用MCs^＋—SIMS技术研究Ti／Al2O3界面的组分分布

将ＭＣｓ＾＋－－ＳＩＭＳ技术应用扩展到了金属／绝缘体（Ｔ ｉ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３）界面分析。实验表明，选用ＭＣｓ＾＋进行分析时，克服了界面效应，取得了较好的组分分布的分析结果。随退火温度升高（室温，３００，６００，８５０℃）界面逐渐展宽，说明界面两边存在互扩散或发生了反应，且互扩散随退火温度升高而逐渐加强。随着退火温度升高，ＡｌＣｓ＾＋的信号逐步进入Ｔｉ层相应区域中，并形成两层平台，表明Ａｌ逐渐扩散到Ｔｉ     

退火Fe_（73．5）Cu_1Nb_3Si_（13．5）B_9合金中α－Fe（S

用ＸＲＤ法研究了退火Ｆｅ７３．５Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３Ｓｉ１３．５Ｂ９合金中α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）晶化相的有序化过程．结果表明，Ｆｅ７３．５Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３Ｓｉ１３．５Ｂ９非晶合金在４９０℃，１ｈ退火后，α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）晶化相是具有ＤＯ３结构的有序相，有序畴为球形，直径为７．０ｎｍ，它随退火温度的升高而长大，在５９０℃退火后达１０．９ｎｍ，与α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）的尺寸相当．此时，α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）的有序度为０．８在８５０℃，１ｈ退火后，α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）的ＤＯ３超点阵线条消失．在５５０℃等温退火时，α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）的ＤＯ３有序畴先为椭球状，于６０ｍｉｎ退火后形成球状，直径为１０ｎｍ．     

ASP+罩式退火工艺下Ti-IF钢析出相研究

对ASP中薄板坯连铸连轧和罩式退火工艺下生产的Ti-IF钢,定量研究其热状态和退火态的析出相。在热轧工序未发现Ti C二相粒子析出,而发现少量Fe Ti P二相粒子析出,Fe Ti P在基体中起强化作用,并阻碍有利织构的形成,其存在对Ti-IF钢的成型性能有害。     

预退火对Fe73.5Cu1Mo3Si13.5B9纳米晶合金形成的影响

采用Ｘ射线衍射，电子衍射及透射电子显微技术研究了Ｆｅ７３．５Ｃｕ１－ｘＭｏ３Ｓｉ１３．５Ｂ９非晶合金４１０℃预退火对随后４８０℃退火所形成的纳米晶结构的影响。结果表明，预退火对Ｆｅ７３。０５，Ｃｕ１Ｍｏ３Ｓｉ１３．５Ｂ９合金纳米晶结构的形成有重要影响。当预退火时间从０小时增加到３小时，合金在４８０℃，小时退火形成的晶相化α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）的晶粒尺寸从１５ｎｍ减小到８ｎｍ。预退火使α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）相的     

Cu和Nb对非晶态Fe—Si—B合金等温晶化过程的影响

采用示差扫描量热卡计（ＤＳＣＩ）得到了非晶态Ｆｅ－Ｓｉ－Ｂ合金加入Ｃｕ和Ｎｂ后的等温晶化放热曲线，结合Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）分析，明确了Ｃｕ和Ｎｂ在形成纳米α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）晶体相时的作用。此外，非晶态Ｆｅ７６．５Ｓｉ１３．５Ｂ９Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３等温化的α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）放热峰呈明显的非对称形状。     

Ti(IV)在介孔氧化硅MCM-41中的液相移植

以钛酸丁酯为原料,通过液相移植反应,在介孔氧化硅ＭＣＭ－４１中成功地组装了Ｔｉ（ＩＶ）,利用ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ、ＥＤＳ、ＦＴ－ＩＲ、Ｎ_２吸附－脱附、^２９Ｓｉ ＭＡＳ ＮＭＲ等多种实验方法对材料进行了表征,并讨论了液相移植反应的机理．实验表明,通过与介孔材料骨架表面Ｑ^３硅原子中的硅醇键（Ｓｉ－ＯＨ）的反应而形成钛－氧－硅（Ｔｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ）键,Ｔｉ（ＩＶ）被成功地固定到介孔材料的骨架上面; ９５０～９６０ｃｍ^－１红外共振吸收的加强是Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｔｉ键形成的标志．     

