Psu: a novel low-latency constant-degree overlay network

Many structured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems supported by distributed hash table (DHT) schemas have been proposed recently to improve the scalability of distributed virtual application systems. By organizing the peers based on interconnection topologies, existing proposed schemas are purely based on the logical relationship without knowledge of the physical networks. In this paper, we propose a new structured DHT schema, which receives routing information not just from virtual neighbors in P2P overlay network, but also from nearby physical neighbors. The average degree of our model is 5, the diameter is logarithmic. The simulation shows that our model achieves shorter query path length, higher clustering, and better robustness than other overlay networks which have the same level of degree and diameter.     

结构化P2P网络拓扑匹配技术综述 *

结构化P2P网络中由DHT（分布式哈希表）来决定网络中资源的映射位置,这种方式在系统的可扩展 性和资源的定位速度上都有了很大的提高。但是,在利用DHT构建覆盖网络时,并没有过多地考虑底层物理拓 扑结构,因而产生了逻辑拓扑与物理拓扑的失配问题,造成了很多不必要的路由,降低了资源定位的效率。针对 这种情况进行了大量的文献调研,对结构化P2P网络拓扑匹配现有的算法进行了介绍,分析了各种算法的优缺 点,并在现有算法的基础上进一步展开研究。     

P2P VOD系统邻居节点查找算法

P2P流媒体点播系统中,由于用户的VCR操作存在不确定性,在查找合作节点时存在一定困难。针对该问题,提出了一种基于预测的邻居节点选择算法。描述了基于虚拟直播频道的点播系统覆盖网构建方式,将系统中的节点通过DHT协议的方式组织起来。提出了一种基于用户行为的学习预测策略模型,根据该模型预测结果提前查找所需邻居节点。仿真实验表明,该算法能改善用户跳转响应延时,促进节点协作。     

Hierarchical architectures in structured peer-to-peer overlay networks

Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) are presently used in several large-scale systems in the Internet and envisaged as a key mechanism to provide identifier-locator separation for mobile hosts in Future Internet. Such P2P-based systems become increasingly complex serving popular social networking, resource sharing applications, and Internet-scale infrastructures. Hierarchy is a standard mechanism for coping with heterogeneity and scalability in distributed systems. To address the shortcomings of flat DHT designs, many hierarchical P2P designs have been proposed over recent years. The last generation is hierarchical DHTs (HDHTs) where nodes are organized onto layers and groups. This article discusses hierarchical architectures applied in structured P2P overlay networks, focusing on HDHT designs. We introduce a framework consisting of conceptual models of network hierarchy, multi-layer hierarchical DHT architectures, principles affecting the design choices, and cost models for system tradeoff analysis, performance evaluation, and scalability estimation. Based on the framework we provide a taxonomy and survey more than 20 hierarchical HDHT proposals.     

An adaptive latency mitigation scheme for massively multiuser virtual environments

As massively multiuser virtual environments (MMVEs) expand in terms of size and user population, they tend toward using P2P architectures as a way to provide scalability without the need for large centralized resources. Distributed hash table (DHT)-based networks have been introduced as a promising option for overlay-based distributed massively multiuser virtual environment applications. However, overlay latency stretch seriously affects MMVE performance where QoS is crucial for real-time user collaboration. This work includes a series of efforts in the alleviation of such undesired latency. Our approach to latency mitigation consists of two phases. First, we propose a position-based ID assignment approach to minimize message hop-count by exploiting the clustered pattern of traffic exchange among MMVE users. Second, we introduce a new ant-based distributed neighbor selection scheme that can be used by MMVE users to select the best neighbors within their areas of interest. In order to evaluate the performance of this heuristic approach, we model the neighbor selection problem in the form of a network flow problem and use its solution as an optimality bound to compare the results. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms will compensate for DHT latency stretch to a high extent and the performance of the resulting system would closely follow the optimal bound while communication overhead is negligible.     

基于分布式范围树的结构化P2P多维范围查询

基于分布式哈希表（DHT）的结构化P2P网络具有扩展性好、健壮和自组织等优点,但只支持精确匹配的查询.本文提出一种基于分布式范围树的结构化P2P范围查询方法（DRT-RQ）,该方法将多维索引的分布式范围树分发到已有的结构化DHT覆盖网络中,利用DHT系统提供的数据查找接口,有效实现数据对象的范围查询.实验结果表明,基于分布式范围树的范围查询（DRT-RQ）比基于前缀哈希树的范围查询（PHT-RQ）需要更短的查询延时.     

