钢铝混合车身连接工艺的应用与发展

在节能减排的背景下,汽车轻量化成为大势所趋。综合考虑成本、性能及轻量化效果,钢铝混合车身是未来重要的发展趋势,但钢铝异种材料的连接成为发展的难点。详细介绍3种现阶段钢铝异种材料的连接工艺,包括原理、应用、高强钢带来的挑战以及最新进展,为钢铝混合车身的设计与制造提供参考。     

轿车车身轻量化及其对连接技术的挑战

2009年中国以300多万辆的优势,首次超越美国,成为世界汽车产销第一大国,比预计提前了5～6年。中国车市的优异表现,不仅有效拉动了中国本土汽车产业链的发展,也为经济危机条件下世界汽车工业做出巨大的贡献。然而,全球产销第一带来的不仅仅是欣喜,更多的则是压力。中国汽车工业在技术水平、创新能力、品牌影响力以及国际竞争力等方面与世界汽车强国还有明显的差距。与此同时,汽车工业也成为我国能源安全、低碳经济和城市环境的巨大负担,使其发展受到限制,转型迫在眉睫。汽车轻量化作为降低原油消耗和尾气排放的重要手段,已经得到世界各国的高度重视,成为世界汽车强国提高品牌竞争力的重要手段。对全球汽车车身轻量化的方法和发展趋势进行综述,分析车身轻量化技术的发展对焊接与连接的挑战,并对新型的车身连接技术进行分析和评价,以对我国轻量化车身的设计与制造提供有益借鉴。     

汽车轻量化车身材料连接工艺研究

近几年国家大力提倡低碳环保、节能减排,推动新能源政策和汽车轻量化发展。而复合材料以其独特的轻量化效果应用于车身已成为汽车轻量化的发展趋势。由于复合材料的多元化使得车身结构各连接处有异种材料,这就涉及到连接工艺。不同结构的车身,不同类型的复合材料,其采用连接工艺不同。接下来主要对复合材料的不同连接工艺、国内外的研究进行分析研究,展望连接技术工艺的研究前景。     

汽车车身轻量化材料的应用及发展

车身轻量化在汽车轻量化中起着非常重要的作用,采用轻质材料是当前车身轻量化的主要途径。分析了几种轻量化材料的特点,针对车身结构特点及性能要求,综述了轻量化材料在国内外汽车车身中的应用及其发展趋势。     

汽车车身的轻量化设计探讨

节能减排是国家能源发展要求和汽车行业的发展方向,轻量化是实现节能减排的有效途径,也是汽车制造企业的核心竞争力。从车身结构设计、材料、工艺3个方面探讨了汽车车身的轻量化设计方法,并提出了车身产品设计需从多维度多方法综合考虑来合理实现轻量化。     

汽车车身轻量化材料的应用及发展

车身轻量化在汽车轻量化中起着非常重要的作用,采用轻质材料是当前车身轻量化的主要途径。分析了几种轻量化材料的特点,针对车身结构特点及性能要求,综述了轻量化材料在国内外汽车车身中的应用及其发展趋势。     

结构优化和新材料技术对商用车轻量化的影响

介绍了车身轻量化工作的重要意义、国内目前汽车轻量化的发展趋势,描述了国内商用车企业轻量化所面临的诸多困难。说明了商用车轻量化的基础:必须在保证汽车安全性的前提下,同时达到车身刚度、疲劳耐久性、操控稳定性和振动舒适性。论述了轻质材料和结构优化设计在商用车轻量化上的综合应用。     

轻量化薄板无铆钉铆接的力学性能及接头断裂机理

轻量化作为汽车节能减排的重要手段,得到世界各国的高度重视。目前车身大都采用多材料混用,而异质材料用传统电阻点焊难以形成可靠连接。无铆钉铆接技术是一种冷成形连接工艺,避免了接头热输入问题,通过材料的机械自锁作用形成有效接头。文章通过控制铆接行程,凸凹模直径等参数对不同材料匹配的铆接试样进行拉剪实验。结合成形过程中力-位移曲线,研究无铆钉铆接接头的力学性能及断裂机理。研究发现,拉剪过程中铆接试样出现三种断裂模式,即上层板铆钉压溃,界面断裂和下层板铆钉塑性变形。其中,发生下层板铆钉塑性变形断裂模式的试样表现出更高的拉剪强度和较好的吸能效果。对于界面断裂、上层板接头颈部发生开裂,接头拉剪强度取决于上层板侧壁厚度。     

轻量化薄壁结构点连接技术研究进展

汽车、机车、飞机、火箭、飞船等载运工具普遍具有薄壁结构特征,薄壁结构的轻量化是提高载运工具性能和竞争力的关键。综合考虑轻量化的成本和效果,采用多材料、多结构混用,在降低产品自重的同时为产品设计提供更多的选择,已经成为轻量化技术发展的必然趋势。电阻点焊和铆接作为典型的点连接工艺,大规模应用于载运工具薄壁结构的制造,是先进制造领域的基础工艺。然而,高强钢、高强铝合金、铸铝、镁合金、复合材料等高比强度轻量化材料以及铸件、挤压型材等轻量化结构的应用对传统点连接工艺提出巨大挑战,也促进了传统点连接工艺的技术变革和新型复合连接工艺的创新发展。为此,本文从电阻点焊、铆接以及复合点连接工艺三个方面进行综述,系统阐述了近年来各工艺的研究进展,重点分析了新工艺的机理、优势、局限性、应用现状及发展趋势,旨在为新型轻量化薄壁结构的设计与制造提供有益借鉴。     

