燃烧合成（CS）过程的致密化研究

燃烧合成是合成材料的新技术，但是，燃烧合成的产品多呈疏松状态，不具有工业利用价值。要获得致密的合成材料必须和其它的致密化工艺相配合。归纳总结了燃烧合成的致密化过程的研究现状，并着重介绍了几种颇有价值的致密化技术。     

机械球磨Cu-15%Cr复合粉末的致密化工艺研究

探讨机械球磨Cu—15％Cr复合粉末经真空烧结后采用热静液挤压致密化的可能性．研究了机械球磨时间、烧结温度、保温时间和挤压温度等工艺参数对材料致密化的影响．结果表明，热静液挤压工艺可以有效的促进机械球磨复合粉末的致密，所获得的材料具有优异的组织性能．     

粉末冶金高致密化的新途径

针对粉末冶金行业近年来出现的提高制品致密化的新途径，重点综述了温压技术、模壁润滑技术、动态磁力压制技术、爆炸压制技术、高速压制技术、等离子放电烧结技术的原理、特点和应用情况。     

温压技术及其致密化机制的研究进展

综合评述了国内外温压技术的研究进展，并对其致密机制进行了探讨，在此基础上，对今后的研究方向提出了几点建议。     

陶瓷粉末材料压制过程的数学模拟

粉末冶金及陶瓷粉末压制工艺常伴随密度分布不均匀的局限性，这在随后的烧结过程中可能导致工件的畸变与开裂。计算机模拟压制过程是达到控制密度变化及正确设计工艺参数的重要途径。介绍一个适合于描述粉末材料在压制过程中变形行为的数学模型，其中包括粉末的力学基本方程；极限原理及与传统上，下限原理的比较。最后介绍用ＲＩＴＺ方法求近似解用于典型压制过得的实例。     

Al—Ti—C—Cu系粉末激光烧结体微观结构和致密性研究

采用激光高温烧结合成的方法研究了Al-Ti—C—Cu体系粉末合成产物的微观结构和致密性变化特征．结果表明,在反应过程中,首先发生的是Al的熔化,然后Cu和Al反应生成了AlzCu相,最后TiC相从饱和的固溶体中析出;而且,随着cu含量的增加,系统的燃烧温度下降,并且产品的孔隙率降低,TiC颗粒的尺寸减小．     

Cu-Al合金粉末烧结过程的致密化和内氧化研究

研究了一种新型简化内氧化工艺制备Cu-Al2O3复合材料烧结过程中的致密化和内氧化。结果表明,混合粉末压制成形后的压坯密度随烧结时间延长而增加,经950℃烧结8 h后稳定在7.96 g/cm3左右,较烧结前密度增幅达4.3%;同时Cu-Al合金颗粒完成了内氧化,生成了大量粒状的Al2O3并弥散分布于铜基体,其粒径约为5~20 nm,颗粒间距约为25~60 nm。理论计算表明,当Cu-Al合金颗粒间孔隙直径小于27.5μm时,粉末压坯发生收缩,密度增加;当孔隙直径大于27.5μm时,压坯发生膨胀,密度降低。实际上密度的变化是收缩和膨胀两种效应综合作用的结果。     

Cu2O—Cu系金属陶瓷制备工艺研究

研究了以氧化亚铜为基,添加以金属铜作为导电组元的金属陶瓷的制备工艺,随着压制压力的增加和烧结时间的延长,所制备材料的密度呈规律性地递增,合理的工艺参数为P≥300MPa,t=10h至20h,烧结粉末体中含w(Cu)达30％时,其密实化过程及动力学曲线与粉末材料的已知规律拟合得非常好。     

钼铜复合粉末的致密化及性能

对微波辅助法制备的钼铜复合粉末进行压制烧结,研究其致密化行为及复合材料性能。结果表明:烧结温度是控制钼铜复合材料成分、微观组织及综合性能的关键因素。1100℃下烧结的钼铜复合材料Cu含量最接近设计含量,过高的烧结温度将引起铜的损耗。在较低的烧结温度下(≤1100℃),复合材料的力学性能和物理性能随温度的升高而升高,但是过高的烧结温度(1200℃)会引起铜相的大量损失及颗粒异常长大,从而导致复合材料密度、硬度、导电率及导热率的降低。通过优化实验参数,1100℃下的复合材料具有理想的微观结构,铜相损失较少,复合材料成分接近设计成分,钼铜两相分散较为均匀,力学性能及物理性能优异,复合材料的密度、硬度、抗弯强度、电导率及热导率分别为9.79g/cm^3,229.1HV,837.76MPa,24.97×10~6S·m^-1和176.57W·m^-1·K^-1。     

