酶法与酸法提取的乌鸡黑色素的性能比较

比较了酶法和酸法提取的乌鸡黑色素的部分性能。结果表明:(1)采用酶法提取的乌鸡黑色素颗粒表面光滑,而酸法表面较粗糙;颗粒尺寸上,酸法提取的略大于酶法。(2)在抗紫外线方面,酶法优于酸法。(3)黑色素浓度小于0.3mg/mL时,酶法清除自由基的效果优于酸法,但在0.3mg/mL以上时,则2者相当。酶法与酸法黑色素均有抑制黄油氧化功能,时间越长,抑制作用越明显,酶法黑色素的抗氧化性略高于酸法,但差异不显著。(4)酶法提取的乌鸡黑色素热稳定性优于酸法,但光稳定性方面,酶法不及酸法。     

杏仁种皮黑色素对果蝇的紫外辐射保护作用

以果蝇西农12和果蝇中农e为实验模型,对果蝇进行紫外辐射处理后,在添加杏仁种皮黑色素的培养基中进行培养,通过测定果蝇繁殖力、寿命、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量、蛋白质量浓度、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)等指标来研究杏仁种皮黑色素的抗紫外辐射活性。结果表明:紫外辐射组与对照组相比,两品系果蝇的繁殖力、寿命、总抗氧化能力显著降低,蛋白质量浓度、超氧化物歧化酶活力呈现先增后降趋势,丙二醛含量显著升高。当添加杏仁种皮黑色素质量浓度范围为0.02～0.2mg/mL时,与2min UV组相比,能显著提高两品系果蝇的繁殖力,但所设添加黑色素的实验组中相间组的果蝇繁殖力没有达到显著水平;与5min UV组相比,添加黑色素能显著提高两品系果蝇的寿命、蛋白质量浓度、总抗氧化能力、SOD活力,降低MDA含量。杏仁种皮黑色素对果蝇具有抗紫外辐射保护作用。     

纳米二氧化钛多功能织物整理剂的制备与性能

采用溶胶凝胶法研制出纳米二氧化钛整理剂,通过浸轧的方式将其应用于棉织物的功能整理中。结果表明,整理后的棉织物抗紫外线性能优异,UPF值大幅度增加,且皂洗牢度好。同时,织物还具有较好的抗菌性能,细菌减少80%以上。此外,整理后织物的性能受织物结构、整理剂浓度的影响,织物越紧密、整理剂中二氧化钛浓度越高,织物的抗紫外线和抗菌性能越好。     

结构参数对涤纶长丝织物抗紫外线功能的影响

针对夏装用涤纶面料的抗紫外线问题,以含有功能性母粒添加剂的抗紫外涤纶长丝为原料,通过织物样品织制和测试实验,探讨原料中母粒添加剂含量及经纬密度、织物组织等结构参数变化对涤纶织物抗紫外线功能的影响,认为功能母粒含量越高,经纬密度越大,组织平均浮长越长,织物抗紫外线性能越好,尤其是重组织织物的抗紫外线性能更优越。     

乌骨鸡黑色素的酶法提取及其抗氧化作用的初步研究

以江西泰和乌骨鸡为研究对象,研究酶法水解乌鸡蛋白质分离黑色素的最佳工艺条件,并对黑色素清除DPPH自由基,以及黑色素延缓油脂酸败的能力进行了研究。结果表明:(1)酸性蛋白酶为最优水解酶,其加酶量3.8%、固液比1∶2;其最佳酶解条件pH2.8、酶解温度34.8℃、酶解时间20 h。(2)乌鸡黑色素能抑制DPPH.自由基,抑制率随黑色素浓度增加而提高。(3)黑色素能延缓油脂酸败,在70℃时添加浓度为0.1 mg/mL的黑色素于油脂中,60 h时酸价为0.3028 mg KOH/g,而对照(不加黑色素)的酸价在第32 h即升到0.3130 mg KOH/g。     

