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1.
The parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella, exhibits limited physiological resistance to furanocoumarin toxins in its principal host, the wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa. These insects are typically found attacking individual plants low in furanocoumarins, relative to others within populations. They also feed preferentially on parthenocarpic fruits, which are lower in furanocoumarin content than are normal fruits. However, in a previous study with artificial diets, they did not appear to discriminate between high and low concentrations of furanocoumarins. In this study, the ability of webworms to distinguish between diets differing in furanocoumarin content was examined with an artificial diet containing wild parsnip and in green parsnip fruits with and without supplemental furanocoumarins. Larvae showed no preference for high or low furanocoumarin diets containing equal amounts of freeze-dried parsnip fruit powder. When given a choice between otherwise similar wild parsnip fruits, webworms strongly preferred fruits that were not augmented with furanocoumarins in one plant but showed no preference or only a weak preference for nonaugmented fruits in four other plants. In order to identify chemical constituents other than furanocoumarins that might determine feeding preferences, we compared the chemical profile of parthenocarpic fruits (which are preferred) to that of normal fruit. Octyl butyrate, a known deterrent to webworms, is highly correlated with furanocoumarin content, occurs in all plants, and differs significantly among normal and parthenocarpic fruit, suggesting that webworms may be able to avoid furanocoumarins by virtue of their behavioral response to octyl butyrate. 相似文献
2.
James K. Nitao 《Journal of chemical ecology》1990,16(2):417-428
The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella, feeds on plants containing high concentrations of furanocoumarins. compounds toxic to many organisms. Parsnip webworm larvae were fed radiolabeled xanthotoxin to quantify the detoxification of this furanocoumarin. They metabolized approximately 95% of the ingested xanthotoxin, indicating that metabolic detoxification is important in their tolerance to this allelochemical. Excretion of xanthotoxin and its metabolites was not restricted to the frass but also occurred by means of the silk glands. The silk glands contained half as much of the tritiated compounds as the rest of the body. Because of the feeding habits of this insect, such an excretory pathway may have implications for interactions with predators and pathogens. 相似文献
3.
Characterization of furanocoumarin metabolites in parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nitao JK Berhow M Duval SM Weisleder D Vaughn SF Zangerl A Berenbaum MR 《Journal of chemical ecology》2003,29(3):671-682
Although metabolites of furanocoumarins have been characterized in a wide range of organisms, to date they have been identified in only a single insect species, Papilio polyxenes. Depressaria pastinacella, the parsnip webworm, like P. polyxenes a specialist on Apiaceae, routinely consumes plant tissues higher in furanocoumarin content than does P. polyxenes and is capable of faster cytochrome P-450-mediated detoxification of these compounds. In this study, we characterized metabolites of xanthotoxin, a linear furanocoumarin, and sphondin, an angular furanocoumarin, in midguts and frass of parsnip webworms. Two metabolites were isolated and identified from webworms fed artificial diet containing xanthotoxin. LC-ESI-MS analysis resulted in the determination of a MW of 266 for the compound in the frass and one of the compounds in the midgut; 1H NMR confirmed its structure as 6-(7-hydroxy-8-methoxycoumaryl)-hydroxyacetic acid (HCHA). The second compound from the midgut had a MW of 252 and was identified by 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis as 6-(7-hydroxy-8-methoxycoumaryl)-hydroxyethanol) (HMCH). Whereas HCHA has been found in frass of Papilio polyxenes fed xanthotoxin, HMCH has not been reported previously in insects. Although the first step of metabolism of xanthotoxin in webworms as well as P. polyxenes is likely the formation of an epoxide on the furan ring, angular furanocoumarin metabolism in webworms appears to differ. The principal metabolite of sphondin was identified as demethylated sphondin (6-hydroxy-2H-furo[2,3-h]-1-benzopyran-2-one) by LC-ESI-MS and confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses. That webworms produce metabolites of xanthotoxin in common not only with other Lepidoptera (e.g., HCHA) but with other vertebrates (e.g., HMCH) suggests a remarkable conservatism in the metabolic capabilities of cytochrome P-450s and raises the possibility that insects may share other detoxification reactions with vertebrates with respect to toxins in foodplants. 相似文献
4.
Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of Aphids to host and nonhost plant volatiles 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Stephen F. Nottingham Jim Hardie Glenn W. Dawson Alastair J. Hick John A. Pickett Lester J. Wadhams Christine M. Woodcock 《Journal of chemical ecology》1991,17(6):1231-1242
Alate and apterous virginoparae ofAphis fabae Scop, and alate virginoparae ofBrevicoryne brassicae (L.), walking in a linear track olfactometer, were attracted by odor from leaves of their host plants.A. fabae responded to odor from undamaged but not damaged bean leaves. Gynoparae (autumn migrants) ofA. fabae, however, did not respond to their host plant (spindle,Euonymus europaeus) odor. Odors of certain nonhost plants masked the attractiveness of the host plant leaves, but tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and summer savory (Satureja hortensis) volatiles repelledB. brassicae andA. fabae, respectively. 3-Butenyl isothiocyanate attractedB. brassicae andLipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), the latter species being more sensitive in both behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Isothiocyanate receptors were found on the antennae ofA. fabae, which was repelled by these compounds, 4-pentenyl isothiocyanate being the most active. 相似文献
5.
Defense of parsnip webworm against phototoxic furanocoumarins: Role of antioxidant enzymes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds on plants rich in furanocoumarins, phototoxic allomones. Final-instar larvae possess high levels of activities of antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase), which detoxify oxygen radicals generated from the furanocoumarins of their host plants. When added to an artificial diet, three linear furanocoumarins (xanthotoxin, bergapten, imperatorin) do not increase levels of the antioxidant enzymes. However, on diets containing both xanthotoxin and piperonyl butoxide, a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, food utilization indices of the insect are reduced and superoxide dismutase activity is enhanced. These data suggest that cytochrome P-450s act as a primary detoxification system of ingested furanocoumarin, and antioxidant enzymes as a backup system to detoxify oxygen radicals generated by unmetabolized furanocoumarins. 相似文献
6.
Mark Carroll Amy Hanlon Tanya Hanlon Arthur R. Zangerl May R. Berenbaum 《Journal of chemical ecology》1997,23(12):2707-2719
The parsnip webwormDepressaria pastinacella, acquires a distinct yellow stripe when it consumes the yellow flowers of its principal host plantPastinaca sativa, the wild parsnip. Caterpillars raised on artificial diet lacking host-plant material lack this yellow coloration. By chemical characterization and comparison of caterpillars raised on parsnip flowers and on artificial diet, we were able to determine that lutein, along with smaller amounts of other xanthophylls from the host plant, is selectively sequestered in the fat body. In bioassays designed to measure avoidance of ultraviolet light, caterpillars raised on parsnip flowers or on artificial diet supplemented with lutein were less likely to avoid exposure to ultraviolet light than caterpillars raised on unaugmented artificial diet and thus lacking sequestered carotenoids. The ability to sequester xanthophylls, which are highly effective antioxidants, may confer a selective advantage on these caterpillars, whose apiaceous host plants produce large quantities of furanocoumarins, natural products that are photoactivated by light wavelengths in the ultraviolet region; such sequestered pigments may reduce not only the oxidative stress associated with ultraviolet light and diurnal foraging but also the photooxidative stress associated with ingestion of photoactive furanocoumarins. 相似文献
7.
William J. Budenberg Isaiah O. Ndiege Florence W. Karago Bill S. Hansson 《Journal of chemical ecology》1993,19(2):267-277
Male and femaleCosmopolites sordidus were attracted to freshly cut banana rhizome and pseudostem in a still-air olfactometer. Females responded similarly to odors from a comparatively resistant and from a susceptible cultivar of banana, when presented as either freshly cut tissue or as Porapak-trapped volatiles. Females were also attracted to rotting banana pseudostem and to volatiles collected from it. Males and females gave similar responses to host tissue in both the behavioral bioassay and to collected volatiles in EAG recordings. Weevils did not respond, either behaviorally or electrophysiologically, to a synthetic mixture of mono- and sesqiterpenes, which made up over 9% of the volatiles collected from pseudostem. 相似文献
8.