铝-镁异质合金搅拌摩擦焊接成形的研究进展

随着现代工业生产对环境保护、节能减排等要求的不断提高,采用铝、镁等合金的轻量化结构在航空航天、高速列车、汽车制造、新能源等各领域的应用越来越广泛。其中,铝-镁异质合金的连接,面临诸多挑战,也是最亟待解决的关键技术问题之一。与其他连接方法相比,搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding, FSW)在连接铝-镁异质合金时优势明显,近年来也涌现出多种基于FSW的改型工艺。根据近年来铝-镁异质合金FSW领域的研究进展,全面评述了该领域的研究现状和下一步应重点关注的问题。旨在厘清铝-镁异质合金FSW及其改型工艺的物理机制、技术难点和解决思路,推动铝-镁异质结构在汽车等行业中的广泛应用。     

铝合金/钢异种材料熔钎焊接工艺及其研究现状*

铝合金/钢复合结构以具有重量轻、综合性能高等优势在汽车、航空航天、石油石化、电力、船舶等行业具有广泛的应用前景。但二者之间巨大的理化性能差异,使铝合金/钢板异种金属的焊接仍然存在诸多问题。熔钎焊接工艺是基于母材之间存在的熔点差异,通过精确控制焊接热输入,在确保高熔点母材不熔化的前提下,让低熔点母材和填充金属熔化形成熔焊接头,并与未熔化的高熔点母材形成钎焊连接接头,是适合铝合金/钢复合结构优质高效制备的合适焊接工艺。通过对国内外对铝合金/钢熔钎焊接工艺、接头组织性能调控等方面研究现状的综合评述,讨论了铝合金/钢熔钎焊接技术存在的问题,并对铝合金/钢熔钎焊接技术工程化应用所采取的措施进行阐述。     

异种陶瓷材料微波连接的研究

采用微波加热方法与常规加热方法对ＺｒＯ２增韧Ａｌ２Ｏ３（ＺＴＡ）、Ｙ２Ｏ３稳定的四方相ＺｒＯ２（Ｙ－ＴＺＰ）进行连接试验,结果表明,利用微波加热可以顺利实现异种陶瓷之间的连接。与常规方法相比,微波加热可以快速完成连接过程,被连接陶瓷材料之间界面的结合状态良好,连接强度更高。     

基于初始缺陷敏感性的轴压薄壁圆柱壳屈曲分析研究进展

屈曲是轴压薄壁圆柱壳结构最主要的失效模式之一。围绕轴压下薄壁圆柱壳结构的承载能力对初始缺陷具有高度敏感性这一问题,系统回顾半个多世纪以来国内外学者在考虑初始缺陷对轴压薄壁圆柱壳屈曲临界载荷影响方面所做的理论、试验以及数值模拟等工作。研究表明,目前已形成了两类等效考虑初始缺陷影响的方法,即：基于数值模拟的确定性分析方法和基于概率统计的不确定性分析方法。其中,前者主要针对初始几何缺陷,而后者则还包括非传统初始缺陷,如材料、厚度及加载缺陷等。两类方法在开展轴压薄壁圆柱壳屈曲载荷预测和设计方面各具特点和优势,相较于试验结果,多点扰动载荷法和单边界扰动法的预测精度最高,两者均能达到90%以上的预测精度且同时具有一定的安全裕度。最后展望未来基于初始缺陷敏感性的轴压薄壁圆柱壳屈曲研究方向和亟待开展的研究工作,为相关研究的开展提供了一定的参考和指导。     

Review on electromagnetic welding of dissimilar materials

Electromagnetic welding (EMW) is a high-speed joining technique that is used to join similar or dissimilar metals, as well as metals to non-metals. This technique uses electromagnetic force to mainly join conductive materials. Unlike conventional joining processes, the weld interface does not melt, thus keeping the material properties intact. Extremely high velocity and strain rate involved in the process facilitate extending the EMW technique for joining several materials. In this paper, the research and progress in electromagnetic welding are reviewed from various perspectives to provide a basis for further research.     