DHT网络中并发下载及安全防御机制的实现

本文对并发下载技术进行了研究,并在此基础上实现了基于Chord算法的并发下载机制。现在,大多数结构化P2P网络都构建于基于DHT的覆盖式网络之上。文中分析了DHT算法的基本原理、特点和结构,研究了Chord算法在P2P通信、系统稳定性和容错性保障等方面所起的关键作用。所实现的下载机制能够适应大量节点的并发下载请求,并且有效地地解决了基于DHT算法的大规模P2P系统所固有的一些安全问题,特别是网络中节点之间的信任问题,在即使有 的生存能力得到显著增强。     

一种结构化P2P网络拓扑匹配的通用算法

与非结构化P2P网络相比,结构化P2P网络具有良好的可扩展性、鲁棒性。但是结构化P2P覆盖网络是直接建立在逻辑网络之上,没有过多地考虑底层物理网络拓扑结构,导致逻辑拓扑结构与物理拓扑结构严重不匹配。本文提出一种新的协议无关的拓扑匹配算法,将现有的界标节点、自适应匹配算法与IP分配策略相结合构建初始拓扑结构,优化节点交换算法来维护拓扑结构。模拟实验表明,本算法提高了网络的拓扑匹配度,具有更低的通信开销。     

IPv6中基于节点异构的P2P改进系统

对等网络(Peer-to-Peer,P2P)系统中,对于目标节点的准确定位是一个很重要的研究方向.目前已有的基于分布式哈希表(Distributed Hash Tables,DHT)技术的结构化P2P系统,最基本的功能是提供文件的精确定位.但是这些结构化P2P系统都没有考虑现实网络中节点的异构性,无一例外的都认为每个P2P节点的资源1是等同的,这一点和现实网络相违背.本文在此基础上提出结合IPv6地址聚类性,同时考虑各个节点资源差异的一种改进寻路效率的P2P系统模型RCchord6(Resource-Considered Chord in IPv6),该模型能够贴合现实网络的布局.分析和仿真结果表明,该模型能够有效地减小P2P系统的寻路延时,提高寻路效率.     

PGSW-OS: a novel approach for resource management in a semantic web operating system based on a P2P grid architecture

A web operating system is an operating system that users can access from any hardware at any location. A peer-to-peer (P2P) grid uses P2P communication for resource management and communication between nodes in a grid and manages resources locally in each cluster, and this provides a proper architecture for a web operating system. Use of semantic technology in web operating systems is an emerging field that improves the management and discovery of resources and services. In this paper, we propose PGSW-OS (P2P grid semantic Web OS), a model based on a P2P grid architecture and semantic technology to improve resource management in a web operating system through resource discovery with the aid of semantic features. Our approach integrates distributed hash tables (DHTs) and semantic overlay networks to enable semantic-based resource management by advertising resources in the DHT based upon their annotations to enable semantic-based resource matchmaking. Our model includes ontologies and virtual organizations. Our technique decreases the computational complexity of searching in a web operating system environment. We perform a simulation study using the Gridsim simulator, and our experiments show that our model provides enhanced utilization of resources, better search expressiveness, scalability, and precision.     

基于DHT的拓扑感知节点聚集算法

在文件共享、流媒体和协作计算等P2P应用模型中,节点间采用单播通信并构建出对应的覆盖网络.由于覆盖网络通常建立在已有的底层网络之上,节点随机加入系统将导致上下层网络拓扑不匹配,不仅增加了节点间通信延时而且给底层网络带来较大的带宽压力.当前的拓扑匹配算法尚存在可扩展性低、节点聚集时延长等问题.在网络坐标算法和DHT算法基础之上,提出一种分布式的拓扑感知节点聚集算法TANRA,利用等距同心圆簇对节点二维网络坐标平面进行等面积划分,并根据节点所处区域进行多层命名空间中区间的一一映射.由于保留了节点之间的邻近关系,从而可使用DHT基本的"发布"和"搜索"原语进行相邻节点聚集.仿真结果表明,TANRA算法在大规模节点数时能有效保证网络拓扑匹配,并且具有较低的加入延时.     

Robust random number generation for peer-to-peer systems

We consider the problem of designing an efficient and robust distributed random number generator for peer-to-peer systems that is easy to implement and works even if all communication channels are public. A robust random number generator is crucial for avoiding adversarial join–leave attacks on peer-to-peer overlay networks. We show that our new generator together with a light-weight rule recently proposed in [B. Awerbuch, C. Scheideler, Towards a scalable and robust DHT, in: Proc. of the 18th ACM Symp. on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, SPAA, 2006. See also http://www14.in.tum.de/personen/scheideler] for keeping peers well distributed can keep various structured overlay networks in a robust state even under a constant fraction of adversarial peers.     