响应面分析法优化乌鸡黑色素的提取

运用酶解与回流相结合的改进方法,对乌鸡黑色素进行提取。分别研究了盐酸浓度、盐酸体积与黑色素渣体积比油浴温度、油浴时间对黑色素得率的影响,并采用响应面分析法优化提取工艺。确定提取的最优条件为:油浴温度103℃、盐酸浓度5.7mol/L、盐酸与渣体积比1.8,利用最优条件提取乌鸡黑色素,提取得率为6.32‰(质量分数),与响应面模型所预测的提取得率6.38‰相吻合。     

泰和乌鸡黑色素提取工艺的研究

研究江西泰和乌鸡黑色素的酶法和盐酸提取工艺。用单因素试验和正交试验分别确定蛋白酶和盐酸提取乌鸡黑色素的最佳工艺条件,并对两种方法提取的黑色素得率、抗自由基性能、对光和热的稳定性等方面进行比较。结果表明,蛋白酶提取乌鸡黑色素的最佳工艺:采用木瓜蛋白酶提取,pH 6.0,温度65℃,料液比1∶2(m∶V),酶底比为1∶25(m∶m),时间4h;盐酸提取乌鸡黑色素的最佳工艺条件:料液比1∶4(m∶V),回流温度95℃,提取时间2h;酶法提取黑色素量大于盐酸提取,酶法提取的乌鸡黑色素抗自由基性能和对热的稳定性高于盐酸提取。说明蛋白酶法优于盐酸法,酶法提取的黑色素产量高,性质稳定。     

PlectaniaYM421胞内黑色素提取及其生物功能

对暗盘菌 YM421菌株胞内黑色素的提取工艺、抗紫外线活性、抗卵磷脂氧化和抗油脂氧化进行了研究.结果表明Plectania YM421胞内黑色素最佳提取条件是A3B3C2,即提取时间为4 h,提取温度为90 ℃, 料液质量比为1∶200;该黑色素具有较强的抗紫外线能力,在质量浓度为80 mg/mL时对卵磷脂抗氧化指数为56%,能显著抑制大豆油的氧化.     

壳聚糖和绿茶提取物对棉织物的抗紫外线整理

采用经乙醇提取制得的绿茶提取物作为紫外线吸附剂对棉织物进行功能整理,其中壳聚糖前处理有利于进一步提高棉织物的抗紫外性能。探讨了各因素对紫外线屏蔽效果的影响,得出棉织物抗紫外线整理的最优工艺为:壳聚糖浓度4 g/L,绿茶提取物浓度6 g/L,浸渍温度50℃,时间50 min。经优化工艺整理的棉织物具有优异的抗紫外线性能,经过30次洗涤后,其UPF值仍保持在45以上,具有良好的功能耐久性,且织物经复合整理后服用性能变化不大。     

5 种常见野生浆果的抗紫外线和抗微波辐射性能

通过亚甲基蓝酵母染色法,测定大兴安岭地区5 种野生浆果水浸提液对酿酒酵母抗辐射的保护作用。随着紫外线辐射距离的增加、辐射时间的减短、浸提液质量浓度的提高、浆果抗紫外线辐射作用增强。大兴安岭地区常见5 种浆果抗微波和抗紫外线辐射的顺序为：野生蓝莓＞红豆越橘＞五味子＞黑果花楸＞树莓。在功率120 W微波辐射20 s时,5 种浆果浸提液的抗微波辐射能力在90%以上;功率380 W,微波处理时间为20 s时,野生蓝莓、红豆越橘、五味子浆果浸提液抗微波辐射能力依然在90%左右,黑果花楸、树莓浆果浸提液的抗微波辐射能力较弱;功率780 W,微波处理时间为40 s时,野生蓝莓抗微波辐射能力仍有84%,其余4 种浆果浸提液的抗微波辐射能力大幅度下降。实验表明,大兴安岭地区5 种常见浆果浸提液均具有抗微波和抗紫外线辐射作用,其中野生蓝莓抗辐射能力最强。     