Fibre laser welding of dissimilar alloys of Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 718 for aerospace applications

Challenges in dissimilar materials welding are the differences of physical and chemical properties between welding materials and the formation of intermetallic brittle phases resulting in the degradation of mechanical properties of welds. However, dissimilar materials welding is increasingly demanded from the industry as it can effectively reduce material costs and improve the design. In aerospace applications, Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and Inconel 718 nickel alloy have been widely used because of their superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. In this study, a single-mode continuous-wave fibre laser was used in butt welding of Ti-6Al-4V to Inconel 718. Investigations including metallurgical and mechanical examinations were carried out by means of varying processing parameters, such as laser power, welding speed and the laser beam offset position from the interface of the metals. Simple analytical modelling analysis was undertaken to explain the phenomena that occurred in this process. Results showed that the formation of intermetallic brittle phases and welding defects could be effectively restricted at welding conditions produced by the combination of higher laser power, higher welding speed and shifting the laser beam from the interface to the Inconel 718 alloy side. The amount of heat input and position of laser beam to improve the Ti-6Al-4V/Inconel 718 weld quality are suggested.     

Investigation of mechanical properties of friction-welded AISI 304 with AISI 1021 dissimilar steels

Austenitic stainless steel and low alloy steels are extensively used in various automotive, aerospace, nuclear, chemical, and other general purpose applications. Joining of dissimilar metals is one of the challenging tasks and most essential need of the present-day industry. It has been observed that a wide range of dissimilar materials can be easily integrated by friction welding. The objectives of the present investigation were obtaining weldments between austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) with low alloy steel (AISI 1021) and optimizing the friction welding parameters in order to establish the weld quality. In the present study, an experimental setup was designed in order to achieve friction welding of plastically deformed austenitic stainless steel and low alloy steel. AISI 304 and AISI 1021 steels were welded by friction welding using five different axial pressures at 1,430 rpm. The joining performances of friction-welded dissimilar joints were studied, and influences of these process parameters on the mechanical properties of the friction-welded joints were estimated. The joint strength was determined with tensile testing, and the fracture behavior was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and was supported and backed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Furthermore, the proposed joints were tested for impact strength, and the microhardness across the joint was also evaluated.     

输油管道瞬时液相扩散焊焊机的研制

针对油田管道的焊接问题提出了一种全新的焊接方法:瞬时液相扩散焊(TLP),并研制出了石油管道瞬时液相扩散焊焊机。该焊机具有操作简单,易于携带,焊接效率高等特点,具有较高的市场应用价值。     

基于激光——MIG复合热源的5A02铝合金/镀锌钢熔——钎焊

基于激光--MIG复合热源焊接技术实现了5A02铝合金/镀锌钢异种金属板材的优质、高效熔-钎焊接,并对焊缝的成形、接头性能及微观结构作了分析.分析结果表明,该焊接技术可以实现5A02铝合金/镀锌钢的高速熔-钎焊接,最高焊接速度可达5 m/min,焊接接头中镀锌钢母材未发生熔化,铝焊缝与镀锌钢母材为钎焊连接;焊接接头的抗拉强度可达153.1 Mpa,约为5A02铝合金母材抗拉强度的75.7%,接近于该铝合金熔化焊接头的强度;拉伸试验中试样断裂在焊缝铝合金母材热影响区,接头的断裂主要是塑性断裂,但有脆性断裂的痕迹.对接头的组织和结构进行分析表明:焊缝钎接界面处生成了一薄层Al-Fe金属间化合物,化合物层的平均厚度约为1.51μm,生成的金属间化合物主要为Fe3Al、FeAl2、Fe2A15、FeAl3,并且在这些化合物的周围会产生Si元素的富集.     

Optimization of welding current waveform for dissimilar material with DP590 and Al5052 by Delta-spot welding process

The automotive industry has a target goal to improve fuel consumption due to restricted exhaust gas regulation. For this reason, the applicability of lightweight material, Al alloys, Mg alloys is also being expanded. In this concept, high strength steel, DP590 and light alloy, AL5052 are joined in the right place of the car body. However, it is difficult to join to steel and aluminum by conventional fusion welding. Generally, in respect to dissimilar metal joining by fusion welding, intermetallic compound layer is formed at the joint interface, hot cracking is generated. In this study, the effect of the current waveform on the mechanical characteristics and microstructure in Delta spot welding process of dissimilar metal was investigated. As results, Intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was reduced from 2.355 μm to 1.09 μm by using Delta spot welding process; also the welding current range improved by 50% in the delta spot welding, higher than in the inverter resistance welding. To conclude, the delta spot welding process adopting the process tapes contributes to improving the welding quality for dissimilar metals (Al5052 and DP590) due to a decrease in IMC layer.

     

铝-钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊研究现状及展望

搅拌摩擦焊作为一种新型的固相连接技术,具有优质、高效、节能、环境友好等优点,广泛应用于航空航天、船舶、轨道交通、汽车等工业领域。为了实现车体轻量化,铝-钢异种金属的搅拌摩擦焊研究得到越来越多的重视。从搅拌摩擦焊的工艺、组织及性能三个方面,对铝-钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的国内外研究现状进行综述。研究现状表明,通过控制界面金属间化合物的生成量,可得到高质量的铝-钢异种金属的搅拌摩擦对焊、搭焊及点焊接头,优化工艺参数下其拉伸性能可与母材相当,然而在铝-钢界面的精细结构表征和复杂应力状态下接头的力学性能方面还需要进一步的深入研究。此外,对未来铝-钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的研究方向进行展望。