以独立制造岛为基础的虚拟制造

分析了虚拟制造出现的时代背景，讨论了虚拟制造技术和虚拟企业的主要特征。提出了构建以虚拟制造技术和虚拟企业的主要特征。提出了构建以独立制造岛为基础的虚拟企业，解决３国有企业设备利用率低下，香港制造业北移和企业技术优势互补的具体方案。     

Virtual manufacturing cells: A taxonomy of past research and identification of future research issues

This paper reviews prior research in the area of virtual manufacturing cells. A virtual manufacturing cell (VMC) is a group of resources that is dedicated to the manufacturing of a part family, though this grouping is not reflected in the physical structure of the manufacturing system. Distinguishing such groups in the production control system offers the possibility of achieving the advantages of cellular manufacturing in non-cellular manufacturing systems. The advantages may include improved flow performance, higher efficiency, simplified production control, and better quality. The paper reviews the previous publications on virtual manufacturing cells, to determine the methods and scope of present research. This results in a comprehensive framework which identifies the underlying principles of VMCs and classifies the different VMC concepts. It is shown that virtual manufacturing cells can significantly improve the performance of manufacturing systems. Based on the comprehensive review, many future research issues and high-impact research areas are also identified.     

虚拟车间的异地协同调度

阐述研究基于未来敏捷制造模式的虚拟车间调度问题的重要性和必要性,说明了基于互联网并具有多智能体结构的网络信息系统是实现虚拟车间调度的基础。针对由项目驱动的虚拟车间,提出一些尚待研究的问题,内容涉及虚拟车间的项目异地规划、异地作业计划协同编,以及基础上进程异地协同监控等。特别强调了它们与传统的车间作业计划、调度与监控问题的主要差别。指出虚拟车间异地调度的主要问题,并提出建议。     

展望21世纪的制造业及相关技术

综述了制造业未来的发展前景，重点分析了与制造业相关的制造系统、机械加工技术、生产组织形式、人员素质的发展趋势。     

虚拟制造系统建模与仿真

讨论虚拟制造的有关概念，虚拟制造建模与仿真环境及该环境下的产品与制造过程建模，虚拟制造建模与仿真的支撑技术等。     

面向产品快速开发的几何推理和虚拟原型

计算制造旨在解决制造系统和制造过程的计算复杂性问题，以实现产品快速开发，探讨了计算制造的基本概念、研究内容和典型问题，对计算制造的理论基础和体系结构进行了有益探索。详细讨论了支持产品快速开发的几个关键使能技术：几何推理、反求工程和虚拟原型，并扼要介绍了在这些方面的有关研究成果，为产品快速开发的研究提供了一些新的思路和方法。     

基于Pro/E的虚拟设计与制造环境的研究与开发

虚拟制造技术是多个学科领域知识的综合集成与应用，计算机仿真，建模和优化技术是虚拟制造的核心与关键技术。依据虚拟制造的思想，结合成熟的CAD/CAM产品和虚拟现实技术，构建了一个集成的虚拟设计与制造环境，讨论了各模块的功能以及系统开发的关键技术和开发环境。创建了原型系统，对虚拟制造技术的应用进行了初步探索。     

面向虚拟企业的制造任务描述及制造链构造方法研究

分析了珠江三角洲企业对制造协作网的需求，介绍了建立制造协作网的背景，重点针对制造类任务，探讨了基于制造协作网的制造任务描述方法，特别提出了采用特征映射技术实现的制造任务描述方法，在此基础上，提出了合作伙伴的寻找策略及有关关键技术问题的解决方法。     

A grid-based scheduling system of manufacturing resources for a virtual enterprise

In this paper, a scheduling system of manufacturing resources for a virtual enterprise is built up based on grid technology. The scheduling system is composed of an exterior grid and an interior grid in the architecture, while the scheduling procedure of manufacturing resources in a virtual enterprise consists of two stages – distributed scheduling and local scheduling. The exterior grid is utilized to implement the distributed scheduling and the interior grid is used to accomplish the local scheduling. This paper illustrates the manufacturing system of a virtual enterprise based on an exterior grid and the manufacturing subsystem of a member enterprise based on an interior grid. Subsequently, the scheduling procedure of manufacturing resources within the virtual enterprise is described for a particular example. Finally, a case of collaborative production of a customized artificial joint (CAJ) in a virtual enterprise is applied to demonstrate the implementation of the scheduling system of manufacturing resources for the virtual enterprise. With grid technology, the efficiency of manufacturing resource scheduling in the virtual enterprise has been improved greatly.     

Production Scheduling and Cell Formation for Virtual Cellular Manufacturing Systems

In this paper, an approach using the concept of genetic algorithms is proposed as a powerful but simple means of scheduling the manufacturing operations of a virtual cellular manufacturing system (VCMS). A mathematical model is developed to describe the characteristics of a VCMS, which includes the constraints related to the delivery due dates of the various products and the maximum capacities of the manufacturing resources. The objectives are to set up virtual manufacturing cells and to formulate feasible production schedules for all manufacturing operations, in order to minimise the total material and component travelling distance incurred in manufacturing the products. A new genetic based scheduling algorithm is proposed as an optimisation tool to determine the solution. The proposed algorithm differs from the conventional genetic algorithms in that the populations of the candidate solutions consist of individuals from various age-groups, and each individual is incorporated with an age attribute to enable its birth and survival rates to be governed by predefined ageing patterns. By generating the evolution of the populations with the genetic operators of selection, crossover and mutation, the proposed approach provides excellent results by maintaining a better balance between the exploitation and the exploration of the solution space, and thus improves the computational speed and the solution quality. The condition ensuring stable search performance is also derived. The superiority of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by solving the production-scheduling and cell-formation problems for a virtual cellular manufacturing system, and the results are compared with those obtained by using a conventional optimisation technique.     

