GH742高温合金激光冲击强化和喷丸强化残余应力

对GH742高温合金进行激光冲击强化和喷丸强化,利用X射线应力分析仪测定强化层的残余应力,对比分析2种残余应力的差异和特征,并采用不同的退火温度进行退火,研究表面残余应力在高温下的稳定性。结果表明,2种表面强化方法都可以在GH742高温合金表层引入残余压应力,但激光冲击强化试样比喷丸强化试样具有更深的残余压应力层和较好的稳定性,且残余压应力最大值在表面;与激光冲击强化的试样相比,喷丸强化试样的残余压应力较浅,而且随着喷丸强度的增加,最大残余压应力也由表面移向了次表面。     

An investigation of the peening effects on the residual stresses in friction stir welded 2195 and 7075 aluminum alloy joints

Surface treatment processes including laser and shot peening were applied to friction stir welded samples fabricated using aluminum alloys (AA) 2195 and 7075. Surface residual stress measurements on these samples were acquired using X-ray diffraction. Measurements of the through thickness bulk residual stresses were obtained using the contour method. The deepest compressive residual stresses were obtained with multiple layers of laser peening, and increased proportionally as the number of peening layers increased for AA 2195. For AA 7075, little change was noticed in the residual stresses as the number of peening layers increased. Interestingly, laser peening was shown to have less of an effect on residual stress near the edges of the weld joint where significant softening occurred.     

机械喷丸对7A52铝合金焊接接头残余应力改善的有限元模拟

分别建立了7A52铝合金双丝MIG焊热力耦合计算模型及GCr15钢弹丸撞击7A52铝合金试板的三维简化模型.在不影响计算结果的前提下,适当增大了焊接试板弹丸撞击区域网格尺寸.获得了焊接接头的残余应力场计算结果,并分析了弹丸大小、弹丸速度对喷丸残余应力场的影响规律,进而优化了喷丸参数.在此基础上利用隐式求解器与显式求解器之间的数据传递方法,将铝合金试板焊后残余应力场与喷丸处理过程进行耦合计算.结果表明,焊后试板喷丸处理对焊缝及近缝区表面残余应力、试板厚度方向残余应力分布状态均有较明显改善.     

基于ABAQUS的大尺寸弹丸喷丸过程数值模拟

利用ABAQUS软件建立了单弹丸和多弹丸的喷丸有限元模型,研究了大弹丸喷丸2024铝板的动力学过程,分析了弹丸直径和喷丸覆盖率对板材塑性应变和沿弹坑表面及厚度方向残余应力的影响。模拟结果表明,增加弹丸直径可以使板材塑性应变层及残余压应力层深度增大,弹坑尺寸及弹坑"凸边"附近的残余拉应力也随之增大;塑性应变层和压应力层深度随喷丸覆盖率的提高而增大,但覆盖率达到一定程度时增加不再明显。     

An analytical approach to relate shot peening parameters to Almen intensity

Shot peening is widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries to improve the fatigue strength of metal components by introducing near-surface plastic strains and compressive residual stresses. This mechanical treatment is primarily controlled by monitoring Almen (peening) intensity, which corresponds to the arc height at saturation of standardized test strips exposed to the shot stream. However, the same Almen intensity may be obtained by using small shots impacting the surface at high velocity or by using large shots impacting the surface at low velocity. This paper describes a model for predicting Almen intensity based on an analytical model for shot peening residual stresses. Theoretical results for different sets of peening parameters were consistent with published experimental results and revealed that although different combinations of shot peening parameters can produce the same Almen intensity, each combination resulted in a different through thickness residual stress distribution.     

喷丸方法对不规则构件表面残余应力分布规律的影响

目的 优化喷丸强化工艺,提升喷丸工艺的强化效果。方法 采用预定义场和基于移动矢量的快速建模方法,实现满足表面全覆盖和不同喷丸方法的有限元模拟。通过对模拟结果中的应力值进行局部坐标转换,分析不同喷丸方法条件下残余应力沿受喷构件表面切线方向的分布规律。结果 在喷射方向固定的喷丸方法中（方法-1）,弹丸撞击角度在不同区域内的变化范围为60°~90°,且随弹丸撞击角度的增加,弹丸撞击时的动能消耗率和应变能转变率分别由71.6%和5.3%提高到89.0%和7.5%,表面覆盖率也随之增加。在喷射角度固定的喷丸方法中（方法-2）,弹丸撞击角度始终为90°,表面覆盖率分布均匀,从而使得在凸圆弧面、斜面和凹圆弧面内采用方法-2获得的表面残余应力比方法-1的大,且两者差值沿+x方向呈现先增加、后保持稳定、再减少的变化规律。结论 与喷射方向固定的喷丸方法相比,采用喷射角度固定的喷丸方法,因弹丸撞击角度大,弹丸撞击动能消耗率及应变能转变率高,且表面全覆盖能得以保证,构件在凸圆弧面、斜面和凹圆弧面内能获得较大的表面残余压应力值。     