热压BN掺杂SiAlON陶瓷的致密化过程研究

以Si3N4粉、AlN粉、Y2O3粉以及BN粉末为原料，采用热压烧结（HP）方法在N2气氛、1900℃条件下制备BN掺杂α-SiAlON陶瓷，研究BN掺杂SiAlON陶瓷的致密化过程。BN粉末经造粒形成粒径约为0．5mm的球形颗粒，其掺量分别为SiAlON原始粉末质量的5％和10％。研究结果表明：BN的掺量对BN／SiAlON陶瓷的收缩趋势和致密化过程的温度范围无影响，BN掺量不同的两条相对收缩量曲线吻合得非常好，收缩均始于1650℃左右，结束于1705℃；在烧结温度相同的情况下，较高的BN掺量有助于提高BN／SiAlON陶瓷烧结过程的收缩速率和样品的总收缩量，在促进致密化进程的同时能够提高陶瓷的致密度。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定螺旋藻粉中的铅和镉

采用微波消解石墨炉原子吸收法测定螺旋藻粉中Pb、Cd。方法的检出限Pb：0．93μg／L,Cd：0．015μg／L,回收率96—108％,RSD小于7．3％。结果表明该方法准确、快速、令人满意。     

基于热压缩的Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金动态再结晶行为研究

目的 获得Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金动态再结晶临界模型,描述热变形参数对动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的影响规律.方法 基于前期通过Gleeble-3500热模拟机得到的热压缩实验数据,分析Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金在不同热变形参数下的再结晶晶粒尺寸及流变应力数据,采用线性回归拟合等方式建立动态再结晶模型,并利用数值模拟与实验相结...     

铁基粉末冶金制件烧结时纳米铜在界面的作用

为研究微量纳米铜添加到铁基粉末冶金件中烧结时对粒界扩散的作用.试验选择添加0.5%纳米铜的铁基粉末,通过高能球磨混合压制成样品,分别在不同温度相同保温时间及相同温度不同保温时间进行烧结,将上述试样冲击产生断口,通过SEM观察断口上纳米铜形貌变化.结果表明,纳米铜在铁基粉末冶金制品烧结过程中,保温时间相同随烧结温度升高和在相同烧结温度下随保温时间的延长在界面上发生快速吸附、溶解和扩散,使其团聚长大,在较低温度溶解于铁基粉末颗粒表面,明显降低烧结温度,由传统的工艺温度1180℃降低到920℃.     

Cd1-xMnxS稀磁半导体纳米线的制备和研究

采用多孔氧化铝模板,通过直流电化学沉积法成功制备出不同掺杂浓度的Cd1-xMnxS纳米线,用XRD、SEM、HRTEM对纳米线的成分、形貌、结构进行了系统分析,并用SQUID对样品进行了磁性测量,结果表明,制得的Cd1-xMnxS纳米线呈单晶CdS纤锌矿结构,而且沿002方向有择优取向性,没有发现其它含Mn的化合物生成。从ZFC/FC曲线看出样品的居里温度接近于室温,且在低温处存在奇异现象。45K和300K下测量的的M-H曲线显示磁滞现象,测得的矫顽力分别是300Oe和100Oe,说明样品具有铁磁性。样品的紫外-可见光反射谱显示Cd1-xMnxS纳米线的吸收边并不随掺杂浓度x单调变化,而是随着掺杂量的增大能隙先减小后增大。掺杂度在1%处能隙有最小值。     

热复合磁脉冲粉末压坯致密度的试验研究

对加热Cu粉末进行磁脉冲致密试验研究,探索提高压坯致密度且不使粉末颗粒产生明显长大的致密方法.通过压坯平均致密度和微观金相形貌分析,揭示了加热温度、放电参数和粉末体高径比等工艺参数对Cu粉末热复合磁脉冲致密压坯致密度的影响规律.研究表明:压坯致密度不随温度升高而线性增加,200℃时的致密度最高;在给定放电能量和200℃下,压坯的致密度随电压和电容量增加而提高,随粉末质量增加而降低;3次放电显著改善压坯致密效果,致密度达98.75%,再增加次数的影响甚微.     

冷拉变形及退火对新型70Cu-1Sn黄铜组织和性能的影响

本文研究了不同冷拉变形量和退火处理对新型70Cu-1Sn黄铜显微组织和性能的影响。结果表明:在铜锌二元合金中加入少量Sn、Al、P、Ni合金元素构成了新型的70Cu-1Sn合金,合金元素以固溶体的形式存在于晶粒内部,合金为α单相组织。随着冷拉拔变形量增大,沿着冷拉拔方向晶粒的变形程度逐渐增大,当变形量达43%时出现片状纤维组织;衍射峰宽化程度逐渐增大,没有发生相变或者有序化转变。加工硬化过程中合金的硬度、抗拉强度、脱锌腐蚀深度和腐蚀电流密度快速增加,但其伸长率、腐蚀电位逐渐降低,导致合金耐腐蚀性逐渐变差。退火态的合金以等轴晶为主,晶粒内部有一定数量的退火孪晶,其脱锌腐蚀深度约为17μm,其脱锌腐蚀深度远小于加工率43%的合金的155μm,其腐蚀电位最高且电流密度最小。     

Impact of powder composition on processing-relevant properties of pharmaceutical materials: An experimental study