紫外线辐照花生油贮藏过程中的脂肪酸组成分析

目的:紫外线辐照花生油在贮藏过程中变化情况。方法:将对照组花生油置于254 nm的紫外灯下辐照处理40 min,将紫外组和对照组花生油分别置于40、50和60 ℃的条件下加速氧化贮藏,对28 d贮藏过程中花生油的脂肪酸组成变化进行分析,通过主成分分析和相关性分析探究紫外线辐照花生油的脂肪酸组成在贮藏过程中的相互之间的关系。结果:经紫外线辐照花生油在加速氧化贮藏过程中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量在贮藏21 d后呈迅速递增趋势,多不饱和脂肪酸在贮藏21 d后期呈迅速递减趋势,各种脂肪酸在贮藏过程中变化幅度比对照组大;温度越高,经紫外线辐照花生油各种脂肪酸组成在贮藏过程中变化幅度越大,当贮藏温度相对较低的时候,各种脂肪酸在贮藏过程中的变化不大;主成分分析和相关性分析表明,紫外线辐照花生油中亚油酸(C18:2n6)、亚麻酸(C18:3n3)与棕榈酸(C16:0)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1n9c)、花生酸(C20:0)、花生一烯酸(C20:1)、山嵛酸(C22:0)主要影响紫外组的脂肪酸组成,多不饱和脂肪酸与单不饱和脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸存在极显著的负相关,单不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸存在极显著的正相关。结论:紫外辐照花生油在贮藏过程中的脂肪酸组成比对照组的变化幅度大,较高的贮藏温度使紫外辐照花生油的脂肪酸组成和种类发生变化。     

抗菌防螨／防紫外复合功能整理工艺参数与性能研究

选用自制抗菌防螨、防紫外整理剂,采用“两浴法”对针织面料进行抗茵防螨／防紫外复合功能整理,通过改变烘焙时间、整理剂浓度、烘焙温度等整理工艺参数,探讨功能整理对针织物防紫外性能的影响。根据正交试验,确定防紫外整理优选工艺为：防紫外整理剂CZS／黏合剂CZS-1浓度40∥L,整理温度室温,整理时间25min。经该工艺整理后的针织物具有抗菌防螨／防紫外复合功能,且经30次水洗后仍具有较好的防紫外功能。     

Electron spectroscopy and microscopy applied to chemical and structural analysis of hair

The photolightening behavior of red hair was investigated. Red hair was found to lighten to a similar extent by irradiation from both ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) light. Under the same irradiating conditions, blond hair was lightened by VIS light but did not lighten by UV light until it was washed after irradiation. These different photolightening behaviors of red and blond hair are supposed to be due to differences in their melanin compositions. The dominant type of melanin in red hair is pheomelanin; while blond hair investigated in the previous work contained both eumelanin and pheomelanin, with mainly eumelanin. Consequently, in this investigation, the photolightening behaviors of red and blond hair were compared to clarify the differences in photosensitivity between the two types of melanin. It has been proven that chemically intact melanin in red hair is considerably more photolabile to UV light than VIS light. Also, it is much more easily decomposed by UV light than melanin granules in blond hair, although they are both similarly decomposed by VIS light. This indicates that pheomelanin is far more sensitive to UV light than eumelanin, while these two types of melanin are similarly sensitive to VIS light. This leads to the following hypothetical photolightening mechanism of red hair: When UV light is irradiated on red hair, the light is absorbed by hair protein and attenuated before it reaches the melanin granules. However, since pheomelanin is highly sensitive to UV light, even the attenuated UV light decomposes the pheomelanin to some extent. As a result, UV light lightens red hair without the need for subsequent washing, in contrast to blond hair, which consists of mainly eumelanin.     

A study of the photolightening mechanism of blond hair with visible and ultraviolet light

In this study the photolightening behavior of blond hair was investigated. The results demonstrated that visible (VIS) and ultraviolet (UV) light lighten blond hair through different mechanisms. VIS light was found to contribute much more to the lightening of blond hair than UV light, and acted directly, while UV light only lightened blond hair that had been washed following irradiation. VIS and UV light both, however, lightened to a similar degree isolated melanin granules and decomposed melanin granules that were exposed on a cross section of blond hair. These results indicate that melanin granules are equally sensitive to both forms of light while blond hair is most sensitive to VIS light. The results also indicate that hair tissues, excluding melanin granules, are damaged by UV light but not by VIS light. Based on these facts, the hypothetical lightening mechanism of UV light is assumed to be that UV light preferentially attacks and damages hair tissues rather than melanin granules. This occurs only after the hair is washed, as the washing process removes the melanin granules that effuse from loose hair fibers. In contrast, VIS light preferentially attacks and decomposes the melanin granules rather than other tissues, and also results in the lightening of blond hair but without the need for subsequent washing. We also found that while VIS light destroys the structure of isolated melanin granules, UV light does not act in a similar manner. Consequently, it is proven that VIS and UV light attack different sites of the melanin granule, even though the lightening rates from both light sources are similar.     

