甲烷液相部分氧化合成甲醇过程研究

以碘系列化合物为催化剂,在发烟硫酸溶剂中进行了甲烷液相选择性氧化制取甲醇。考察了催化剂种类、用量、反应温度、发烟硫酸浓度等工艺条件对反应收率的影响,探讨了甲烷液相选择性氧化的催化机理以及发烟硫酸中 SO3 含量的作用。实验结果表明,甲烷液相部分氧化的最佳催化剂为 I2,最佳的工艺条件为催化剂浓度为0.099 mol?L?1、反应温度 473K、发烟硫酸(SO350%(wt))、反应时间 3h。 在此条件下,甲烷转化的转化率可达 82.65%,选择性可达 70.43%。机理研究表明,甲烷在部分氧化反应中首先转化为硫酸单甲酯,然后进一步水解得到甲醇, 反应遵循亲电取代机理。发烟硫酸中的游离 SO3的作用就在于提供较好的亲电环境、反应的氧源以及亲核试剂。     

激光催化氧化甲烷合成化合物的研究进展

天然气储量丰富,日益成为重要的清洁能源之一,而从其主要成分甲烷合成高附加值化合物更是研究前沿。由于甲烷结构稳定,CH键能很高,因而活化甲烷需要的条件非常苛刻。本文首先介绍了普通光催化氧化甲烷合成化合物的反应原理、研究进展、催化反应器和存在不足,然后综述了激光催化氧化甲烷合成化合物的反应原理、研究进展和催化反应器。指出激光光源具有提高光催化剂量子效率和缩短催化反应时间等诸多优势,接下来在深入研究激光催化反应机理的基础上,通过设计科学合理的激光反应体系,并遴选高效的光催化剂,有望显著提升包括甲烷氧化在内的激光催化反应性能,从而具有重要的学术意义和实践价值。今后的重点研究方向是通过激光催化氧化的方法使甲烷在温和的条件下活化,并合成高附加值化合物。     

甲烷液相部分氧化制甲醇中溶剂介质的研究进展

甲烷液相转化具有反应条件温和、能耗低、投资少等优点,研究甲烷液相部分氧化制甲醇对实现天然气的直接转化和利用具有极为重要的战略意义。本文介绍了甲烷液相部分氧化制甲醇反应中有关反应溶剂介质的研究进展,详细叙述了各种酸性介质、水以及乙腈溶剂在甲烷部分氧化制甲醇中的应用,总结了不同溶剂介质下的反应机理、催化剂、溶剂浓度等对甲烷转化的影响,探讨了溶剂在甲烷液相部分氧化中的作用,指出依据溶剂介质的性质和作用,开发环境友好、反应条件温和、转化效率高的优良新型溶剂是甲烷液相部分氧化制甲醇的重要研究方向。     

甲烷常压非催化部分氧化制合成气研究

考察了常压下甲烷非催化部分氧化制合成气过程中,甲烷转化率、气体产物产率以及积炭率随反应器温度、进气配比、原料气流量变化的影响。通过考察反应器温度对制备合成气过程的影响结果,分析了甲烷非催化部分氧化制合成气过程的反应机理。     

Mechanism of the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas on a silica-supported nickel catalyst

In the present study we investigated the mechanism involved in the partial oxidation of methane with oxygen to synthesis gas on a reduced silica-supported nickel catalyst in an isothermal fixed-bed reactor at temperatures up to 920 K. Firstly, the deep oxidation of methane with oxygen to carbon dioxide and water proceeds. Subsequently, the remaining part of the methane reacts with the initially formed water and carbon dioxide to synthesis gas. The final hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio is determined by the water-gas shift conversion.     

甲烷选择性氧化制甲醛/甲醇多相催化剂研究进展

甲烷是天然气、页岩气等化石能源的主要成分,储量十分丰富.由于甲烷分子结构高度稳定,其高效活化与选择性转化具有很大的挑战性,被认为是催化反应领域的"圣杯",因此,如何在温和条件下实现甲烷选择性氧化为高附加值的含氧化合物(如甲醇、甲醛)成为研究热点.近几十年来,研究者在甲烷选择性氧化催化剂的设计与制备方面开展了大量卓有成效...     

等离子体技术及其在催化领域中的应用

本文介绍了等离子体的特性，发生技术及其在催化剂的制备、再生和改性中的应用。并以甲烷与二氧化碳反应制合成气，甲烷与二氧化碳反应制乙酸及甲烷部分氧化制甲醇，甲烷偶联反应制低碳烃等为例介绍了等离子体技术在催化反应中的应用，分析了等离子体状态下的催化反应机理，从而预测了等离子体技术在催化领域中的应用前景。     

CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF METHANE OVER PALLADIUM-BASED CATALYSTS

Palladium-based catalysts are widely applied in exhaust catalytic converter and catalytic combustion systems. The mechanism for methane oxidation on a Pd-based catalyst is complex. Catalyst activity is influenced by variations in the process pressure and temperature, by the gas mixture composition, by the type of support and various additives, and by pretreatment under reducing or oxidizing atmospheres. In this paper, we review the literature on supported Pd catalysts for combustion of methane. The mechanisms involved are discussed taking into consideration the oxidation/reduction mechanisms for supported palladium, poisoning, restructuring, the form of oxygen on the surface, methane activation over Pd and PdO phases, and transient behavior. Our review helps explain the array of experimental results reported in the literature.     

CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF METHANE OVER PALLADIUM-BASED CATALYSTS

Palladium-based catalysts are widely applied in exhaust catalytic converter and catalytic combustion systems. The mechanism for methane oxidation on a Pd-based catalyst is complex. Catalyst activity is influenced by variations in the process pressure and temperature, by the gas mixture composition, by the type of support and various additives, and by pretreatment under reducing or oxidizing atmospheres. In this paper, we review the literature on supported Pd catalysts for combustion of methane. The mechanisms involved are discussed taking into consideration the oxidation/reduction mechanisms for supported palladium, poisoning, restructuring, the form of oxygen on the surface, methane activation over Pd and PdO phases, and transient behavior. Our review helps explain the array of experimental results reported in the literature.     

甲烷直接催化氧化制甲醇催化剂及反应机理

研究甲烷合成甲醇的催化剂及催化机理是甲烷直接催化氧化制甲醇的关键。本文综述了甲烷合成甲醇的Pt系催化剂、Pd系催化剂、Rh系催化剂、Fe改性沸石催化剂、Cu改性沸石催化剂、改性金属有机框架材料催化剂以及相应的催化机理。结果表明,Pt系催化剂中K₂PtCl₄、Pt(bpym)Cl₂、Pt(bipy)Cl₂催化甲烷制甲醇机理为亲电取代反应。Pd系催化剂中Pd(OAc)₂在CF₃COOH水溶液中通过多步电子传递链将甲烷转化为甲醇;Pd/C在乙酸水溶液中催化甲烷合成甲醇是亲电取代和活性氧物种氧化两种机理共同作用的结果。Rh系催化剂中的Rh/ZSM-5、Rh/TiO₂通过锚定在载体孔道内的一价Rh与CO、H₂O和O₂作用将甲烷转化为甲醇。Fe、Cu改性沸石催化剂及改性金属有机框架材料催化剂通过均裂、异裂等自由基反应转化甲烷得到甲醇。指出研究高效活化甲烷分子和抑制甲醇深度氧化催化剂的设计、制备及深入探究其催化机理仍然是今后的研究重点。     

钙钛矿型透氧膜及其在甲烷部分氧化中的应用

钙钛矿型透氧陶瓷膜是同时具有氧离子和电子导电性的功能无机膜,在纯氧分离和甲烷部分氧化膜反应器中具有重要的潜在应用.介绍了钙钛矿型透氧陶瓷膜的氧渗透原理、膜材料的结构性能及其在甲烷部分氧化制合成气中的应用研究进展,并对透氧膜所面临的挑战进行了论述.     

Partial oxidation of methane over samarium and lanthanum oxides: a study of the reaction mechanism

A comparative study of methane oxidation using oxygen and nitrous oxide as oxidants over Sm₂O₃, 5% Li/Sm₂O₃, La₂O₃ and 5% Li/La₂O₃ is reported. In addition a study of the primary selectivities for the different systems is also reported in detail. Both ethane and ethene are confirmed as primary products under the conditions investigated. The results are discussed in terms of a mechanism for methane oxidation in which O⁻ is the selective oxidant for ethane formation and a dioxygen species is responsible for total oxidation of ethane and ethene.     

Steam Reforming of Methane Over Nickel: Development of a Multi-Step Surface Reaction Mechanism

A detailed multi-step reaction mechanism is developed for modeling steam reforming of methane over nickel-based catalysts. The mechanism also includes partial and total oxidation reactions, water?Cgas shift reactions, formation of carbon monolayers, and methanation reactions. A method is presented for ensuring thermodynamic consistency in the development of surface reaction mechanisms. The applicability of the mechanism is tested by simulating experimental investigations of SR of methane on a Ni-coated monolithic cordierite catalyst as well as experimental studies from literature. The reactive flow in the channels of the experimentally used monolithic structures is modeled by a two-dimensional flow field analysis of a single monolith channel coupled with the reaction mechanism developed. The gas composition and surface coverage with adsorbed species are calculated as function of the position in the channel. The model developed is able to properly describe steam reforming of methane over the nickel catalysts for wide ranges of temperature and steam/methane ratio.     