The larch bud moth (LBM) Zeiraphera diniana Guenée causes defoliation on larch in the Alps at 8- to 10-year intervals, after which populations crash. There are two LBM host races, one on larch and the other on cembran pine. These host races are morphologically indistinguishable as adults but they differ genetically in larval color types. Furthermore, females of each host race produce distinct pheromone blends and show oviposition preferences for their respective hosts. It is not clear to what extent host choice contributes to assortative mating in the LBM. Here, we compare the olfactory sensitivities of the two host races to the odors of fresh foliage of the host plants using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique, and the responses of the two host races to volatiles collected from the two host plants as analyzed by gas-chromatography-linked antennographic detection (GC-EAD). Both sexes of the larch and cembran host races show the same EAG responses to vapors of fresh larch and cembran pine foliage. Fifteen plant volatiles identified as chemostimuli by GC-EAD from larch and cembran pine odors elicited the same antennogram responses from the two host races. However, the GC-EAD analyses indicate that the number and quantity of chemostimuli emanating from each host plant is different. It is, therefore, most probably the array of olfactory receptors responding to the bouquet of volatiles unique to each host plant that underlies the host preferences of the two races. What remains open is the extent to which the similarity of the olfactory systems may contribute to cross-attraction. The fact that LBM individuals with intermediate characteristics between the two host races exist, suggests that olfactory perception does not hinder gene flow and contributes to sustained genetic diversity within the species Z. diniana. 相似文献
9.
Olfactory sensitivity of two sympatric species of rice leaf folders (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to plant volatiles 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. Ramachandran Z. R. Khan P. Caballero B. O. Juliano 《Journal of chemical ecology》1990,16(9):2647-2666
Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from male and female moths of two sympatric leaf folder species,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gue-née) andMarasmia patnalis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to 91 volatile chemicals of plant origin. Responses of both leaf folder species were similar to all compounds except to three monoterpenes--myrcene, menthone, and isomenthone- and two sesquiterpenes-cis-nerolidol and isophytol. Response ofM. patnalis, an oligophagous leaf folder, to these compounds was higher compared with that of polyphagousC. medinalis. EAG responses of males to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes were significantly higher than those of conspecific females in both species. A higher response ofC. medinalis males also was observed for 1-nonanol, 3-nonen-2-one, andtrans, trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene. In contrast, females of both species responded more to monoterpenes, borneol, isoborneol, and fenchyl alchohol. Response ofC. medinalis female was higher for terpinen-4-ol, carveol, dihydrocarveol, (–)-myrtenal, and perillaldehyde. In both species and sexes, high EAG responses were recorded for compounds of the green leaf odor complex. EAG responses to nonanal and hexanal were maximum among the aliphatic aldehydes while 1-hexanol elicited the highest response among the alcohols tested. EAG responses to terpene compounds-citronellal,-terpineol, and (–)-myrtenal-were equal to the response to 1-hexanol. While all compounds tested elicited a negative potential, thymol and carvacrol elicited a positive EAG potential. The EAG data are discussed with regard 相似文献
10.
Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded fromTrirhabda bacharides Le Conte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) females to 28 odorants and volatiles emanating from leaves of 26 plant species including three known host plants,Baccharis halimifolia L.,B. neglecta Britt, andB. salicina T. & G. (Compositae: Asterae). Antennal receptors were highly responsive to components of the green leaf volatile complex, especially 6-carbon saturated and monounsaturated alcohols andtrans-2-hexenal. EAGs elicited by heptanal were greater than those elicited by any other saturated aldehyde. Oxygenated monoterpenes were more active than monoterpene hydrocarbons. -Bisabolol was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, EAGs to volatiles emanating fromBaccharis and other composite species were greater than those elicited by species from other families. Furthermore, when one considers only plants occurring in the environs ofT bacharides hostB. neglecta, EAGs elicited by its host plant were at least two times greater than those elicited by other coinhabiting plants.Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable. 相似文献
11.