黑木耳黑色素鉴定及提取工艺优化

对黑木耳黑色素进行鉴定,并对提取工艺进行优化。黑木耳黑色素性质研究中发现色素溶于碱性溶液,不溶于水、酸及有机溶剂。运用紫外- 可见光谱扫描、傅里叶红外光谱扫描初步研究黑木耳黑色素的基本结构性质,鉴定表明黑木耳黑色素与酪氨酸合成黑色素相一致,为3,4- 二羟基苯丙氨酸(DOPA)类黑色素。提取工艺优化实验发现,采用超声波辅助提取并通过单因素及正交试验优化提取条件,得到最佳提取条件为提取时间80min、超声功率80W、氢氧化钠溶液浓度1.25mol/L、料液比(g/mL)1:30,在优化提取条件下粗品得率达到9.107%,与常规方法相比较,超声波辅助提取具有萃取工艺简单、提取时间短、提取效果较好等优点。     

雪地茶甲醇提取物体外抑菌活性及其稳定性研究

为初步探究雪地茶体外抑菌活性及其稳定性,采用平板打孔法测定雪地茶甲醇提取物对常见致病菌的体外抑菌活性,以金黄色葡萄球菌作为指示菌,测定不同温度、pH、紫外照射时间等因素对抑菌稳定性的影响,使用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇分级萃取甲醇提取物,确定其抑菌活性物质的极性,并测定其松萝酸含量。结果表明雪地茶甲醇提取物对革兰氏阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、斯氏李斯特菌、表面葡萄球菌、伊氏李斯特氏菌,革兰氏阴性菌如甲型副伤寒杆菌、乙型副伤寒杆菌以及致病真菌白色念珠菌等具有良好的抑菌效果。其中,对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为0.625、10 mg/mL;抑菌稳定性实验结果表明,温度对雪地茶甲醇提取物的抑菌活性无显著影响（P>0.05）,100 ℃处理30 min后仍具有较高的抑菌活性;紫外光照射40 min及50 min的处理组抑菌活性显著下降（P<0.05）,但抑菌率仍保持在90%以上;pH对雪地茶甲醇提取物的抑菌稳定性影响最大,当pH接近生理中性时（pH=6.0）,其抑菌活性与对照组（pH=4.83）无显著差异（P>0.05）,表现出较高抑菌活性,当pH较高（8.0、10.0）或较低（2.0、4.0）时,处理组的抑菌活性极显著下降（P<0.05）,且随着pH的升高或降低而降低;雪地茶甲醇提取物中松萝酸含量为0.8613%,乙酸乙酯萃取物中松萝酸含量为0.9379%。本实验结果证实雪地茶甲醇提取物具有一定的广谱抑菌效果且作用浓度较低,稳定性较好,可用于天然食品防腐剂和植源性抑菌药物的开发利用。     

Effect of different acids on the extraction of pepsin-solubilised collagen containing melanin from silky fowl feet

Four acid treatments: acetic acid (FA), citric acid (FC), hydrochloric acid (FH) and lactic acid (FL) were used in this study to extract the pepsin-solubilised collagen (PSC) containing melanin from silky fowl feet. The collagen content, melanin content, electrophoresis and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra (200–400 nm) were determined in order to develop a collagen with UV protection. Among four acid extractions, the acetic acid treatment had both the highest extracting yield (7.3%) and collagen content (516.6 mg/g). PSCs obtained from silky fowl feet using four acid extractions exhibited melanin content; whereas no similar observations were found in that of broiler feet by acetic acid extraction (FB). Moreover, the PSC via acetic acid extraction resulted in the significantly highest melanin content (210 mg/g) (P < 0.05), which contributed to UV absorption. In electrophoresis, three subunits were found in PSCs from silky fowl feet using the four acid extractions, which were different from typical type I collagen and assumed that the PSCs obtained from silky fowl feet consisted of more than two types of collagens.     