The Effects of Laser Peening and Shot Peening on Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welded 7075-T7351 Aluminum

Peening techniques like laser peening and shot peening were used to modify the surface of friction stir welded 7075-T7351 Aluminum Alloy specimens. The tensile coupons were machined such as the loading was applied in a direction perpendicular to the weld direction. The peening effects on the global and local mechanical properties through the different regions of the weld were characterized and assessed. The surface hardness levels resulting from various peening techniques were also investigated for both sides of the welds. Shot peening resulted in an increase to surface hardness levels, but no improvement was noticed on the mechanical properties. In contrast, mechanical properties were improved by laser peening when compared to the unpeened material.     

Corrosion susceptibility of peened friction stir welded 7075 aluminum alloy joints

Effects of surface treatment techniques like laser and shot peening on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of friction stir welded (FSW) 7075 aluminum alloy joints were investigated. This study had two parts; the first part investigated the peening effects on stress corrosion cracking susceptibility in FSW samples by slow strain rate testing in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The second part of the study investigated the effects of peening on corrosion while submerged in a 3.5% NaCl solution with no external loads applied. No signs of corrosion pitting or SCC were evident on any of the tensile samples during the slow strain rate testing. The FSW plates exposed in 3.5% NaCl solution for 60 days were inspected periodically for signs of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in the areas expected to have residual stresses due to welding. Pitting corrosion was seen on the samples, but even after 60 day exposure no stress corrosion cracking was detected on any of the peened or unpeened samples.     

Ti2AlNb金属间化合物喷丸强化残余应力模拟分析与疲劳寿命预测

目的 研究经喷丸强化处理后Ti2AlNb材料表层残余应力的分布特征,并预测残余应力对材料疲劳性能的影响规律。方法 通过贴应变片逐层钻孔法,对使用喷丸强化处理后的Ti2AlNb试样进行残余应力测试分析,得到引入残余应力场各方面的测试数据,结合ABAQUS数值模拟方式,对比分析试验与模拟残余应力场结果,获取材料的最终残余应力梯度。利用FE-SAFE软件,通过叠加残余应力场的方式,预测喷丸强化前后试样的疲劳寿命。结果 在文中加工参数下,实验测试和软件模拟结果的重合度良好。喷丸强化可在Ti2AlNb金属间化合物靶材内引入300 MPa左右的最大残余压应力,深度达到了0.12 mm左右。材料表面塑性应变分布不均匀,且造成的塑性应变距表面深度可达0.1 mm。通过喷丸强化引入残余压应力,预测的Ti2AlNb材料疲劳极限可提高12%,高低周疲劳寿命均有明显的延寿效果。结论 验证了有限元数值模拟此材料喷丸强化的准确性和可靠性,得到了Ti2AlNb材料喷丸强化的残余应力场。由于塑性变形诱发机制的限制,喷丸造成塑性应变分布不均匀,塑性应变层深小于残余压应力层深。此外,强化后材料的疲劳性能显著提高,疲劳极限有可观的提升,且高低周疲劳均有较好的延寿效果。     

Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Peened Friction Stir Welded 2195 Aluminum Alloy Joints

The surface treatment techniques of laser and shot peening were used to investigate their effect on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in friction stir welded (FSW) 2195 aluminum alloy joints. The investigation consisted of two parts: the first part explored the peening effects on slow strain rate testing (SSRT) in a 3.5% NaCl solution, while the second part investigated the effects of peening on corrosion while submerged in a 3.5% NaCl solution with no external loads applied. For the SSRT, the laser-peened samples demonstrated superior properties to the other samples, but no signs of corrosion pitting or SCC were evident on any of the samples. For the second part of the study, the FSW plates were inspected periodically for signs of corrosion. After 60 days there were signs of corrosion pitting, but no stress corrosion cracking was noticed in any of the peened and unpeened samples.     