化学链催化甲烷氧化反应研究进展

甲烷作为天然气的主要组成成分,其有效利用具有重要的现实意义。本文首先介绍了甲烷转化工艺,系统地比较了传统甲烷氧化与化学链催化甲烷氧化工艺,提出化学链重整技术作为一种应用于甲烷氧化反应的新技术,提供了一个多功能平台,以清洁及有效的方式转换燃料。然后,介绍了应用于此技术的催化剂研究现状,重点关注具有高储氧性能、催化性能以及低合成成本特点的钙钛矿复合氧化物,特别综述了利用机器学习方法高通量筛选钙钛矿氧化物催化剂的理论计算工作。最后,系统讨论了钙钛矿氧化物对化学链催化甲烷氧化反应性能的影响规律,依据实验和密度泛函理论计算研究结果,对催化剂颗粒尺寸、金属离子价态、氧空穴形成能以及氧浓度同催化性能之间的关系进行了分析,提出钙钛矿氧化物催化甲烷氧化反应的关键影响因素,为钙钛矿氧化物催化剂的筛选提供理论支撑。     

An investigation on the reaction mechanism for the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over platinum

The partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas has been investigated by admitting pulses of pure methane, pure oxygen and mixtures of methane and oxygen to platinum sponge at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1073 K. On reduced platinum the decomposition of methane results in the formation of surface carbon and hydrogen. No deposition of carbon occurs during the interaction of methane with a partly oxidised catalyst. Oxygen is present in three different forms under the conditions studied: platinum oxide, dissolved oxygen and chemisorbed oxygen species. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced directly from methane via oxygen present as platinum oxide. Activation of methane involving dissolved oxygen provides a parallel route to carbon dioxide and water. Both platinum oxide and chemisorbed oxygen species are involved in the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In the presence of both methane and dioxygen at a stoichiometric feed ratio the dominant pathways are the direct formation of CO and H₂ followed by their consecutive oxidation. A Mars-van Krevelen redox cycle is postulated for the partial oxidation of methane: the oxidation of methane is accompanied by the reduction of platinum oxide, which is reoxidised by incorporation of dioxygen into the catalyst.     

Oxidant Activation Over Structural Defects of Oxide Catalysts in Oxidative Methane Coupling

Different aspects concerning the process of direct methane conversion to oxygen-containing products developed during more than half a century have been considered in previous reviews [1-3]. In particular, Gesser et al. [13 paid most attention to the homogeneous stages in methane conversion, while Foster [2] and Pitchai and Klier [3] examined the effect of different catalysts on methanol and formaldehyde formation. At present the main product of the homogeneous methane oxidation process with oxygen is shown to be methanol formed according to a chain-branching mechanism. In the presence of homogeneous initiators [4] (benzene, 2,2,4- trimethylpentane, etc.) or heterogeneous catalysts [2,3,5,6], formaldehyde is formed together with CH30H. However, the yield of the desirable products is low and does not exceed 8-10%. Charged atomic oxygen forms are considered to take part in the process of catalytic methane oxidation.     

THE MECHANISM OF THE SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF ETHYLENE TO ETHYLENE OXIDE

The modern petrochemical industry relies on several hydrocarbon raw materials: methane, ethylene, propylene, butene, higher olefins, and the aromatics. Some of the most important processes that such raw materials are initially subjected to are oxidation reactions[1]; for example, methane is converted to acetylene, ethylene to ethylene oxide, and propylene to acrolein, acrylic acid, or acrylonitrile. The complete oxidation of any of the hydrocarbons being favored thermodynamically, all partial oxidation reactions are kinetically limited, the nature of the products being determined mechanistically. In heterogeneous catalytic oxidations the mechanism essentially involves interaction between a hydrocarbon and surface oxygen species. In the case of the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide, carbon dioxide, and water, silver is unique in giving a high selectivity to ethylene oxide. We believe it is the type of adsorbed oxygen species involved in the interaction that determines the course of the reaction and hence the selectivity.     

Scientific basis for process and catalyst design in the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde

The mechanism and kinetics of the gas-phase selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde (MPO) are revised in the general context of catalytic oxidations. In agreement with ab initio calculations of the energy barrier for the activation of methane on transition metal oxide complexes, a formal Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model is proposed which accounts for the "steady-state" conditions and activity-selectivity pattern of MPO catalysts, providing an original support to process design and catalyst development.     

天然气甲烷部分氧化制合成气的研究进展

甲烷部分氧化制合成气是高转化率、高选择性、高空速、低H2/CO、温和的放热反应,综述了近几年来甲烷部分氧化制合成气的催化剂、反应机理及活性中心的研究进展及反应中的存在问题。     

甲烷部分氧化制甲醇及甲醛

综述了甲烷部分氧化制甲醇及甲醛工艺在催化剂、载体、选择反应条件及氧化反应机理等方面的研究进展。建议研制开发新型的复合型催化剂。