In flight-tunnel assays, mated femaleHeliothis virescens (F.) moths responded by positive anemotaxis to volatiles from extracts of two host plants (cotton and tobacco), but they did not fly to an extract from elderberry (Sambucus simpsonii Rehd.), a nonhost that contains an oviposition deterrent forH. virescens. When the elderberry extract was mixed with extract from either cotton or tobacco, the flight response by moths to volatiles emanating from the extract blends was reduced significantly at most doses when compared to the positive response to extracts from either host alone. The number of landings (including brief contacts) and landings that resulted in oviposition on the substrates treated with extract blends also were reduced significantly in most tests.This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or the recommendation of its use by USDA. 相似文献
12.
Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from male and female cabbage seed weevils (Ceutorhynchus assimilis Payk.) in response to volatiles isolated and identified from the odor of oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp.oleifera DC. cv. Ariana). Relatively large EAGs were obtained on stimulation with volatiles produced by the oilseed rape crop at the time when seed weevils were actively searching for host plants. Artificial rape odor without certain key volatile compounds was in most cases significantly less stimulatory than odor containing these volatiles. There were significant differences in the EAG response of the sexes ofC. assimilis to the green leaf volatiles of oilseed rape and several terpenes present in rape flower odor. The importance of the qualitative and quantitative composition of host-plant odor in host location byC. assimilis is discussed. 相似文献
13.
In flight-tunnel bioassays, mated femaleHeliothis subflexa (Gn.) moths demonstrated in dual-choice tests a significant preference for volatiles from an extract of their only known host,Physalis spp. (groundcherry). However,H. virescens (F.), a polyphagous species, responded positively by anemotaxis to extracts from susceptible tobacco, cotton,Desmodium tortuosum (host plants), and groundcherry, a nonhost.H. virescens females did not fly to volatiles emanating from an extract of a resistant tobacco cultivar.This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement or the recommendation of its use by USDA. 相似文献
14.
James DG 《Journal of chemical ecology》2003,29(7):1601-1609
Synthetic methyl salicylate (MeSA), a herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV), was demonstrated to be an attractant for the green lacewing, Chrysopa
nigricornis, in two field experiments conducted in a Washington hop yard. Significantly greater numbers of C. nigricornis were trapped on MeSA-baited sticky cards (mean: 2.8 ± 0.4/card/week) than on unbaited cards (0.45 ± 0.15) during June–September. Cards baited with two other HIPVs, hexenyl acetate and dimethyl nonatriene, did not attract more C. nigricornis than did unbaited traps (0.30 ± 0.10, 0.44 ± 0.15, respectively). MeSA-baited Unitraps captured 1.9 ± 0.5 C. nigricornis/trap/week during July–August compared to 0.20 ± 0.20/trap/week in methyl eugenol-baited traps and 0.03 ± 0.03/trap/week in unbaited traps. The potential use of MeSA in enhancing C.
nigricornis populations in Washington hop yards as an aid to conservation biological control of aphids and mites is discussed. 相似文献
15.
Rice plant volatiles extracted as steam distillates significantly affected the behavior and biology of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). In a multichoice test, more females settled and fed on tillers of a susceptible rice variety Taichung Native 1 (TN1), sprayed with its own extract or acetone than on TN1 tillers sprayed with the extract of the resistant variety ARC6650 or Ptb33. In another test,N. lugens females ingested significantly more of a 10% sucrose solution mixed with TN1 steam distillate extract than of plain sucrose solution or that mixed with extracts of resistant varieties. Topical application of the extracts of resistant varieties Mudgo, ASD7, Rathu Heenati, Babawee, Ptb33, and ARC6650 caused significantly higher mortality of females than did the TN1 extract. Likewise, significantly more first-instar nymphs died when they were caged on susceptible TN1 plants sprayed with the extracts of resistant varieties than on plants sprayed with TN1 extract. The extract of 60-day-old resistant plants was more toxic than the extract of 30-, 45-, or 100-day-old plants. However, toxicity of the extract from susceptible TN1 remained low at all plant growth stages.Principal Research Scientist (ICIPE), based at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. 相似文献
16.
Sigrid A. Carle Anne L. Averill Geoffrey S. Rule W. Harvey Reissig Wendell L. Roelofs 《Journal of chemical ecology》1987,13(4):795-805
We conducted a comparative study of volatiles produced by wholeCrataegus hawthorn fruit and four cultivars of apple (Royal Red Delicious, Red Astrachan, McIntosh, and Wealthy) and determined quantitative and qualitative changes of volatiles associated with fruit ripening. Within the approximate range of the GLC fraction known to elicit behavioral activity in the apple maggot fly,Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), 52 esters were identified. 相似文献
17.