A basic study for application of laser peening to large-scale steel structure

Laser peening can introduce compressive residual stress to the surface and therefore is effective in enhancing fatigue strength. In this study, we conducted laser peening in air with a water film formed by a nozzle and examined whether the distribution of residual stress along the thickness was different from that achieved by laser peening in water in our previous studies. We also assessed the resultant residual stress and fatigue life when the pulse energy was reduced for developing a simple method to conduct laser peening on large structures. Compressive residual stress equivalent to that observed after laser peening in water was obtained in nozzle-type laser peening in terms of magnitude and depth. With the reduction of pulse energy, it was observed that the depth of the compressive residual stress tended to decrease significantly and the fatigue life also tended to reduce. The results indicate that the depth of the compressive residual stress has a considerable effect on the fatigue life of welded structures as well as the magnitude of the surface residual stress.     

喷丸处理的锆合金残余应力场分布规律

目的通过不同的喷丸处理工艺,探索适用于锆合金包壳管的喷丸处理参数。方法对锆合金包壳管采取9种不同的喷丸处理工艺且编号(1—9号),采用XRD残余应力检测技术,对处理后的包壳管试样分别进行轴向和切向的残余应力场测定。结果未喷丸处理的试样表面轴向、切向残余应力分别为-277 MPa和-250 MPa,最大应力在最外表层。喷丸处理试样表面轴向残余压应力比未喷丸处理的大,只有9号工艺对应的表面轴向残余应力比未喷丸的小,这很有可能是因为喷丸强度过大,在表面形成了微裂纹,残余应力得以释放,所以锆合金包壳管的喷丸强度不宜超过0.40 mm A。对于强度较高的5—9号喷丸工艺,喷丸强度达到0.15 mm A以上,包壳管压应力影响层的厚度均超过460μm,几乎达到了喷丸处理后包壳管的整个壁厚。在相同喷丸强度和相同弹丸直径条件下,玻璃丸的表面压应力和最大压应力与不锈钢丸的相近,不锈钢丸处理的压应力影响层比玻璃丸处理的压应力影响层厚约80μm。结论在相同喷丸强度和相同弹丸材料下,改变弹丸直径对锆合金两个方向上的表面残余应力和最大残余应力的大小影响不大;直径较小的弹丸对应轴向最大残余应力的位置更深,直径较大的弹丸对应切向最大残余应力的位置更深。随着锆合金喷丸强度的增加(没有出现过喷),表面两个方向上的残余应力都增加,两个方向上的最大残余应力也有所增加。     

金属零件表面改性的喷丸强化技术

传统的机械喷丸工艺在工业界已经得到广泛的应用。随着激光技术的发展,出现了一种新的加工工艺——激光喷丸。它们都能改善金属零件表面的机械性能,尤其是在表面产生压缩应力,使零件的抗应力腐蚀等能力大为提高,从而延长零件的疲劳寿命。由于激光喷丸具有形成的残余压应力比机械喷丸深等优势,因而强化效果更佳。     

疲劳载荷对17CrNiMo6喷丸强化层残余应力与组织的影响

高强度渗碳钢17CrNiMo6常用喷丸强化工艺来改善抗疲劳性能,但疲劳载荷会使喷丸强化层的残余应力与组织发生改变,削弱了强化效果。采用X射线衍射方法研究了其残余应力、半高宽和残余奥氏体随疲劳载荷周次的变化规律,同时研究了喷丸前后表面形貌、硬度和组织的变化。结果表明,喷丸与二次喷丸强化层残余应力场在疲劳载荷前100周次内发生了应力松弛,松弛幅度分别为50%与33%,之后基本保持稳定。半高宽随载荷周次的增加分别下降了5%与7%,而残余奥氏体含量变化不大。此外,喷丸处理增加了材料表层残余压应力,细化了晶粒尺寸,使疲劳寿命提高了11%;二次喷丸可进一步增加材料表层残余压应力,细化晶粒尺寸并改善表面形貌使材料疲劳寿命提高了23%。因此在评估喷丸工艺强化效果,预测喷丸处理后零部件的疲劳寿命时,宜采用松弛后的残余应力作为衡量参数。     

喷丸强化齿轮残余应力的实验研究

喷丸能有效增加轮齿表面层的残余压应力,提高齿轮接触疲劳强度.本文通过X射线残余应力测试法,针对齿轮在喷丸前后和服役过程中轮齿表面层的残余应力变化进行实验研究,尤其探讨了齿廓表面不同部位残余应力在疲劳加载后的变化,并分析其变化的规律性,为提高轮齿喷丸疲劳强度提供依据.     