乌贼墨汁黑色素对糖尿病肾病小鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的：探究不同剂量的乌贼墨汁黑色素对链脲佐菌素（streptozocin,STZ）诱导的糖尿病肾病模型小鼠肾 脏的保护作用及其机制。方法：采用腹腔注射STZ方法建立糖尿病肾病小鼠模型,将实验小鼠分为正常组、模型 组、阳性治疗组（盐酸二甲双胍120 mg/kg,以体质量计,下同）、黑色素低（120 mg/kg）、中（240 mg/kg）、高 （480 mg/kg）剂量组,连续灌胃4 周,测定肾脏指数、肾功能、肾脏抗氧化体系相关酶活力;组织切片观察肾脏形 态变化;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（real time polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR）测定诱发肾脏纤维化细胞因 子的mRNA表达量。结果：与模型组相比,乌贼墨汁黑色素中、高剂量组能极显著增强肾功能（P＜0.01）,提高 抗氧化酶活性（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,减少丙二醛含量（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,降低肾纤维化转化生长因子及其受 体mRNA的表达（P＜0.01）,上调抗炎性因子过氧化酶体增殖物活化受体mRNA表达量（P＜0.01）;高剂量组肾 小管基底及系膜区细胞外基质积聚减轻,肾小管间质纤维化程度下降;低剂量组无显著差异。结论：中、高剂量的 乌贼墨汁黑色素能减轻糖尿病肾病的肾发炎,增强肾功能,其作用机制可能与提高肾脏抗氧化能力,抑制肾纤维化 细胞因子的过度表达相关。     

Daily Ingestion of Aloe Vera Gel Powder Containing Aloe Sterols Prevents Skin Photoaging in OVX Hairless Mice

Estrogen deficiencies associated with menopause accelerate spontaneous skin aging and stimulate the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation‐induced photoaging of skin. However, food compositions with the potential to ameliorate the UV irradiation‐induced acceleration of skin aging with menopause have not yet been investigated in detail. In the present study, we examined the ability of plant sterols derived from Aloe vera gel to prevent the UV irradiation‐induced acceleration of skin aging in ovariectomized mice. Skin transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was significantly higher in the ovariectomy group than in the sham operation group following UVB irradiation, whereas skin elasticity was significantly lower. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation induced greater reductions in skin hyaluronic acid levels and more severe collagen fiber damage in the derims in the ovariectomy group than in the sham group. The intake of AVGP significantly ameliorated this acceleration in skin aging by reducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and increasing that of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hyaluronan synthase (HAS) in the skin. These results indicate that AVGP supplementation prevents skin damage induced by UVB irradiation and ovariectomy in part by inhibiting damage to the extracellular matrix.     

ARTP与紫外线复合诱变选育高性能绿僵菌菌株

为获得高性能的金龟子绿僵菌菌株,本研究采用常压室温等离子体（Atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP）和紫外线复合诱变处理金龟子绿僵菌,通过比较产孢快慢和生长直径大小进行初筛,用抗紫外能力和毒力作为复筛指标选育菌株,并对育种获得的突变株进行耐热性和遗传稳定性试验,最终在ARTP 40 s和紫外120 s时筛选出一株产孢量高、耐紫外线、毒力强、遗传稳定的优良菌株AU34。该菌株产孢时间比原始菌株快,产孢量为1.63±0.22（108 cell/cm2）,较原始菌株提高了63.81%。经紫外照射5 min后,AU34存活率为3.18%,比原始菌株更耐紫外照射。并且AU34对小菜蛾的毒力强,校正死亡率为85.71%,半数致死时间（Half-lethal time,LT₅₀）为6.12 d。与原始菌株相比,AU34的耐热性也有较大提高。传代培养6代后,菌株AU34的产孢量无明显变化,具有良好的遗传稳定性。