety training resources remain inadequate, which may often lead to increased risk of chemical accidents. These accidents are often associated with the negligence of safety management, poor safety hazard awareness, and lack of safety practice. In order to alleviate these prominent risk factors in chemical industries in China, our study develops a talent training model related to chemical process safety. First, we propose an approach for establishing the “talent training model” related to chemical process safety, consisting of three steps: analyzing the current status and existing problems of talent training related to chemical process safety, determining the theoretical basis and training objectives for developing interdisciplinary talents, and designing a new talent training model. Second, we establish a talent training model using the proposed method, which includes a comprehensive curriculum system, a diversified teaching pattern, and a quintuple evaluation method. Furtherly, we determine the expected outcomes of the talent training model. The research results provide an innovative chemical process safety training method that is applicable nationwide, also it works as a reference for other rapidly developing countries in the chemical process industry to improve safety within the chemical industry.     

新型阻火器阻爆性能检测系统研制

随着现代化工工业的发展,安全越来越受重视,改善可燃气体与液体管道输送和存储的本质安全化程度,保证阻火器的阻燃阻爆性能,提高其使用过程中的可靠性,对化工生产安全具有重要意义。与此同时,建立健全完善的阻火器性能检测评价体系尤为关键。在国内相关研究的基础上,依据相关标准建立了以不同点火方式,进行阻火器阻爆性能检测的新型测试系统,并设计了两种检测方式,根据检测系统获得的压力分布,建立相应的判据,定量地对阻火器阻燃、阻爆燃或阻爆轰性能等级进行分类。并以此方法和系统为基础,成功对某型阻火器进行了两种方式检测,检测结果一致性较好,证明此系统具有可行性和可靠性。     

化工园区管廊风险评价技术研究

针对化工园区管廊频繁发生事故等安全问题,结合化工园区管廊特点,提出了系统、完整的化工管廊风险评价体系。主要是将影响管廊安全运行相关参数进行分级,利用改进后的肯特评分法和层次分析法,对各级别评价指标进行评价。以某经济带中心区化工园区12 km管廊为例,将管廊分为12段进行评价,该园区相对风险值较低的有第2、5、7、9、11段管廊,这5处管廊段安全状态受到了威胁,并根据评价结果制定了相应的措施。研究结果表明:将改进后的肯特评分法和层次分析法结合,在管廊风险评价方面具有很强的适用性,根据评价结果能够准确找出事故频发管段和影响因素,有利于安全管理人员及时、快捷、有效进行补修、整改。     

道化学火灾、爆炸指数分析法在油库安全评价中的应用

采用道化学火灾、爆炸危险指数法对某油库轻油储罐区进行安全评价,得出其安全措施补偿前后的火灾、爆炸指数（F＆EI）和危险暴露面积、危害系数、危险等级、实际可能财产损失等指数。评价结果表明安全预防措施可以有效降低油库轻油储罐区的风险程度,为油库的事故风险预防和管理提供了科学依据。     

HAZOP和LEC两种安全评价方法的集成及应用研究

随着石油化工行业的发展,为保证生产过程的安全,必须对装置进行风险评估。HAZOP分析是最有效和应用最广泛的安全评价方法之一,但其只能判断系统是否存在潜在风险,对风险发生的可能性及严重程度不能做精确的定量分析。然而经过实践可以进一步采取半定量的LEC分析方法加以修改、补充和完善。将HAZOP分析与LEC分析两种安全评价方法相结合,使得HAZOP分析法从一种定性的方法改进为一种半定量的方法,大大提高风险辨识的准确性和适用性。将两种评价方法集成研究并简单对某公司采油一厂储运系统的危险性进行系统安全分析,为有效预防和减少事故提供了理论支撑。     

典型化工园区VOCs排放控制技术的评价

随着化工园区挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放问题越来越受关注,化工园区VOCs排放控制技术的选择需要科学合理、客观公正的评价指标体系和评价方法.本文基于层次分析法研究VOCs排放控制技术评价指标体系的构建以及评价的方法,针对石油化工型这类典型化工园区分析了行业分布及VOCs排放特点,阐述筛选备选评价技术的方法以及评价指标权重确定的步骤,最后结合实例验证了方法.典型化工园区VOCs控制技术评价指标体系涉及技术、经济和环境影响三方面共8个指标,普遍适用于典型化工园区内企业;评价指标权重的确定需要构建各层次判断矩阵计算特征根和特征向量,一致性检验等步骤,进行层次间指标总排序得出所有指标因素对目标层的指标权重;以惠州大亚湾石化区某企业为例实施评价,结果表明,沸石转轮浓缩燃烧>活性炭浓缩燃烧>蓄热式燃烧,沸石转轮浓缩燃烧综合评价值较高,为最优控制技术.