7075铝合金循环载荷下残余应力松弛的实验研究

采用淬火和喷砂2种强化工艺引入残余应力,分析循环应力作用下7075铝合金应力松弛现象。基于应力松弛机理讨论了2种不同强化工艺下残余应力松弛规律的异同。结果表明,加载应力状态与大小、残余应力的初始分布和冷作硬化是影响残余应力松弛的主要因素。     

飞机腐蚀损伤构件喷丸强化后的表面残余应力场

目的：研究喷丸方式、飞机构件腐蚀损伤表面形状参数对受喷表面残余应力场的影响。方法以7075铝合金腐蚀损伤飞机构件为研究对象,采用玻璃弹丸作为喷丸介质,通过 Abaqus 软件建立随机多弹丸有限元模型,获得固定方向喷丸和固定角度喷丸两种喷丸方式下以及不同损伤表面几何形状参数下的表面残余应力场,并通过试验进行验证。结果采用固定角度喷丸能够获得比较均匀的表面残余应力场,而固定方向喷丸时,损伤构件表面不同部位的残余应力存在明显差异。结论在其他参数不变的情况下,弹丸入射角越小,残余压应力越大。应尽量采用垂直撞击方式进行喷丸处理,喷丸处理前清理腐蚀产物时,应形成较为平缓的损伤面过渡区域。     

Relating Almen intensity to residual stresses induced by shot peening: a numerical approach

Shot peening is a surface impact treatment widely used to improve the performance of metal parts and welded details subjected to fatigue loading, contact fatigue, stress corrosion and other damage mechanisms. The better performance of the peened parts is mainly due to the residual stresses resulting from the plastic deformation of the surface layers of the material caused by the impact of the shot. Shot peening intensity is usually quantified by means of the Almen-scale, which measures the residual arc height of a strip made of a specific material, and of a pre-defined size. The scale does not, in other words, apply solely to the residual stress field of a component of unspecified material and size. In this paper, a finite element to predict the residual stresses induced by shot peening in a metal part and to relate these stresses to Almen intensity is proposed; the aim is to provide the designer with a useful tool with which to choose the optimal treatment parameters with respect to the mechanical behaviour of the peened parts. Experimental measurements of residual stresses and a comparison with existing experimental data validate this approach.     

高温喷丸强化Ti6Al4V合金的热力耦合数值模拟

发展一种连接喷丸强化与高温加载传热的热力耦合有限元方法,模拟高温喷丸强化Ti6Al4V合金的过程。首先建立一圆盘模型模拟待喷材料的高温加载传热过程。然后将圆盘模型的受热部分取出一小块建立对称胞元喷丸模型,并且将高温加载所致的温度场和热应力场通过解析场的方式导入到对称胞元喷丸模型,模拟高温喷丸强化过程。最后通过回弹计算获得稳定的残余应力场和温度场。创建4种模拟工况：常温喷丸、单独导入温度场的喷丸、单独导入热应力场的喷丸和高温喷丸,探究高温喷丸的残余压应力强化机理。结果表明：在常温环境下,对称胞元喷丸模型模拟的Ti6Al4V表层残余应力与试验结果具有很好的一致性。在高温加载作用下,随着热流密度的增加,受喷材料表层残余压应力有所减小,材料亚表层的残余压应力逐渐增大。影响高温喷丸强化的残余压应力的主要因素是高温加载所致的温度场,热应力场对残余压应力强化起次要作用。     

冷喷涂改善2219铝合金熔焊接头残余应力新方法

目的采用冷喷涂技术改善2219铝合金变极性钨极氩弧焊(VPTIG)焊接接头残余应力。方法采用冷喷涂技术在8 mm厚2219铝合金VPTIG焊接接头表面进行Cu涂层制备,分析冷喷涂前后接头微观组织、力学性能及残余应力的变化,探究冷喷涂过程中高速碰撞颗粒的"喷丸效应"与加热气体的"热效应"对接头残余应力的改善作用及内在机制。结果冷喷涂前后,接头整体的微观组织无明显变化,但在焊缝表面(Cu涂层与焊缝结合面处)观察到明显的塑性变形。冷喷涂后,焊缝区上表面显微硬度提高,作用深度约2 mm(余高处);接头抗拉强度表观上稍有降低,这是由于涂层对焊缝的拉伸应变局部化改变所致,"喷丸效应"与"热效应"单独作用下,接头抗拉强度无明显变化,所有拉伸试样均从焊趾处沿着熔合区发生断裂。焊态接头残余应力分布总体呈拉应力状态,在焊缝处最大,经过冷喷涂后,焊缝残余拉应力峰值从约200MPa降到约24MPa,大部分区域从拉应力变为压应力,且分布均匀性变好。结论冷喷涂技术可以显著改善VPTIG焊接接头残余应力分布。冷喷涂粒子的"喷丸效应"对基体残余应力的改善作用显著。高温气流的"热效应"虽未能显著降低残余应力,但使应力分布变得均匀。