In this work, we studied the influence of powder composition on packing density and other processing-relevant properties of binary mixtures, including powder flowability. Binary mixtures of pharmaceutical powders with different particle size ratios, α and varying fractions of large and small particles were analyzed systematically. Mixtures of three excipients and one API with different composition (2, 5, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 95 and 98 wt%) were prepared in a Turbula mixer. Powders with different properties and particle size distribution were chosen, in order to obtain three binary mixtures with different size ratios. Then, macroscopic powder properties including bulk (poured) and tapped density (BD and TD) were measured. A powder rheometer was used to measure the flow function coefficient (ffc), cohesion, compressibility and permeability of the binary mixtures. We considered experimentally three classes of binary mixtures, which are characterized by two critical ratios of particle diameter: the critical size ratio of entrance (α_c) and the critical size ratio of replacement (α_r), where α_c = 0.154 and α_r = 0.741. Below the critical size ratio of entrance (α_c), the particle asymmetry (ratio between large and small particle diameters) is high and small particles can fill the voids between larger ones. Between α_c and the critical size ratio of replacement (α_r), the smaller particles are too large to fit in the voids between larger particles (packing structure changes). Above α_r, the particles are more or less symmetric in size and overall packing structure does not change by mixing the particles. Our experiments show that there is a non-linear and non-monotonic dependence of all relevant properties on composition for powder mixtures that have an α < α_r. This non-linear behavior is even more significant for strongly asymmetric binary mixtures with α < α_c. We argue that this behavior is related to the composition dependence of random packing of particulate systems. Our results have relevance to pharmaceutical particle processing operations where constant powder mixture properties are needed to ensure quality standards are met; such operations include capsule or die filling during tableting, and the continuous feeding of powders via screw feeders. Our results suggest that for pharmaceutical particle processing operations, where constant powder mixture properties are a prerequisite for process robustness, the size ratio of API and excipient particles, α should not be smaller than α_r = 0.741.     

Microstructure and properties of Cu-Cr-Nb alloy powder prepared by argon gas atomization

The Cu-2Cr-1Nb (at%) alloy powder was prepared by close-coupled argon gas atomization. The morphology, microstructure and phase were characterized by SEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED and XRD. The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness of the powder were investigated. The alloy matrix had equiaxed crystal structure, and the second phase was Cr₂Nb intermetallic compound in sub-micron and nano-scale. Compared with large powder, the second phase of small powder is finer, and its distribution in the matrix is more uniform, the microhardness of the small powder is higher. After heat treatment at 773 K for 1 h, Cr and Nb precipitated and formed a large number of small precipitates, age hardening and peak aging phenomena occurred, and the peak hardness of the powder reached 130 HV. With the increase of heat treatment temperature, the second phase was coarsened. When the heat treatment temperature was 973 K, the short-time heat treatment hardening and long-time heat treatment softening were shown. However, after the heat treatment at 1223 K, only softening phenomenon was observed. This method can be used to prepare the excellent powder for Cu-Cr-Nb alloy, which can be used as a potential structural material for aerospace.     

Experimental investigation on wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) of Nimonic C-263 superalloy

Nimonic C-263 superalloy offers a wide range of outstanding properties, namely, high-temperature resistance, high specific strength, high thermal fatigue, and hot corrosion resistance. The concern of the present study is mainly focused on the effect of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) process parameters namely, spark energy, spark frequency, and peak current on surface roughness, average cutting rate, and surface integrity aspects of Nimonic C-263 superalloy by using one-parameter-at-a-time (OPAT) approach. Surface roughness and average cutting rate were showing the increasing trend with the spark energy and peak current and reverse trend with the spark frequency. Surface integrity aspects of Nimonic C-263 such as surface topography, surface morphology, recast layer thickness, elemental composition, and phase analysis have been also considered in this study. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the machined surface shows the presence of micro-voids, discharge craters, micro-globules, and droplets of molten material. A recast layer of minimum thickness, with less transfer of foreign atoms (Mo, C, and O) from dielectric fluid and molybdenum wire, has been formed at lower spark energy compared to higher spark energy. The various compounds of Ni, Fe, Al, and Ti such as Fe_1.2Ni_0.8, Fe_1.5Ni_0.5, Co_0.06Fe_0.94, and Al_o.29Ni_0.27Ti_0.44 were formed on the machined surface identified through analysis of XRD peaks.     

衬底及生长工艺对Hg_1－_xCd_xTe液相外延薄膜的影响

用扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）、能量散射Ｘ射线分析（ＥＤＸ）及Ｘ射线双晶摇摆曲线（ＤＣＲＣ）方法对衬底及Ｈｇ１－ｘＣｄｘＴｅ液相外延（ＬＰＥ）薄膜的生长表面进行了研究。发现采用生长前衬底表面覆盖、回熔ＬＰＥ生长措施，可以防止衬底沾污对液相外延层形貌的影响，大大改善Ｈｇ１－ｘＣｄｘＴｅ外延层的晶体质量