A Read-Only Distributed Hash Table

A distributed hash table (DHT) is an infrastructure to support resource discovery in large distributed systems. In a DHT, data items such as resources, indexes of resources or resource metadata, are distributed across an overlay network based on a hash function. However, this may not be desirable in commercial applications such as Grid and cloud computing whereby the presence of multiple administrative domains leads to the issues of data ownership and self-economic interests. In this paper, we present R-DHT (Read-only DHT), a DHT-based resource discovery scheme without distributing data items. To map each data item back onto its resource owner, a physical host, we virtualize each host into virtual nodes. Nodes are further organized as a segment-based overlay network which increases node failure resiliency without replicating data items. We demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed scheme by presenting R-Chord, an implementation of R-DHT using Chord as the underlying overlay graph, with lookup and maintenance optimizations. Through analytical and simulation analyses, we evaluate the performance of R-DHT and compare it with traditional DHTs in terms of lookup path length, resiliency to node failures, and maintenance overhead. Overall, we found that R-DHT is effective and efficient for resource indexing and discovery in large distributed systems with a strong commercial requirement.     

内容寻址网络性能优化策略

内容寻址网络（Content Addressable Network：CAN）是结构化P2P的一种实现方案，它使用分布式哈希表（DHT）实现了文件信息和它的存储位置的映射．它的结构简单，节点的邻居数目固定且不随网络规模的变化而改变，具有良好的可扩展性．但是对于大规模应用，它存在着寻路时跳数过多，逻辑网络和物理网络不匹配的问题．本文首先介绍内容寻址网络的基本原理，然后提出一种层次化的CAN模型，在减少平均寻路跳数的同时使物理网络与逻辑网络更好地匹配，减少寻路时延．最后通过仿真的方法证明改进方法的有效性．     

Building Efficient Overlays

Peer-to-peer (P2P) and Grid computing systems have emerged as popular models aiming at further utilizing Internet information and resources, complementing the available client–server services. However, the mechanism of peers randomly choosing logical neighbors without any knowledge about underlying physical topology can cause a serious topology mismatch problems between the overlay network and the physical underlying network. The topology mismatch problem brings a great stress in the Internet infrastructure and greatly limits the performance gain from various search or routing techniques in P2P and Grid systems. Aiming at alleviating the mismatch problem and reducing the unnecessary traffic, we have proposed two approaches, adaptive overlay topology optimization (AOTO) and location-aware topology matching (LTM) techniques, to reduce the total traffic cost and average query response time. Both AOTO and LTM are scalable and completely distributed in the sense that they do not require any global knowledge of the whole overlay network when each node is optimizing the organization of its logical neighbors. This paper shows the effectiveness of AOTO and LTM and compares the performance of these two approaches through simulation studies.     

一种基于物理网络拓扑的高效Chord模型

在结构化P2P系统中,建立逻辑overlay时没有考虑底层物理网络拓扑结构,其路由机制主要是根据节点逻辑上的相邻性进行设计,导致物理网络邻近节点的延迟较大。该文在Chord 基础上提出一种P-Chord系统模型,利用物理网络的拓扑结构,在节点路由表中增加了邻居表,实验证明P-Chord在路由延迟和覆盖网络的跳数上相比Chord都有较好的改善。     

A novel constant degree and constant congestion DHT scheme for peer-to-peer networks

1 Introduction and related work In recent years, peer-to-peer computing has attracted significant attention from both industry field and academic field[1-3]. The core component of many proposed peer-to- peer systems is the distributed hash table (DHT) schemes[4,5] that use a hash table-like interface to publish and look up data objects. Many proposed DHT schemes[6-15] are based on some traditional interconnection to- pology: Chord[6], Tapestry[7,8], Pastry[9] are based on hypercube topolog…     

Assisted Peer-to-Peer Search with Partial Indexing

In the past few years, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have become a promising paradigm for building a wide variety of distributed systems and applications. The most popular P2P application till today is file sharing, e.g., Gnutella, Kazza, etc. These systems are usually referred to as unstructured, and search in unstructured P2P networks usually involves flooding or random walking. On the other hand, in structured P2P networks (DHTs), search is usually performed by looking up a distributed inverted index. The efficiency of the search mechanism is the key to the scalability of a P2P content sharing system. So far, neither unstructured nor structured P2P networks alone can solve the search problem in a satisfactory way. In this paper, we propose to combine the strengths of both unstructured and structured P2P networks to achieve more efficient search. Specifically, we propose to enhance search in unstructured P2P overlay networks by building a partial index of shared data using a structured P2P network. The index maintains two types of information: the top interests of peers and globally unpopular data, both characterized by data properties. The proposed search protocol, assisted search with partial indexing, makes use of the index to improve search in three ways: first, the index assists peers to find other peers with similar interests and the unstructured search overlay is formed to reflect peer interests. Second, the index also provides search hints for those data difficult to locate by exploring peer interest locality, and these hints can be used for second-chance search. Third, the index helps to locate unpopular data items. Experiments based on a P2P file sharing trace show that the assisted search with a lightweight partial indexing service can significantly improve the success rate in locating data than Gnutella and a hit-rate-based protocol in unstructured P2P systems, while incurring low search latency and overheads.