模具虚拟制造系统及其关键技术应用研究

通过分析虚拟制造技术在模具行业中的应用现状，提出了基于知识和网络的模具虚拟制造系统框架，并对相关关键技术进行了探讨，简介了虚拟工艺、虚拟加工单元技术应用研究成果。     

虚拟制造系统的体系结构及其关键技术

论述了有关虚拟制造的基本概念及其与一些相关概念之间的关系、虚拟制造体系结构的研究现状及我们的策略，分析了虚拟制造研究的关键技术。     

虚拟制造环境下模特法的应用

在虚拟制造环境下，应用模特法对制造系统进行作业测定，制定标准时间，突破了模特法一般应用在现实制造系统进行作业测定的传统应用范围，进而为虚拟制造系统优化设施布局、编制生产计划、确定劳动力需求计划提供了方法和依据，避免了生产系统投产后调整布局及人员配置等所花费的人力和物力。最后，给出了一个实例验证。     

机械制造系统能效评价的特点、研究现状及发展趋势

机械制造系统能效评价是对机械制造系统能量消耗状态和能量消耗过程及其能量效率的系统评价,它是机械制造系统降低能量消耗、提高能量效率的基础,其研究正在国际上兴起。首先,对机械制造系统能效评价的特点进行了分析,提出了能量消耗状态及其能效评价的多能量源特性和层次分布特性、能量消耗过程及瞬态能量效率的复杂多变性和产品全生命周期过程特性4个特点;然后,基于上述特点分析,对机械制造系统能效评价内容和能效评价指标的研究现状进行了分析;最后,指出了机械制造系统能效评价的发展趋势,即机械制造系统能效评价指标完整体系的建立、机械制造系统能效基础数据库的建立、机械产品和制造任务能量消耗的定额化、机械制造系统能效评价的标准化以及机械制造系统能效评价及能效提升的信息化支持平台开发等。     

制造系统虚拟环境的多Agent建模方法

建模与仿真是虚拟制造系统的核心，具体的制造系统虚拟环境建模必然会遇到许多新的问题，提出了制造系统虚拟环境的多Agent建模方法，以具体生产线为对象，对系统进行了划分，描述了各Agent的特征，并给出了Agent的定义与实现方法。     

离散制造业产品能耗限额制定的复杂特性及制定策略

产品能耗限额对于加强产品制造过程能量消耗管理、监控和提高能量效率均十分重要。目前,钢铁、化工等流程制造行业的产品能耗限额制定已有不少成熟方法,并从国家层面制定了一些主要产品的能耗限额指标;但对于量大面广的离散制造业产品,由于其能耗规律的复杂性和动态变化性,其能耗限额制定非常困难。目前我国还没有一项国家层面的离散制造业产品能耗限额。基于离散制造业产品制造能耗特点的分析,揭示离散制造业产品能耗限额制定的分布式多数量制造系统关联性等复杂特性。在此基础上,针对规格品种繁多的一般产品即绝大多数产品,提出产品与制造系统的关联能耗限额制定策略;针对个别量大面广、能量消耗总量巨大、制造设备、工艺和制造流程相对比较成熟和确定的特定产品,提出统一能耗限额制定策略;并给出关联能耗限额制定和统一能耗限额制定的具体策略。上述特性和策略为离散制造业产品能耗限额制定这一难题提供了一种总体解决思路。     

基于AutoCAD和3DS MAX的虚拟制造技术

提出了采用AutoCAD和3DS MAX实现虚拟制造的方法和步骤,从系统建模和过程仿真方面进行了讨论,并用实例说明了使用AutoCAD和3DS MAX实现虚拟制造的过程。     

[云制造]基于可持续性的云制造多任务调度

为提高云制造调度过程的可持续性,研究基于可持续性的云制造多任务调度方法,基于面向服务架构理论分析了云制造多任务调度流程和可持续性框架。考虑经济、环境和社会因素,构建了基于可持续性的云制造多任务调度模型,设计了改进的遗传算法以有效解决调度模型的求解问题。通过将基于可持续性调度模型和基于满意度调度模型作对比模拟实验,观察可持续性对云制造多任务调度效果的影响。结果表明,从系统整体优化的角度,基于可持续性的调度模型,能够在不损失客户满意度的前提下,同时降低环境成本和设备闲置率,保障平台整体的可持续运行。     

Evaluating Virtual Cells and Multistage Flow Shops: An Analytical Approach

The implementation of cellular manufacturing can be carried out through the creation of manufacturing cells (i.e., groups of dissimilar machines dedicated to a set of part types that are placed in close proximity to one another) or virtual cells (i.e., the dedication of specific machines within the current departments to a prespecified set of part types). Typically, the former involves the reorganization of the shop floor and provides the operational benefit of reduced materials handling. On the other hand, the latter configuration is simpler to implement and easier to reconfigure in light of product demand changes, but it may not offer the same operational benefits. In this paper, we propose and validate analytical approximations for comparing the performance of virtual cells and multistage flow shops. Using these approximations and hypothetical data, we identify some key factors that influence the implementation of virtual cells in a multistage flow shop environment. We conclude with an application of our approximations to industrial data.     

基于瓶颈分析的优先权调度算法研究

制造执行系统在制造系统中的广泛应用,为实现生产车间的动态实时调度提供了可能性,也对实时调度算法提出了更高的要求。调度算法必须在考虑求解速度的前提下来求得满意解。根据优化生产技术的解决车间调度问题的思想,基于转移瓶颈启发式算法,提出了一种基于瓶颈分析的优先权调度算法,用于解决制造执行系统中的动态实时调度问题。