R. S. Vernon J. H. Borden H. D. Pierce Jr. A. C. Oehlschlager 《Journal of chemical ecology》1977,3(4):359-368
An oviposition bioassay for the onion maggot,Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), is described in which females, in response to volatile stimulants, oviposit through small apertures onto moistened filter paper. Onion volatiles that act as attractants and oviposition stimulants were captured in Porapak Q from air passed over chopped onions in glass chambers. Pentane extracts from odor-impregnated Porapak Q induced 30–50% of the oviposition that occurred in response to 15-g onion-slice stimuli. Extracts presented in pentane on waxed dental cotton wicks induced more constant oviposition over a 3-day period than extracts on unwaxed wicks. Extract of the Porapak Q-captured volatiles from bulbs of fresh, actively growing onions elicited a much stronger response than did stem and leaf extracts from the same onions. The bioassay techniques and chemical procedures developed in this study could be used in chemical isolation programs for host attractants or oviposition stimulants forH. antiqua or similar species.Diptera:Anthomyiidae.Research supported by National Research Council of Canada, Grant Nos. A3881 and A3706. 相似文献
18.
Both biotic and abiotic selection pressures can contribute to geographic variation in allelochemical production in plants. We examined furanocoumarin production in western North American populations of Heracleum lanatum and Pastinaca sativa that, at different latitudes and altitudes, experience different ultraviolet (UV) light regimes. Total furanocoumarins and linear furanocoumarins of fruits were negatively correlated with UV irradiance, whereas amounts of angular furanocoumarins, which are generally less phototoxic, were not. Another factor potentially influencing furanocoumarin production is the presence of the parsnip webworm Depressaria pastinacella, (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), an herbivore that feeds on reproductive structures of both plant species. These insects sequester lutein from their host plants; this carotenoid acts to ameliorate furanocoumarin toxicity. Although the concentration of lutein in fruits did not vary with UV irradiance, lutein sequestration by sixth instars was positively correlated with UV irradiance. Webworm populations are variably infested with the polyembryonic webworm parasitoid Copidosoma sosares Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). H. lanatum fruits from populations with webworms parasitized by C. sosares had lower concentrations of furanocoumarins, with the exception of sphondin, than fruits from plants infested with webworms free from parasitism. Lower levels of these furanocoumarins may reduce negative effects on the fitness of this parasitoid. In contrast with the variation in furanocoumarin content, the ability of webworms to metabolize furanocoumarins by cytochrome P450 did not differ significantly among populations from New Mexico to Alberta. 相似文献
19.
A synomone present in hexane extracts of corn silks was found to attractOrius insidiosus (Say). The attraction was a diurnal, innate behavior, independant of sex. A portion of the prey-searching behavior ofO. insidiosus apparently relies on olfactory perception when corn is the prey's host. 相似文献
20.
Marycarol Rossiter Jonathan Gershenzon Thomas J. Mabry 《Journal of chemical ecology》1986,12(6):1505-1521
The responses of a sunflower specialist,Homoeosoma electellum, the sunflower moth, to the terpenoids produced by its host plant,Helianthus, were measured. Larvae were reared on synthetic diet containing one of three concentrations of the dominant sesquiterpene lactone found in glandular trichomes ofH. maximilliani. Treatments were initiated at each of three larval ages. Pupal weight was significantly reduced, but the effect diminished as the larvae aged. Survival and development time were unaffected by various treatments. In behavioral tests, larvae showed no preference for untreated synthetic diet compared to diet containing the secondary compound at a concentration of 1% by dry weight. When the concentration was raised to 5%, all but last-instar larvae showed a significant preference for the untreated diet. A second behavioral test measured the damage done to whole florets and an array of floral parts offered to larvae of different ages. The damage pattern of floral tissues changed as the larvae grew older, demonstrating that the willingness of larvae to eat tissues contaminated with trichome contents increased with age. The value of the glandular trichome contents as a defense againstH. electellum is discussed. 相似文献