Fe-Ti-C系燃烧合成反应的热力学分析

利用相图计算技术（ＣＡＬＰＨＡＤ）对Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ－Ｃ燃烧合成反应体系进行热力学分析,着重研究Ｆｅ含量和Ｃ／Ｔｉ原子比对体系绝热燃烧温度Ｔ_ａｄ和平衡相组成的影响．研究结果表明,Ｆｅ含量对 Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ－Ｃ三元系的平衡相组成影响不大,但对绝热燃烧温度的影响非常大．当保持Ｃ／Ｔｉ原子比接近１．０时,不管Ｆｅ含量如何变化;在２９８Ｋ下均会得到理想的平衡相组织ＴｉＣ＋Ｆｅ 随Ｆｅ含量增加,体系的绝热燃烧温度大致呈线性降低．Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ－Ｃ体系发生ＳＨＳ反应的热力学条件之一（Ｔ_ａｄ＞１８００Ｋ）是Ｆｅ＜５５ｗｔ％．而 Ｃ／Ｔｉ原子比对绝热燃烧温度的影响比较小,但对平衡相组成影响非常大,主要表现在两个方面：①石墨相的析出温度不同．随Ｃ／Ｔｉ原子比降低,析出温度也随之降低．②在各温区石墨相的含量不同．当 Ｃ／Ｔｉ在１．０～１．４变化时,石墨相含量在低温区由１％提高到１６％．     

THE ORDERING OF THE α-Fe(Si)PHASE IN Fe_(73.5)Cu_1Nb_3Si_(13.5)B_9 ANNEALED ALLOY

用ＸＲＤ法研究了退火Ｆｅ７３．５Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３Ｓｉ１３．５Ｂ９合金中α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）晶化相的有序化过程，结果表明，Ｆｅ７３．５Ｃｕ１Ｎｂ３Ｓｉ１３．５Ｂ９非晶合金在４９０℃，１ｈ退火后，α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）晶化相是具有ＤＯ３结构的有序相，有序畴为球形，直径为７．０ｎｍ，它随退炎温度的升颃是长大，在５９０℃退火后达１０．９ｎｍ，与α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）的尺寸相当，此时α－Ｆｅ（Ｓｉ）的有序度为０．８，在８５０℃     

Ti-C-Fe体系自蔓延高温合成的反应动力学过程和结构形成过程

采用燃烧波峰铜楔块淬熄法和热分析法,研究Ｔｉ－Ｃ－Ｆｅ体系自蔓延高温合成的反应动力学过程的结构形成过程,在该体系ＳＨＳ过程中,首先形成Ｆｅ,Ｔｉ低共熔体,Ｃ在高温下溶解于熔体之中,进而形成富ＴｉＣｘ。在主波峰后Ｃ继续通过扩散与Ｔｉｃｘ反应形成接近化学计量比的ＴｉＣ。熔融金属的流动导致大团聚体形成,在团聚体内反应形成小颗粒ＴｉＣ在燃烧波过后的持续高温阶段,ＴｉＣ粒子继续长大。     

流态化CVD制备TiO2—Al2O3复合粒子

本文探讨了流态化ＣＶＤ反应器中Ｔｉ（ＯＣ４Ｈ９）４水解制备ＴｉＯ２－Ａｌ２Ｏ３复合粒子新工艺，借助于ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ、ＢＥＴ、ＸＲＦ和ＥＰＭＡ等现代测试手段研究了复合粒子结构和包覆过程特征。结果表明，在流态化ＣＶＤ反应器中Ａｌ２Ｏ３超细颗粒以团聚体形式存在，ＴｉＯ２包覆量随Ｔｉ（ＯＣ４Ｈ９）４进料浓度升高而增加，但反应温度影响不大；在包覆过程中，同时存在成核和成膜，成核包覆使复合粒子比表面积增加，成     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.